Its lllustration on the P.ti€nts with Schizophreria, OCD rnd Mohilnr Mirz!

Development ol the Perceived Expr$sed Emotions Scrle rnd 

<strong>Its</strong> <strong>lllustration</strong> on the P.ti€nts with Schizophreria, OCD rnd 

Depressiva lllness 

Mohilnr Mirz! 

A THESIS TiI FUT-NLME|T OF DOC'TOR OF PHIOSOPHY 

DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHOLOOY AND APPLIED PSYCHOLOCY 

UNIVERSITY OF THE PUN.IAB, LAHORE, PAKISTAN

f 

ctlr[tcAtt 

A n cdifiod td Ur lro|jn ldErb rd udr E rFr56- Ihlfi-do d 

"D.rrd4da ofri. P.c.aFdBrF{.d tu i0'- saL d b tttr.doo6. rdd 

wiltSdi4tE4OCDrrddg...lv!i!q.',Ltalpr.dbr.lhidoht! 

Fl..d &q r io .db$ m. flfnD.lr i{ Do.!d!. ofltl!€opby i! p4,!ho:.O' ard 

Ald|denbbsr. 

ftolblrolD!. Rlrt r.Xlltu 

D.F@ of lrjlltotory d Atdid rbdotosl 

thnE dro{tuhi4Lt .!, hrih

To 

Myparenls,thesource&.ndmychildren,lheperpeluation 

ofmlzesr ior kno$ledge

ACKNOWLEDGEMfNT 

IN HTNAMFOFALTA,]. IHFVOSTMIRLIII {\DBLNIIICIL\I' 

I m ?nl bowed io the bo6ti6 of Alniel y vho pnlMily bl.*d me virh rhe 

pokntbl and rhen. th€ favonble circmne.s ro bring ny spidrions lo the verge of 

reality. Il is ohly due to His ullimare blessings rhdl I could alail lhc asshhnc€ of rhe 

lolloving at ditlerefi levels. 

words sm fsr to ekrowt€dsc rh. @dcnic @mp.rc.c., pbfcsional 

dclolio. ed lie la|€ patidce ofmy supeoisoi Pot Dr. Ruknsana Kalse. rose 

unsurpssed guiddce conlened the nw mEreriat of my ptujer inio lhe presrigiou fom 

I pllgt ny g6rir!d. b rhe Vie Chaccllor Univ.Eiry ot rh. t'unjab Ftot Dr. 

Mujahid K'm for his s€nerou comidedrions md 6si$ance in ev.ry rype orpbbleh 

lhal evolled duihg rhe conplerion oflhis rsk Speciat fianks orc aho dle to tbe 

chrirteen DPCC, Prof. Dr. Najna Najo aftt ChairpeMn DpC. poa D,. Shalida 

H.snain for then @pc6rion rnd guidde dudng th. pres of lhis ptuj*t. 

I m indebred ro lh. al1hond4 dd sldlT membes ofall lh. hGpirats for rhei! 

consislent support in pbvidihSpemissible cnvionn€ for dala colt*tion. However ny 

ultinate lh&*s 4 duc to all tbe p6ti€nts &d orhd pdicip.lrs of ttE srudy who* 

cooFntion for Fnddiog rheir pqemt iofomarion ro me is lh€ spin. ot my projecr. In 

ihis cod€clion ny duy of acknowl€dgehenr r€nains ufulfiUed if I donl thek the

cove@ml of Pujab. flor 'llowinS d. ro av.it rhe opponuniry ofrgllar ph.D. pogm 

*hile spring ne fod my omcial dudes. 

I h inm@ly oblieed ro Pot I. A. K, Tglq ad pbt K_ I. TalM for ihc 

gcnerous offcr ed nelp ro sdh lirerarure fron their pe*onat librry. ln thh Egdd I m 

ale tha*Iul |o Mr. MohMmad H6it Chief libEie, euid-.-azm lib,a,y. uiv.Eny 

r ow dy hanicsl aptejario! ro ny do hNband Dr S. M_ N.jeb for his 

.nthusi.stic suppon dd encouagemcn for my prof€$ional &d edcnic achielem.ih; 

ho@€r I agd b.ing umble !o havc his nmc nexr 10 ninc s I @ suppos.d to 

coincidc n, nme for th. pesent Glearch with rhe ones I had in ny prcvious 

publicdioE ed acadenic 'gr4 

B.sidcs b€ing rhanktullo my childEn I dcem to r€gcr ift ev€r sFEnl my energies 

ed lnc on my wort .t the cxp€e ofdEn nelds ed happin*: howv.r ihei.oFm 

to dccooplish my work in tine had atways ben a soue of inspirarion for ne. 

P6ys 6rh€r ihe rhanls !E dk for ny ds siscr R!.sM. arc6 ext of 

@6e for ny brcth€i in l.w Mr. tuccs ewshi who snfic.d lhen Fsonal ese and 

int 6r b sbrd by nc in cvcry diiticult lqtG ofny lifc. 

