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Literature Archie, G.E. [1942] The electrical resistivity log as an aid in determining some reservoir characteristics. Journal of Petroleum Technology, 5, 1-8. Collett, T.S. and Ladd J. [2000] Detection of gas hydrate with downhole logs and assessment of gas hydrate concentrations (saturations) and gas volumes on the Blake Ridge with electrical resistivity log data, in Paull, C. K., Matsumoto R., Wallace, P. J., and Dillon, W. P. (eds.), Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, Vol. 164, 179 – 191. Collett, T.S., [2001] A review of well-log analysis techniques used to assess gas-hydrate-bearing reservoirs, in: Natural gas hydrates, Occurrence, Distribution and Detection, (ed. C.K. Paull and W.P. Dillon), Geophysical Monograph Series No. 124, pp. 189 – 210, American Geophysical Union (AGU). Druskin, V., and Knizhnerman, L. [1994] Spectral approach to solving three dimensional Maxwell’s diffusion equations in the time and frequency domains: Radio Science, 29, No. 4, 937–953. Edwards, R.N. [1997] On the resource evaluation of marine gas hydrate deposits using sea-floor transient electric dipole-dipole method. Geophysics. Vol.62, No.1, 63-74. Edwards R.N. [2006] Marine Controlled Source Electromagnetics: Principles, Methodologies, Future Commercial Applications’, Invited Review Paper, Surveys in Geophysics, 26, 675-700. Expedition 311 Scientists, 2005. Cascadia margin gas hydrates. IODP Prel. Rept., 311. doi:10:2204/ iodp.pr.311.2005 Hyndman, R.D., and Davis, E.E. [1992] A mechanism for the formation of methane gas hydrate and seafloor bottom-simulating reflectors by vertical fluid expulsion: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 97, p. 7125-7041. Hyndman, R.D., Yuan, T., Moran, K. [1999] The concentration of deep sea gas hydrates from downhole electrical resistivity logs and laboratory data. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 172, 167-177. Hyndman, R.D., G.D. Spence, R. Chapman, M. Riedel, and R.N. Edwards [2001] Geophysical studies of marine gas hydrate in northern Cascadia. Natural Gas hydrates: Occurrence, Distribution, and Detection, AGU Monograph, Vol. 124, 273-295. Riedel, M., Spence, G.D., Chapman, N.R., Hyndman, R.D. [2002] Seismic investigations of a vent field associated with gas hydrates, offshore Vancouver Island. Journal of Geophysical Research 107 (B9), doi:10/1029/2001JB000269. Riedel, M., Collett, T.S., and Hyndman, R.D, [2005] Gas hydrate concentration estimates from chlorinity, electrical resistivity and seismic velocity. Geological Survey of Canada, Open File No. 4934. Riedel, M., Novosel, I., Spence, G.D., Hyndman, R.D , Chapman, N.R., Solem R.C., and Lewis, T. [2006] Geophysical and geochemical signatures associated with gas hydrate related venting at the northern Cascadia Margin. Review paper, GSA Bulletin, Jan/Feb 2006, Vol. 118, No. 1/2, 23-38, doi: 10.1130/B25720.1. Schwalenberg K., Edwards R.N, Willoughby E.C, Yuan J, Cairns G, and Diaz-Naveas J [2004] Marine controlled source electromagnetic experiment to evaluate gas hydrates off the coastlines of North and South America. Proceedings, 4 th MARELEC Conference, London, UK 17-18 March 2004. Schwalenberg K., E.C. Willoughby, R. Mir, and R.N. Edwards [2005] Marine gas hydrate electromagnetic signatures in Cascadia and their correlation with seismic blank zones. First Break, Vol. 23, 57-63. Schwalenberg, K., Edwards, R.N., Cairns, G.M. and Willoughby, E.C. [2006] A controlled source electromagnetic experiment to assess gas hydrates in marine sediments offshore Chile. Submitted to J. Geophys. Res. Spence, G.D., R.D. Hyndman, N.R. Chapman, M. Riedel, N. Edwards, and J. Yuan [2000] Cascadia margin, northeast Pacific Ocean: Hydrate distribution from geophysical observations. Natural Gas Hydrate in Oceanic and Permafrost Environments, Kluwer Acad. Publ., 183-198. Willoughby E.C and Edwards R.N. [2000] Shear Velocities in Cascadia from Seafloor Compliance Measurements. Geophysical Research Letters, 27, 1021-1024. Willoughby, E.C., K. Latychev, R.N. Edwards, K. Schwalenberg and R.D. Hyndman [(2006] Seafloor Compliance Imaging of Marine Gas Hydrate Deposits and Cold Vent Structures, J. Geophys. Res (submitted) Wood, W.T., Gettrust, J.F., Chapman, N.R., Spence, G.D., and Hyndman R.D. [2002] Decreased stability of methane hydrate in marine sediments owing to phase boundary roughness. Nature Vol. 420, 656-660. Yuan J. and R.N. Edwards [2000] The assessment of marine gas hydrate through electrical remote 358
sounding: Hydrate without a BSR? Geophysical Research Letters, 27, 2397-2400. Yuan, J. [2003] Electromagnetic assessment of offshore methane hydrate deposits on the Northern Cascadia Margin, PhD Thesis, Geophysics Laboratory, University of Toronto Zühlsdorff, L., and V. Spiess, [2004] Three-dimensional seismic characterization of a venting site reveals compelling indications of natural hydraulic fracturing: Geology, Vol 32, No. 2, 101- 104. 359
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Deutsche Geophysikalische Gesellsch
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Börner, Ralph-Uwe.................
