helminth ichthyo-parasitic fauna of a south african sub-tropical lake ...

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ABSTRACT The diversity of the helminth parasites of fishes in a clear-water, subtropical Lake Tzaneen, in South Africa was investigated. Of the 527 fish specimens sampled approximately 9000 parasites were collected. There are 38 different parasite species discussed comprising 27 Monogenea, 3 Digenea, 4 Cestoda, 3 Nematoda and 1 Acanthocephala. Four new monogenean species are described and these are Dactylogyrus spp. 1 to 4. Three monogenean species are introduced as first records in Africa and these are Actinocleidus fusiformis (Mueller, 1934), Haplocleidus furcatus Mueller, 1937 and Acolpenteron ureteroecetes Fischthal & Allison, 1940. Fourteen monogenean and one acanthocephalan species are discussed as first geographical records for South Africa and these are Gyrodactylus rysavyi Ergens, 1973, Dactylogyrus brevicirrus Paperna, 1973, Dactylogyrus cyclocirrus Paperna, 1973, Dogielius dublicornis Paperna, 1973, Dogielius sp., Schilbetrema quadricornis Paperna & Thurston, 1968, Quadriacanthus aegypticus El Naggar & Serag, 1986, Quadriacanthus clariadis Paperna, 1961, Scutogyrus gravivaginus (Paperna & Thurston, 1969), Cichlidogyrus quaestio Douëllou, 1993, Cichlidogyrus halli Price & Kirk, 1967, Cichlidogyrus sclerosus Paperna & Thurston, 1969, Cichlidogyrus dossoui Douëllou, 1993, Cichlidogyrus tilapiae Paperna, 1960 and Acanthosentis tilapiae Baylis, 1948. Seven species are discussed as first records for their hosts and these are Cichlidogyrus dossoui, Cichlidogyrus halli and Acanthosentis tilapiae on Oreochromis mossambicus; Dactylogyrus sp. 1 on Barbus radiatus and Barbus trimaculatus; Dactylogyrus sp. 2 on Barbus unitaeniatus; Dactylogyrus sp. 3 and Dactylogyrus sp. 4 on Labeo molybdinus. Gyrodactylus rysavyi is the only species with a first site (gills) record. The other monogenean species discussed are Macrogyrodactylus clarii Gussev, 1961, Macrogyrodactylus karibae (Douellou and Chishawa, 1995), Dactylogyrus afrolongicornis afrolongicornis Paperna, 1973, Dactylogyrus allolongionchus Paperna, 1973, Dactylogyrus spinicirrus (Paperna & Thurston, 1968) and Cichlidogyrus philander (Douëllou, 1993). The digeneans discussed are Glossidium pedatum Looss, 1899 and the larvae of Diplostomum van Nordmann, 1832 and Clinostomum Leidy, 1856. The Cestodes discussed are Proteocephalus glanduligerus (Janicki, 1928) Fuhrmann, 1933, Polyonchobothrium clarias Woodland, 1925 and the larvae of Ligula intestinalis Goeze, 1782 and family iii
Gryporhynchidae. The nematodes discussed are Procamallanus laevionchus (Wedl, 1861), Paracamallanus cyathopharynx Baylis, 1923 and larvae of Contracaecum Railliet and Henry, 1912. Monogenea were commonly found on the gills but less on the skin and in the urinary bladder. Digenea were found mainly in the eyes, brain and visceral cavity, with only one species (Glossidium pedatum) present in the intestines of Clarias gariepinus. Cestoda and Nematoda were found in the intestine and body cavity. Only one species of Acanthocephala (Acanthosentis tilapiae) was found in the intestines of Oreochromis mossambicus. No definite seasonal variations of infection and parasite affinities towards the sexes and the sizes of the hosts could be determined. The lake is oligotrophic with the water quality having no influence on the parasite diversity and species richness. iv
Page 1 and 2: HELMINTH ICHTHYO-PARASITIC FAUNA OF
Page 3 and 4: DECLARATION I declare that the thes
Page 5: DEDICATION In Loving Memory of my l
Page 9 and 10: CHAPTER 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 2
Page 11 and 12: 1 Genus Procamallanus Baylis, 1923
Page 13 and 14: Figure 3D.3 Ligula intestinalis Goe
Page 15 and 16: LIST OF TABLES CHAPTER 2 MATERIALS
Page 17 and 18: Research boat in Lake Tzaneen xiv
Page 19 and 20: 1.1 HELMINTHOLOGY OF AFRICAN FRESHW
Page 21 and 22: 1.2 HELMINTHOLOGY OF SOUTH AFRICAN
Page 23 and 24: (organ) record. The study also pave
Page 25 and 26: CONTENTS HEADING PAGE 2.1 STUDY ARE
Page 27 and 28: Figure 2.2 A map of Lake Tzaneen sh
Page 29 and 30: Features of the lake The features o
Page 31 and 32: More than 90% of the minimum and ma
Page 33 and 34: Order : Siluriformes Suborder : Sil
Page 35 and 36: Schilbe intermedius Ruppell, 1832 C
Page 37 and 38: Labeo molybdinus Du Plessis, 1963 L
Page 39 and 40: Tilapia rendalli (Boulenger, 1896)
Page 41 and 42: Killing of hosts At the field labor
Page 43 and 44: Storage of parasites The parasites
Page 45 and 46: Taking water quality readings 27
Page 47 and 48: Examining hosts for parasites in th
Page 49 and 50: 3A.1 INTRODUCTION There are many ca
Page 51 and 52: Digenea Glossidium pedatum C. garie
Page 54: The 12 species present do not inclu
Page 58 and 59:
6 Barbus unitaeniatus Gunther, 1866
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12 Chetia flaviventris Trewavas, 19
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3A.3 DISCUSSION The aquatic environ
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In parasites with indirect life cyc
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Mashego (1977) (n=337) recorded the
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Many African studies (Mbahinzireki
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will be a decrease in the number of
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Gills habour monogeneans 57
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7 Genus Cichlidogyrus Paperna, 1960
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placing some of the dactylogyroids
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3B.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 1 Genus
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Table 3B.1 Measurements (in µm) of
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lazera with two from Clarias gariep
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2.2 Macrogyrodactylus karibae (Doue
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Gyrodactylus rysavyi haptor - a. an
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(new sp.). The scheme below (figure
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DESCRIPTION (measurements in µm) B
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3.4 Dactylogyrus sp. 2 (new species
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3.5 Dactylogyrus sp.3 (new species)
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Figure 3B.10 Dactylogyrus sp. 4 - H
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Page 107 and 108:
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This parasite was described from Ba
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from Dactylogyrus sp. 1 from Dactyl
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c c b a b a haptor copulatory organ
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haptor a copulatory organ Dactylogy
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4 Genus Dogielius Bychowsky, 1936 A
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4.2 Dogielius sp. There were only t
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Figure 3B.17 Schilbetrema quadricor
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6 Genus Quadriacanthus Paperna, 196
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Table 3B.14 Measurements (in µm) o
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a haptor copulatory organ Quadriaca
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7 Genus Cichlidogyrus Paperna, 1960