I also f6l ble$.d for havirg heanfelt pnyen fon ny dry brorheu dd sisles 

in I.w. I Eally h@ou thc h@.dnionat suppon of my b.tovcd b@rher AAaat B.ig 

Mitu ror ny vnol succ$ md stisfaction in ev.ry pojd of ny tife. I an dle thlnrrul 

ro my sisr€r in lrw S.t.ma lqbal for shaing ny doncnic Gsposibilirj.s .i dE criricat 

tine ofbnnsinSrhis prcje( ro d eid. 

I fel poud dd cnrich€d wiih ln encs ed sinceE ,lppon ofhy der friends 

rhsr k€pr me fbm dspair dd doubl md Suided lo lbe hori2ons ofhoF and certainty.

AmnS$ th.h I ce hr.dly poy bact ro rhe F6jsrcnr favo$ ofNsin Habib for spding 

hq lEcioa dm. to help h. in r.dsl.rion of vsiou nErcd.ts &d th. qtauning llsk ot 

poof Eldine, I m hidly 8rat tut ro rh. sin@r assisld.. &d suplDn ofTadcr N.s. 

ad NEli Kh&. whftwr !d wh.Evcr I ncd.d n_ Thst, ft d@ 1o n, toving ltiend 

Ne.F faben Bho had always b.cn a $ucc ofencour.Sch€nl .nd .notion.l suppon 

I r€ally pEy for my stud@r Sobia eqis{ wh6e ufidng a$ista&e in fomaltirg, 

&r.hrding ed rDoE ltl h.tpins in i.fsdcd.n tFis frade $e rlst @id fq m. r 

m sle thul(ful ro my de& neph€ls tsf& &d Saim s wcll lor nrljnS up ny 

oDpltd still d.fici.ncio. t d at$ riantttut lo ny @llcasw Muj€.ba Asb6fi sudaL 

F@! Riui, Sdru Is{an lrd Asm Blihir for $ei. iinety suppon !r help qiEever I 

In th. ad I nlr otT.. gdinrdc b 0!c !inc@ pBy.r ofalt hy toled on6 tnai 

uldoubtcdly p!v.d rlre qy ro my succ.s. 

Mry All.l bls rtcm all!

Ab.(ncl 

Th€ co.cept of.xpGsed emdons h6 @cntly gsin€d on€nlio., 6pecially wilh 

elcEnce to the Elapse Ete of Nntilly ill palicnt . HoNw.r, a vsy lirdc $ork ha ben 

done on p{ceived emtioN, which dplairs an individualt cogniliy. fram€ ofEfdenc. 

r.d ncchdisn tlmu8i Nhich *pB€d e@tions @ being inter?retel and &Ieo foi 

Am.s th€ exising r@ls Muins qplsed emtions, C.nb€dell Feily lnlflia 

k de nb$ renowned instdeni for clinicol and eedh purpos6. Thqc & My of 

sh6lJ ofsGnent of erpEsscd etulios in shonq !d sinpld lom blt |hey 

concenrraic on the assessmal of rh. expr6sion of enotioft. However, $.re de sdne 

cognnive $6nsls who cde up wirh sm bls lo sr€ifiolly 'll6ua $c @DpoDor 

ol rhe p€rcepton of cxpGsed motioN. Y.l to $e howlcdg€ ofrhe res.rrchq of$is 

sudy, no sdcb etlbn h6 ben tude in Palilh pdicul&ly in Urdu langurge. 

The plent study aimed lo ddelop a *ol€ to n6@ perceived cxpNed 

emoions. A seies of sludiB w6 ahdEled for |his pu.pGc. ln sudy l, ! Menral H@hn 

ScEoi.s Q@stionnriE (MHSQ) b.sl o. dE m.in foru6 of p6tchi.fic illne* 

described in ICD l0 (WHO, 1992) and DSM-IV-TR (APA, 2005) w6 conimctal lor 

rhe $reening oldy psrhjalric illn* in th. Fnicipo s. 

ln stldy 2, lhc Perceived expr.ss.d €motion Scale (PEES) wa d.vdoped in 0u@ 

difercot pad! h fiar pan a Ust of semi6 ws g@@ld lrcn , smpl. of non 

psychiarric panicipmts b€longihS ro vdios salks or lifc. In pm II po$ible enotional 

Bponss w@ 8,rh.rcd rrcn both ps}tbilFic md non psychi.dc porlicipanrs. ln p.n 

Il th. nnd sl. of Pe.dvd ExpEs€d Emoliotr $al€ (PEES) vs prdped in dtr@ 

iunher stePs. ln sludy 3, this scalc (PEES) *4 adninisr*d lo a sdplc of 222

plnicip.hrs, including pati6c with sobjDPhrcnit, D.pr€ssive illn*s ocD tdd ndml 

The 6ults evol.d thlt lft tne 9?c of sidi6 U. Espondo$ sEd li8h6t on 

.riticisn aollow.d by ovd involvmdl dd hosdhy Morvs, o. $c Gpo.se 

c.regoies lhe tindi.8! .lbw.d tnat lhe conpemis. rcspotues wde sigificandv mrc 

than rhrt ol tne codlci while $e 6utcr rcslons6 w@ sisdficdlly moE lhon oontrol 

rcsponses In the dulysis of p@ived dp6s.d molios vith efcr.ncc lo lhe 

diagnos of thc goup6 rnd nolml ontok, n sa found tlat paric.c with 

schizophrcnia were mc codplidl thm tnos. of thc OCD, md Pltie s qith OCD wd. 