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Vorwort Das Kolloquium Elektromagne
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Ι Ι Ι Teilnehmerverzeichnis Bara
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Schwarz Gerhard Geological Survey o
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01. 1962 Kassel 02. 1963 Salzgitter
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Meine „Inauguration“ fand auf d
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„An Geräten gab‘s anfangs nur
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Sicherungen Einstellen der Galvanom
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„In unserem Kreis sind Mensch und
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Herr Andersohn, der Schöpfer der A
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Das Kolloquium sollte, wie es das l
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Es entstand die Frage, ob wir nach
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Es fällt leichter, sich mit dem Er
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Urerfahrungen des Menschen Ich glau
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Kapitel „Ungelöste Probleme“:
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Es bleibt immer noch zu viel stehen
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1D interpretation of electromagneti
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( 0) ∂Fn ( 0) yn − Fn ( xm ; d'
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exactly the same way. When only pha
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data errors and the often extreme c
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with few layers are considered. Ide
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Proceeding as before, now with deri
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with = J or . z d z J z G z G ′ )
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A visual display of this balanced i
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as outlined in Subsection 4.6 and 4
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egularisation, leading to a more st
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of the trade-off parameter w has be
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shown in Fig. 7. The curve to the l
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References Berdichevsky, M.N. & V.I
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−1 + Ψ tanh { exp{ 2 ′ m U m
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the solution coefficients v kn rema
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1 ∑hk nbnn = − [ λ k + ( 1−
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In the case of a layered mantle it
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The present more elementary approac
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the time constants are reversely gi
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3.2. Diffusion pattern of radial an
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Figure 4: Degree ℓ = 1, impulse d
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The recursion starts with ψℓ0(r)
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3.4. Relationship between τℓ, σ
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Mercer’s theorem (Courant & Hilbe
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Moreover let Θ(x) with Θ(x)+Θ(
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METHOD OF HORIZONTAL MAGNETOVARIATI
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2. Estimation of the horizontal mag
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Figure 4. Pseudo sections of the ho
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Figure 5. Pseudo sections of rotati
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5. Two-dimensional inversion of the
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Figure 10a. M xx data inversion at
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Varentsov, Iv.M., 2005b. Arrays of
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Figure 1. The EMTESZ-Pomerania arra
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0 the variability criterion: M-tens
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sites ranging from 3 to 6 at distan
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sufficiently “clean” responses.
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ailways and other dominant industri
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Kanonische Kohärenzen - Indikator
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4 Beispiele Parkfield 2005 Im Früh
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∗ †
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o
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• •
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ties of their estimates is of essen
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where θ0 is used to adjust limits
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RMS squared Twist (deg) 10 1 0.1 0.
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Site True twist True shear MNJ twis
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References Bahr, K., 1988. Interpre
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ihre Elemente durch Hochkommata ind
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vernachlässigen ist. Dieser Grenzw
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M´ xx T´ 21 1500 1000 500 0 −50
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T´ 21 M´ xx 0.4 0.2 0 −0.2 −0
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inversion model parameters. The per
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There remains the open problem to s
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Figure 4: Fitting between observed
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simulation is done applying an adap
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Let y be the strike direction of a
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ρ a in Ω⋅ m φ in degrees 10 3
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7 Topography Fig. 7: Real (left) an
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Fig. 11: Real part of current densi
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2. An der Grenze zwischen zwei Gebi
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Abbildung 1: Ausschnitt eines Hexae
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Abbildung 4: Oktant einer Kugel. Ve
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3D-TEM-Simulation für axialsymmetr
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4 Transformation der Felder in den
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E φ in V/m E φ in V/m 10 −6 10
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• coincident-loop configuration,
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generally
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fictitious anomalies are also intro
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(2001). The studies of Goldman et a
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1 1 1
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X = x i | i = 1, 2, 3
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g R g ijk
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Ωm m m