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7.1 Cichlidogyrus dossoui Douëllou
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The accessory piece is massive, S-s
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Cichlidogyrus philander is a relati
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The species occasionally occurred o
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Figure 3B.25 Cichlidogyrus sclerosu
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7.6 Cichlidogyrus tilapiae Paperna,
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In this investigation the species w
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Cichlidogyrus halli Cichlidogyrus t
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e a b haptor c d copulatory organ C
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8 Genus Scutogyrus Pariselle & Euze
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Figure 3B.29 Actinocleidus fusiform
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10 Genus Haplocleidus Mueller, 1937
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Figure 3B.31 Acolpenteron ureteroec
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haptor copulatory organ Actinocleid
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The taxonomical account of individu
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CONTENTS HEADING PAGE 3C.1 INTRODUC
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Differential diagnosis is difficult
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mouth cerebral ganglion cirrus metr
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Fischthal (1973) redescribed this p
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a. mouth b. pharynx c. seminal vesi
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2 Genus Diplostomum van Nordmann, 1
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mouth pharynx intestinal caecum for
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(1982) and were thus compared (tabl
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a. oral sucker b. pseudosucker c. v
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a. contracted b. elongated Plate 24
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The life cycle of Clinostomum requi
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uterus membranous capsule canal col
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mouth recurrent canal 500 µm colle
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d c a. mouth b. ventral sucker c. u
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3C.4 GENERAL DISCUSSION There have
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Armed with hooks or Armed with eggs
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3D.1 INTRODUCTION Cestoda are flatw
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1.1 Proteocephalus glanduligerus (J
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a b c a. scolex b. glandular organ
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In South Africa this species was fo
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a c e g a. scolex b. hooks c. bothr
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In this study the plerocercoids wer
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a. anterior end with scolex b. midd
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cyst wall b hooks embryo Figure 3D.
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Table 3D.1 Measurements (in μm) of
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The encysted metacestode (figure 3D
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CONTENTS HEADING PAGE 3E.1 INTRODUC
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of Clarias gariepinus and Paracamal
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A B uterus with eggs and larvae ute
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Baylis (1923) gave the species diag
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cuticular ribs buccal capsule muscu
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A 200 µm Figure 3E.3 Contracaecum
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to match a larva to an adult. In ca
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anterior end posterior end larvae i
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Contests for a home in the intestin
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3F.1 INTRODUCTION The Acanthocephal
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1.1 Acanthogyrus (Acanthosentis) ti
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c male male anterior b a male middl
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Sunrise or Sunset? Life goes on for
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4.1 FISH PARASITOLOGY GLOBALLY The
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Paperna, 1960) were also later iden
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monogeneans and one cestode are spe
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4.5 MAJOR CHALLENGES AND RECOMMENDA
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4.7 CONCLUSION It is believed that
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ADEROUNMU, E.A. & ADENIYI, F. 1972.
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AYANDA, O.I. 2009b. Comparison of p
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BAYLIS, H.A. 1948. A new acanthocep
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BOOMKER, J. 1982. Parasites of Sout
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BRITZ, J., VAN AS, J.G. & SAAYMAN,
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DOSSOU, C. & BIRGI, E. 1984. Monog
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EL-NAGGAR, M.M. & SERAG, H.M. 1987.
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GROBBELAAR, A., VAN AS, L.L. & BUTL
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HOBERG, P.E., JONES, A. & BRAY, R.A
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JONES, A. 1980. Proteocephalus pent
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KHALIL, L.F. 1971a. Check List of t
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LOMBARD, G.L. 1960. A preliminary s
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MARCOGLIESE, D.J. 2002. Food webs a
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MBAHINZIREKI, G.B. 1980. Observatio
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MUELLER, J.F. 1934. Parasites of On
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ONIYE, S.J., ADEBOTE, D.A. & AYANDA
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PARISELLE, A. & EUZET, L. 1995b. Sc
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PRICE, C.E. & PIKE, T. 1969. The mo
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ROHDE, K., HAYWARD, C. & HEAP, M. 1
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SPROSTON, N.G. 1946. A synopsis of
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VAN AS, J.G., SCHOONBEE, H.J. & BRA
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Addendum 1a Measurements (in µm) o
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Addendum 2b Dactylogyrus sp. 2 (thi
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Page 307 and 308:
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Addendum 6 Monogenea of the genus D
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Addendum 8 Monogenea of the genus D
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