'nore conrplidr thd th. nomol o.Fols. The P.tidt! 

with depdsiot showed 

sisnincedy I6s conponile thm lne m@l contiols, ACp, €ducolion .td dudtion ol 

illnN sh6w€d signilicet orehtios with pcrccived dp6red cmrioN. 

I is qpet(i l|lal d4dopl@t old. pGot sllc vill @t o.ly ficilitte cunicis 

to explod $e cot point whse tn€ high expE$.d €mrons interd and plln the 

fierapeutic dd prophybciic nrmgsmflt @ordingly, bu help the couseloN 6 *ell 10 

judge rh€ wlneEbiliry of e indivi.turr 6wad! c.viomnLl sl.er 1o coF wi$ 

ev€ry .lay ldj6trndl pbblm-

Ch.pter I 

I t 

1.2 

1.3 

IntIoduclioD 

Co aots 

Mlition ad ConpoMt of e@don 

l.l.l Phyriologiet mldot of E@ti@ 

1.1.2 B.hryionl C@poMr of EmdN 

l-1.3 Cogritirc.-4F6r of Bmdm 

Paeiv.d E)qiBd EedN 

Individud vdiario! in lho pd.prim of .DrioB 

r-4.1 P*o!.lirt ud Pq!€ived ErF6.d Ermlim 

1.4.2 

ta.3 

r.4.5 

1,4n 

E@tior.l Int Uird@ !d P@eiv.d ExF*€d 

Anatiod bis ed Pdived Exp6..d Eeoti@ 

E@tid.l Regul.tor 8d P@eiv€d Espre$€d 

Sc[@ lrd PruivEd EIp@!€d EnorioB 

Mood rld Pd.iv.d ExpEsld E@tioB 

I 

2 

8 

t0 

ll 

t5 

l6 

t9 

20 

2l 

24 

26

1,4,7 Adqbli@ ldcl rd r.Ltiv. itcpriErio. 28 

r,4,8 Crn rl Vri.ti@ ed P.e.iv.d Erp6.d 2A 

Eredo! 

1.5 ftdi6 &ppodin! Ei.ri@ i! Pd!.iv!d Erp..r.cd 3! 

1.5,1 CoCtive @6i!.1ttsry &d P@ird 33 

ErpMd Emrioo 

1,5,2 Pds!.l.drLucrrlary.ldPfteiv.dExplBd 3? 

Emoton 

l,si Difaed.l turid tt6ry ed p@iv.d 31 

Bxps$.d Enotion 

1,5.4 AtNr r!8hdr tta.y.!d p@.iv.d Erryrlsrd 38 

Bmtio! 

1.5.5 At|libuid rt6ry.rd pdrcivcd E)e6.d 39 

Emrid 

r.5.6 Fwtiool|j'r ttary !d p@&rd E)qtwcd q 

Ehotion 

1.5,7 Hop.l6r66Ttdyodp6livrdE rE d 4l 

E@rion 

1,6 PqsiwdEp.!...dEmdoo!..d&Fhop.rlotoSi6 42 

1.6,1 l@.ptid of qpB6d @rior &d ehiephMi! 45 

1.6,2 Pa!.41i6 ofErDBt dE@ri@ddDqr*id 46

1.7 

Clrptcr 2 

2,1 

2.2 

2.3 

2.5 

2,6 

2.7 

1.6.3 Pdettid of Bxpes.d Emtior ed OqD 

Itdq.utic b4lic.ti@ of coitiE .pF.is.l 

Liter.trrc Revhn 

2.r-l B.lrvior.l@dpo.ar 

Zlz Cogliliw@4@ar 

2.13 rnyrioloSicat@lponai 

Paetud ErF6.d E@li@ 

Scal* for P@ivld Expqlcd Bmriont 

P.F?od M.i. od P3Fhi.t ic Did&5 

2.5.1 Pd.Pnul d.ficir ir S.[iz.phmi. 

2.5.2 P@.phrd deficn i! d.tuiotul disrdcs 

2.5.1 PaEc!tud deficn b d.p6ri6 ilnd 

25,4 Pdq0|d defcis itr OCD 

2.5.4 Pqc?nul d.ficir i! ud .dj!!tuat diddd! 

2.5,5 P4@pnut (l€ff.jt in Adiery 

turi@.& of tLc pFlat shdy 

49 

5l 

53 

53 

54 

56 

57 

@ 

66 

73 

11 

15 

7a 

79 

80 

8l 

36

Ch.pt 13 M.thodolog a1 

3.1 Stdyl: ColdE1i@oflrcelHdlti8.r6itrgqr.*MiE 88 

0{HsQ) 

!: Sody2: cot!!|rDlid of Pdiv.d &qq!.d Frodr(u Sc.L 92 

3l.l tut I: Gohlio! of S.6Eid diciting ErFs..'l I 

Enodods 

!22 k tr: CFErkrof r!{@slo [i8! ErF6.d 94 

E[rotioo! &dIid 

32J P.n ltr: PiF.rilS th. turl $.L 95 

3,2,3,1 Toooqiblh.lirrofroLlr6poda 95 

32.32 To c!r.8orir. ! rh. E4@ i! di&rda 96 

@ltdd.rqr*rio, 

3.2,3,3 To FqN .tal@& of rca@ic ud yl 

Fpd. oDd@ fc lb 6!l $,r. 