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∂σ = ∂ m −1 = −m −2 ∂
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Der Reflexionsfaktor D beschreibt d
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Rotationsellipsoide Eine komplexere
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Dipolmomente der der ideal leitende
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Die Spulen im Gerät bestehen in Wi
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Abbildung 10: Ortsphasenkurven übe
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mit der kommerziellen Software FEML
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Gehäuse und eine Sprengstofffüllu
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Abb. 10: Profil über eine Kugel un
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für Elektrotechnik der Universitä
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sind die genaue Anzahl der Wicklung
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Inversion von Felddaten Im Rahmen d
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Abbildung 16: Anpassung der gewicht
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Resolution and depth of investigati
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R m i 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01
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λ i 10 5 10 0 10 −5 10 −10 sin
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Zeitreihenauswertung von NMR Messun
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• Ein Störsignal am Ort der Basi
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B Y B X Reference Loops Receiver AD
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Amplitude /V Amplitude /V Amplitude
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Diskussion und Ausblick Einerseits
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Topography Parameter mesh Primary f
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sion result is shown in form of two
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Sophisticated constraints Underwate
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Ellis, R. G. and Oldenburg, D. W. (
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2. Frequenzabhängigkeiten B n z wi
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durch die magnetische Aktivität be
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Frequenzverhältnis abgeleiteten An
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273
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275
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mantle anisotropy same background c
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imately 160km. The first 10km thick
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Uniform Deflection of Induction Vec
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can plates. It may be speculated th
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Fig. 4a: 2-D anisotropic model yiel
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(e.g., Lanalhue Fault) would be nec
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deepening Moho from 32-35 km in the
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Fig. 4 2-D Model calculated with th
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36.2°N 36.0°N 35.8°N SAFOD Parkf
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¥§¦ App. Resistivity (ohm−m) P
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¢¡¤£¥¡§¦¨¡¤©¡¤ ¢ ¢
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0311 0310 0308 0309 0307 0306 0021
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Outlook After adopting the finite e
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0 5 10 15 20 25 A 30 10 N 20 30 40
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Figure 5: With a simple 2D model we
Page 287 and 288: An Amphibious Magnetotelluric Exper
Page 289 and 290: Fig. 2: Deployment of the HEFMAG se
Page 291 and 292: Transfer functions Analysis of the
Page 293 and 294: Fig. 7b: Induction vectors for 3277
Page 295 and 296: Untersuchungen der Bremerhaven-Cuxh
Page 297 and 298: Hubschrauber-Elektromagnetik (HEM)
Page 299 and 300: Messgebiet Wanhöden Die Bremerhave
Page 301 and 302: Depth [m] 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Page 303 and 304: Um die Inversionsergebnisse richtig
Page 305 and 306: Geoelektrische Tiefensondierungen
Page 307 and 308: Faustformel kann hier eine Eindring
Page 309 and 310: Beim gezeigten Modell treten zwei d
Page 311 and 312: Einleitung Messung der TEM-Antwort
Page 313 and 314: Dipole nimmt mit der Größe des Ko
Page 315 and 316: Induzierte Spannung (normiert) V/A*
Page 317 and 318: Tiefe in m 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 St
Page 319 and 320: Investigation of the Groundwater Re
Page 321 and 322: The Eiseb Graben was exclusively se
Page 323 and 324: Figure 3: TEM sounding and 1d inver
Page 325 and 326: that performed by INTERCONSULT (199
Page 327 and 328: old age and was recharged under dif
Page 329 and 330: KLOCK, H. (2001): Hydrogeology of t
Page 331 and 332: Figure 1: Survey area on the Cascad
Page 333 and 334: Figure 4: Data along profile 4 as l
Page 335 and 336: Vent Field The vent field is charac
Page 337: Recent drilling results at IODP sit
Page 341 and 342: Abb. 1: Schematische Darstellung de
Page 343 and 344: Abb. 7: Vergleich der FDR- und Geor
Page 345 and 346: Applicability of RMT, VES and Dual
Page 347 and 348: Profile 5 Profile 6 Profile 3 Profi
Page 349 and 350: According to the latter, one has to
Page 351 and 352: Figure 6: HLEM raw data: Iphase and
Page 353 and 354: 6WRQHOH\ ZDYH LQGXFHG HOHFWURNLQHWL
Page 355 and 356: 1991). I n this case wave propagati
Page 357 and 358: to m easure the density, consists o
Page 359 and 360: 7DEOH 3K\VLFDO SURSHUWLHV RI WZR VD
Page 361 and 362: Using a finite elem ent code (Pain
Page 363 and 364: experim entally that NEF is a funct
Page 365 and 366: Umbau von MAGSON-Magnetometern und
Page 367 and 368: Abb. 3 Elektronik in Operation Link
Page 369 and 370: Die magn. Flussdichte in Richtung d
Page 371 and 372: a) b) * Ursache EDL, Speichervorgan
Page 373 and 374: (a) (b) Abbildung 1: a) Prototyp ei
Page 375 and 376: γ und Gleichung (8) mit einer vekt
Page 377 and 378: Sonde Bewegungsrichtung der horizon
Page 379 and 380: ] m [ z Sondenelektroden: TX RX k r
Page 381 and 382: Geophysikalische Erkundung des Kohl
Page 383 and 384: Die Vertikalsektion des spezifische
Page 385 and 386: Abb. 5: Vertikalsektion des spezifi
Page 387 and 388: Abb. 8: Anomalien des Magnetfeldes
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Gleichstromgeoelektrische Untersuch
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Abb. 1: Lage der Profile und Nummer
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Der spezifische Widerstand von Salz
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Maximum-Norm-Abweichung (L ∞ -Nor
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Abb. 4: Sondierungskurve (ρs -Kurv
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Vergleich von geoelektrischen und H
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Fig. 7: Comparison of HEM inversion
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von 21% und eine lsq-Abweichung von
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A. & STOLL, J. (Hrsg.): Protokoll
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