3,3 Strdy3: Illudntio of PG@ived E4M.d B@lioa in p.ti€nls with 9? 

Sdiart6i.r D{raiod, OCD !d m., Ftieic 

Pdicip@G 

3.3.1 To rdrLr! To lta PMrlly lD@lo.y 98 

3J, TodDililtdtLPaatEdBrF{.dED.tioo 98 

Sc.l. o! t!. ptildr virh S.biephMie, 

D.Fr.i@ o.CD. & EMI @ololt

Chrpler 4 

4_l 

4,8 

4,9 

Results 

DL@ RGl.t d Lf@rio! 105 

Pincipal Corpondl An!\6h of Pee.iv.d ExpF@d 107 

Emtios s.dc (PEES) 

c@pai$! of tt!6 of sldioi of P@qv.d ExFw.d I I I 

lol 

Cotr'pdi$n ofEspo.r. qt 8on6 ofP@eived Eipe3cd ll2 

4.5 CorD$ien oftbe p.nicip.nt glo'pr on p6.olity tnit! 

4,6 Relttiotuhip b.twa P@.ivcd Expr€sd E@lion. sd 

4. 

Cb.pter5 

5.1 

5,2 

Pdordity fetos 

r@iv.d Expr*.d EmlioN i! dif@nl p{riciF goup I19 

Gdd.r dillffi6 dd Pd.iv.d ExpEssld Emliotu 120 

?dciv.d .xpE$ed mtiors io rcldior to dmgnphica .nd 123 

R.l.li@ltp berm tp. of !.!uiG ard d@grpltic 

DbcUsrtor 

Co.t xnul alper oflhe ql. 

rddv.d ErF6!.d EmorioD @trg tn porid! with 

ScbiDphtui., D?@io!, OCD ad ndrd @!dg 

113 

ll5 

124 

't24 

127 

t21 

135

53 

5t 

5.6 

51 

l.ldvd AFr.ld ffi .d p.!.odrt tna 

kr.d B{lad8Ddo h td& b [hr. ELbd 

PaodDd E4d.d Beodd i! ird.r b dmg.qti. 

ULty ba!6tr od iDFU.dnt d$. .tdy 

Ut|ld.udrm& 

Xaftacs 

Ap-.rry 

t,6 

t3t 

112 

laE 

150 

153 

184

Lilt of Trbl€j 

T.bl. ndc p.S. - 

3.1 OtreulyANOvA @mp&ilgpanicipul goulc sdMtise 9t 

3,2 D€@Snphic ch4roisric. of rhc ldrpl. tOO 

4.1 Ds€e ELid c[@i..i!ri* olrhc pddcip€nl, (N=22, 106 

4.2 Pri!.ipl. ConlDodl A!.lFi. (Bing Eitu Rotadon) | 09 

$owilg f&ior srrubE of p@ivcd Expr*€d Emtioi Scalc 

(PEES) 

4,3 PaiEd @pl. lrdr cotrrpding rr?6 of &deio, o Expr6sd I 12 

E@rio6 (N=222) 

4,4 Paicd soplc t-l6t @qqing cd.goti6 of FEdvcd ltl 

dp@et moriou (N = 222) 

4.5 OneMy ANOVA conDding panicip.nl groups on pq$narty I 14 

rails. (N=222) 

4.6 Po6l hoc @mpuisB of sludy elups and p@ndjry r!!irs. I 14 

4.7 Cdrclrrion bcrw@ Fsrdity lr.iE !trd ,!.podr* ro PEES I | 5 

4.8 C@lari@ b.tw€ p6@liiy !!jl! dd lEE of p.nnti wlb I 16 

schiapbmi. (ndo) 

4,9 Cml.rior bctka p€en.lirrraiG &d pEE of pariql, wirh I 17 

D€p4iv. illn* (r=51) 

4,10 Cml.ri@ baem lEt!futity Erjls rd pEE of plrieG wid, l18 

OCD ( n=51)

a.ll CGd!6io! tltwqlr !.reditt tnl! d ttsE 6r !@d Il8 

.ddrftdl 

4.12 6.Vqr,lr'lwAoq-irgrrd&dinq.dD.ftdlld ll9 

.!Frdotur (N.422) 

4.13 rdtloo.oq.idofdftrrrlq.dr!!.irld lz) 

eg{.d Bo.dd. GF2:ZI 

4.14 lld.paddt S.!d. r.tcd dooila Sod.. dec- n r2r 

Fllivtd .lqurd .o.rim 0i422) 

a,l5 bdrd.n SE{brtr.tori{redfts ilrddd ln 

b ltp. of.corio 0!.zA) 

{,16 Cdffotdfr.lttsBdd|lo3p&do|b ra 

.t|Idrd..(Nz) 

a.U Cod.d.o. h6ya 0f. ofsdo. |!dd@gql,i. tU 

.[rd.Etni.. of ,rAlc (tFA22)

BI 

Bll 

ct 

clr 

D.I 

DII 

EI 

EII 

FI 

FII 

GI 

cll 

G ITI 

HI 

IlT 

Lila of App€odtre! 

Cor&Di 

co@nr Fod (M6br Hat$ sced,E Qldiqmi6) 

M.rul Hdtn Sc@ns er6rjoNiE 

R€qud for rt'. !e@io g@6rion 

Requd fo dtc Gpoe gen@ a 

Pdeilld qpBlqt @o$on Sc.l. 

Td ltem Personatiry Invorory 

DeDoetaphic Da!. Fom 

t84 

IEJ 

186 

t87 

t88 

rE9 

t90 

r9l 

192 

193 

202 

2t4 

2t6 

2t8 

2?0

lnlmdudlon 

For the lst ld d@.des high .xp6d emtions had bM considdcd 6 a 

signilicant faclor aor !€laF. or ex@ibatina thc &vqily oi ilhc$ in $e pltiefls of 

schizophrenia. Anwards th€ rearchsB $siSned th. simild ootion lo o$d iltn*es 

likc m.jor d€p6iv€ disorder dd Obseiv€ compulsiv. Dierdd {OCD) (YaEq & 

cnli..2005), Ho*ever, @ent rs*rcnen aEsritl exptorinsthe slnc phenohenon to! 

som other daees such q conducr dierda !d b€h.vior disoiied md anorcxia 

neNosr (Rein, Perderd. C!4 Jstue! Femaijd. & Codart, 2006). primrjty th. 

concept olExpr.$ed Eoorions (EE) crclved dunng p@jecr otcdmbe$sl i.,hich hc 

srn €d ro conduct fmily inreoiews ot rhe newty disharSed priidrs Nith shizophrcni. 

livrngwilh lhenr, The ultimre pioceduE was Undliadto osss EE by$e name of 

Canh.Nell f@ily inrflidt (Boh, 1959). S&a@ oalh. pqeglisite rninirg for 

cobducing lhis intfli€w and $e cumbmome pbcedur. of ils scorins and 

Inteq'rcrarion, rhc resrch.B had ro inllo

higniehted the 6petl which wqe bcnelicial for tne &ademic snd pracical shenglhs of 

l,l Definltlon rnd Conpon.n$ ol Emrion 

A.conl'.BroReba(1985)thcl.m@olionicllfddiv6fDnL.rin mo6" 

which tDnslald ro mve lo qcn€, !o ltn up or ro agillt (t.246). Ctoie and Orbny 

( 1938) salF€d 600 lems for enolion. nrey concluded tnal lbe gendal cb.lacreriarion 

!s an 'nlent'oml mcnral $ale pnmrrily f@6ed on afidr whi€h i. aad Efc6 to rh€ 

pcre'verl soodnes or br.he$ ol son.rhing. They odded dal lh. defnilion of emtion 

should b. p!6ented in lne r.m dDt src pisiscly exptainAble in every d.y use. Thus lhe 

.onDlqity of $€ @otioMl qpqidcA h.s 6ulGl i! r get veiery of t.m tor irs 

exprc$ion OverS50wordsin Enghhlanguagereferloemotion(Avelilt. 1980) 

Parki.son ( 1995) dctined emrion by l@king ar th. dif.renr asF..ls and 

compo.dr or€@Lional exFdftq coiriv. watualion of thc situal'on, Mily 

rqponses and acnon Inplhe. He frdher pnmoted this wly of dcfinition by looting inio 

rhe My, the said .sp€.ts of enolio. cohbin€ rog.tner rnd @ifesl as !n motio.al 

cxpenqe. Basd upon lhtu.nalrrical delrition he irdd.Igud thar chaftchjstically 

chonoN sr€ inreotioml sal.! $ ae dtmt d to sonc objed or situation. This creares 

lhc rclalioruhip b.Nem th€ p€M. dd $e El{ed obj6r, dd this Elarionlhip is 

Intinsically dahalive. This impli€s !s a relity wbq *irhonr .xperidcins lhe siruation 

rs posi!i!. or negaive il app..6 nonscnse to claim dy emodonol srate (ParkiMn. 

I995) wlil€ diecsing lhe utuE of.notioB otong with vrioB codpon nts Davidson 

( 1993) !l$ irtroduccd emtion 6 a coDslrncr rhar includ€s va.ios grouF of F@csses. 

2

Thr clrsic d.bate bctw@ Laarus (1984) and zbjooc ( 1980, 1984) resrdine th. 

.olc ofcoenitim in emtion .xplai.cd in detail d€ Glcvsce of.n evot to e 

organ,n s oeed nieErchy in d. @!ftrce of d e@iion. tj2,ru ernphaizat ihlt a 

s(inulus nccds snc t}?e of meaning analFis'lo elicit sn enolion. On the co.tr.ry, 

Zrjonc d8u.d lhat thc €fidlive @rions e .[cnd $reugh subll€ $b conicd 

pness. Sch@ ( 1994) comdrs rhar both tAllcd lboul en L,?€ of srimulN 

prcce$ine He tu1her explained lhal evaluaion of rhe oature of event occuring 

inrmedilt ly befoE is fe moF significo b und€Md rhe nehonim of enoion. 

Izrd ( l99l) hphdiz€d vdiou compondts rclposiblc for the .xistde of 

cnFton as subjdlivei biological, purlosive .n

socirl, sociolosical, cuhudl dd ethrcpoloSi.ll yispoints for tn€ casal lnalyscs ed 

conclud6 thal il all Evolvd eud "on. @nhl deblt ofbiology v€6us ognnion {p. 

293). 

AII lhc abovFnmtioncd explinarios aE baed lFn Uc delaG whether th. 

emot'ons a.c b6ic or d€rivcdi ida& or osnkled or wherhe thcy ac der€mir.d by 

thc .ifecl or cognnion. To sinpliry th.@ poldjzing dicholonies, Mascolo, Hdkins, md 

Harakal ( 1999) bav€ pr€sem.d ! comlDoenr sy.ren appbach ro morion. Thet *plained 

lhal 'n +ilc ofbe'ng distimr fon oe eolhcr lhey dc ituepaEble ber6e of thc muMt 

dgulalnn rn procdsins the lbmrlion oldy givd expdiqcet. 

R rhls (2004) defi.ed cmolion! fion djfier€nt p.6p€crv6 such s enorDns s 

iespons ro ! nrumn, !s molivarion atr a bchlviot rnd s a eoal of life nslt Hc 

explained rhor motiotu mif.sr s feeting srlte wnh phyriological cognitive sd 

behavioml cohFnenl. Sinilarly, alie. dieu$ing mriom in d.rarl, Hufinm (2006) 

concluded $ar "All emtioB hare lh@ b6ic conpondrs: physjcal @el fton 

pounding). @gnilivc (rhoughk valu6 aDd exp6rldons), od bchlviodl cxpBlion 

Gmiles, liowns and ru.ning)" (p. :197). Fouowins n a bncf explanation of eeh 

1.1.1 Ptrsi.loCt dt @Bpot itolEnottds 

Mayd (2001) d6cnb.d enotons 6 !r opriial combiMtion of'pnysiotoSical 

amlsl , expresivc behayioG' &d th€ lwrM6s of irs b€havior p,n al coNioB 

level. On€ fels physicllly @us€d wnh emtionot obuct. fte cmolions ininat. llle 

.drcnal slon& to secrete epin.pMne and non cpinephnne. Th. now of $es homones 

causes a apad chege in nqn hl€, blood rugar tcvet lnd bloo

down If thc stres pesisls, th. mhtihuous flow of slmpa$eric dishege disrupts rhe 

body ma.ifeded in vanou physiolo8ict dd psrlhological sFplotr. 

Maysr (2001 ) rdhs erplaind lhe pn nomaon ofdc g.naotion of emtion in 

n! lighr of recenr energe.cc ol.eN und4&ndins ofhow the blain tuncliohs. and how 

lhe bni. ho

@u i, rhe qFri.m. cptuod6. A conpon nt sysld 8pp@h difredti{.t baren 

ihe .oncepls of emtion l .xFri€@ and expds.d cNtiotr (kwis" 1996) 

Mairbon ( 1924) hs bm Fponed dnon8 $e tions 

wno firdied adrmlit. s 

lhe b6is of emotion, Comeliu ( l99l ) appreci.ntd thi! hislorical adv€nture snd p@posed 

it as a iwo pan lhory of mtioa phrsical snd Frhological 

i.e $e stmPA$etic sBal 

Md rhe subjcriv. .xp.n.me Bdting 6oh thc p3 thologlcal $at€ wtich is noe 

L.Doux ( 199?) studiel autononic tylt m Nu6.l, which inoss6 jn inicnsitv 

rnh rhe int€nsily of enotio.s itselt Th. sttonger ihc @lion, the norc intense is the 

physicol aousal, Again $e ltle of musal dffccts ths exDfiieoce of its expression as 

$€ll. lvhil. .omdrina ohour th€ coentivc Bpet ol@trons, ne tunhd mph$izcd 

lhal axhough $o mdotu rpp{ar to be Mi.tcd wnh felinss o.ly, yd rhe aclings 

are lery'nuch dddruhd bythe itrl€rrElltion ofthcde Miated with lhcf. Thc 

r$. ed intensity of.notion md ils b.ilviodl i.ndcRi€s de $tongly in respo6e to tn 

n ahinss assigncd !o a particule ddni 

Drvidson (2000) is Ecoeniz.d !s a pioncr tsdhd in this coMetio.. H. 

exploEd severll 4Gr. ofbEin (i3, the PEtontll Codex, @ygd4!4 hippddps), 

*hich e GshLrd wnh ihe exp.ri€nce Egulttion of bdit- Thn i.fmtion @nlim 

lhe clinicilns' norio. oasubsdtiol diileDnc$ ofindividu.rs upoNs to slrdsfll od 

dolionally thratcninS ev.nls r.d slinuli. Dalidlon a.d hi6 collmSles (Davi&on, 

Manball, Tomark€n, & HetriqB, 2000) stablish.d the souce ofthis di{Iet ncc in thc 

e ay5 popl.'s bdin 6pond b mtions. In thii contcxl hc dph6iz.d lh€ rcl.liv.

aclivitlofisbla.dl€npodionsoflhebrain,aslhetenh€mkdereisaseciated*irhde 

Axnive enotions md $e rishl henisph€r is esponsible lor rfie negarir. ehotions. 

Phillips(2001) enphaized lhar i.bct perceprion &d cnotion is liral loi slnival 

in lhe social enlircndenl. He explained thG ibponanr pro€sses in und.srandihS of 

cmoaon peception. Fi6t. th€ identiliqtionolan emotionallr $lient informarion in the 

enrionmentiwond the senedtion ofsone emotionolexp.rience md behavior in 

respon se ro thar id endficalion I md la$ rhe rcgulalion o i rhal enorional experience and 

b.havior. Itis stage is diddy asmiard o ns pEdeceser ons aor ns coole\rual 

appropriareness.lle has incorporated in hisaniclerhe lindingsol rhe nudies crpLainins 

irceed undedadins of the naruE of $e ncuml con lols of ftes pNc.sss. 

1.1.2 Behoioml conpon.it ot.tuotiot 

Kc.nedy. M@E. wal$n- and Safnn ( | 999) d.fi.qt dotional expie$ion 6 

''Obervable Verbal a.d Nonverbal Behaviore rhat connunicalc and symbolize 

emotonal experic nce- (p. I 5 ). Th€y funher cxtlained $ar expE ssioh cd occu lilh or 

\ nhour sllasar.ncs and * nh o \ aryinB degrec of inr.mion and n cd b€ conloll€d lo 

some exr€nl. Th€y conceplualired emotioml !tousal. emoliondl dperieocc od 

enodoDl eiprcsion d rh@ pdnary .onpone s of.norions. Anonesr then. fi.! 

emphdized enolioDl expessionas hrvins four cenral funcrions. Ft$l).lhey assist ro 

impolc interpesonal Elalionship. seco.dly fie]- pDrote aousal regulalion lhndlt 

they edoe Flf udeGtanding od l6rly $e! dev€lop coping skills for rhat 

Enoions 0r€ con,nonlr Evealed lhnush thc o\ cn exposions li[. amsnJ. 

smilcs. frumed brows, slumped shouldeBdd clenchcd fils etc l hese exprc$iohs are 

1

ctility of right &d lei ponion! of rh€ b6in, a the hft ndkphcG b aswiared wi$ tte 

positire c orions ed $e riBhl hcni+her. is 6po6ibl€ for thc neSllive mtiors. 

Phillips (2m3) .nphaiz€d rhd itrr.cr pcrc.ptio. dd lmrion is vibl for swiv.l 

r $e ffiial envionndt, H. dplained thre imponel prceses ir udelstandi.8 oa 

edoion pcrceptiol lnsq rhc idendnado! ofs cmlionolly solial infolmrion in lh. 

envnon@n( s4ond rhc gd.dtion of$tu .molio l dpgide ond b€hayior ir 

rsponse b tnal idotiffcarofi dnd lst the regularion ofthal dotioMl qpenm. and 

behlvior. This sbse is di@dy .$oci!t€d !o ir6 predsesr ones lor its contextual 

rpptupria&n*. He hd incoponied in his Micl. |hc fndings of rhc snldi* dphining 

inccas.d undshdng of th. n.tuE ol &c ncurEl coftlares of rhe* pc€ss. 

I.!,2 Aeha'i.nl @hpo@tt of Ehotlon 

Kc@cd, M@8, Watlon md SaI6 ( 1999) d€fined .mrioral qplNion G 

.obsefrlue verbd dd No.verbal Behavio6 thor comdicdre and slmbolizs 

etutional cxpdiace (p.I5). They 6rrhd.xplaiDd lnal expGsion cm occu with or 

wirhout sclf-awaros dd witn . varying dcgc ofinte ion dd il cd be 6rroll.d !o 

sone ext.r Tn€y conceptullized edodonsl a@usal. emtional .xpenmce md 

emoliond cxpGsion a lhr@ prindy @mponcnts ofmolions. AnoDsst lbenr thcy 

en'phaizcd mt@al expr*ion c bavi.g fou cobal nmrioN. Fi6rly, rhey aisl io 

impove int Aer$nal 

r€lalionlhip, s.tly th.y pomte @usal egulalion. Tbirdly 

lhey endos self unddl.nding and lstly thcy devclop coping stilh lor lbar. 

Emriom .E @hrcnly Evealed $reugh tt. oven qpBions like no*ns. 

sniles. fowncd brows, slmp.d should€B and cle.ohed fits €tc. These expEssions arc 

1

call.d body lMguag. ol@ior or nonverbal behadou. B4i. motions !rc prinEily 

revccled mainly tholgh tnis body languge of facial expEssions. A lege nunher of 

6eaEh6 suppon $e flct lnal pople @gniz! mulul moli@d st 16 thmueb this 

nonlerbal behaviou!. MoEover ct tim6 this rccogition of ons own erctroN r also 

supplcnrcnted by th. benavioEl sd rhen pd.ption by $c individuls. Thc frcial fe€d 

back bt?o$Br cxplaitu dut sigdls tun tlF facial mwl.s @ sst lo $. bEin ed rhc 

bEin finds ihe hclp to eogniz the nrt& of ffitioi b.ine .xpsie@d by t]jdt 

individoal (weitcn, 20Ol). 

t.t.3 cosditiw @npon.fol Eiottont 

HuliiM (2006) com.nrcd on $e cognitive conponcn wig tlc knoM 

quobuon of Shalsp€@ tron H$nlel thar "dEr. is m.ning .ilher good or bar! bul 

thintins mik6 it (p.192), and €xpl.itu dlrt or emtional clong @ muh 

dependent on ou valus, lhoughts dd qpelltioB. Wl@ acc6sed tttroud lhqe 

FEperives dy €vdl @uld bc cxt dEly plosol for oB FMn 

whilejust opposik ro 

the other. He ludhcr explained that ih eldy day expenen@s emorions lre dsribed in 

ietu of frclins sl:l6 like rluillcd" d€fai.d &d.nisrblc,, bur lhe @l nr@in8 ot 

elch cxpr6sion har individual v.riation. 

Rse {2005) Neds lhai th€ most imponant aspet of feliog conpond oI 

emotion k bacd on an indivi.lul s cogjnion, This cognilion t di ro inniare lhe 

physloloscal, purrosive, sd sialap$sive conpohsnls. He tmhq lbmulates fis 

inftductory definilon lhal "emtioN @ shon lived l*ling- aDusal, purpciv. 

exprcsivephdomff!tiathelpusadaprtoth.sisnificanrcv.ntsinourliv.! .To 

analyz n 6rnho he ri6 to s*k $e caBe of enodonal e@ls. He count5 biologic.t, 

E

nsycho solutionr.y, @gnitive, dd€lopnqlal. psrrho@lrrical, sial. siologjsl, 

cultu.ar rnd lnthDpoloCical vi.$loinls for rh. cN!.l mlyes. H. @nclutLi it eilh dt 

hcl dal il all Evolves mud "one @hml deb!rc ofbiolos/ !.6us cognilion." (pp. 293- 

104) 

Accordin8 to Reev€, @l.tionship betwtr th* two pc6Fciiv$ is thc 

combinatior. which giv4 ! comprchftsive unddllrding of .mtion. N{.nh.l6s theF 

has ben m old d.b.G ova .hc quetior ofprihlry md *&ndlry status ofrh. rwo. 

While lhe biological lheori.s dcf€nd their noions by tdki.g about infets enotiohahy 

wnn lhei. enric cqnnive shoncomir& ilvolutary &d anlononic 'briefhapp€nings' of 

emorios bcroG onc b6oG .on*iouly rwc ol tnis ad il3 neu6l ciEuns *hicn re 

gcner ico lly det.mi ned lo regulirc brain acliviry, 

Th€ ldveaB 6f@g1itiv. thary cl.in ognirive &ivny as the n{6{ry prc 

requisne ro emrion(R€eve). L.aM{l99D msued tne inponan@ ordy lifccle b 

pndue $ emolion ir only wiih r€f.lt@ 10 i(! pcr$nal relevdce. He qnphsized rhat 

cml'ons .rc b.ing €xpdi@d lhreu8h 6gnitiv. .tpnilal i... the mtrines of !n eMt 

rather than Oe eve itelf. 

Fnjtb (1993) qmt d (wo *pdie ndinSs of ognilion in d€ mdon lncnture 

one as co.sio$ swaMe$ dd the othsr a inblmnon prcc.$ing, He funh.t 

elabomtl lht $se t$o Minss do nor coincid. hr jBt ov(hp. Zijonc(1980) 

cxplained d. quation ofthe imponace of@.*iou saH€ss in .morioml b.hrvio.al 

and having phrriological chanSes in dolioncl reoction 10 meaninglul stinuli. He 

conren6 tnar llfui.g oa d dcnt is fs moE inDorlrd in lhapios rhe efudonal 

crp.ndce and its developndr th{ jut iE objedre ut@ 6 beins o slimulls only. He 

9

concluds thot i. m.jodty oI th. coss, lhe prescnring €ven$ e p.r.iv.d .ccording ro 

lbe cmodon medirs in which those m inlerprcted ai all. 

CloE ( 1994) aunner €xpl.ined &e @nc.pr@6 of emtioD b6ed on oppEisl, 

which he dph6izcd 6 lhe hsis of the felings .ndins up a ctoorion. Hc comens 

abour edn6 not a r peticuld *jnd off-lin8, but a panicule tind ol @on nEkes it 

parlicular for a p.diclld kind of pcnor H. pono!.s tn€ id.a by giving a exmple of. 

pdiol fi.t n ving lighr f€lings in rhc ch6l *ill b. walur.d on lhe lin s of pmjc 

trcrion o.ly if th. sFpiom i6 c.6ed by f$rful p@upatio.s and nor by h..rt anack. 

Ba-Z. d (2000) stcs.d on thc .pp@t tnat cmlionr @ smh a subde way of 

'men|al acrualizalioni 6 .ot to b! .oofinerl b ary oflhe troditiomlly obeRable 

comporal. R lhcr, hc enphdied tnlt @oiio8 @ntorc $ cxclsile psychologic.l 

stsrm snic\ io ead of nming th€ co4Dndrs. is me undhrmdable in r€m of 

conceprs i. wh'ch all oohponenr suhny work togelhd 6 an erperience or .xercise. 

Tnagard {2006) pMt.d r vasr dd advrnced dintuiotr of lhinking drivm by 

ctr1o(ionsndro8' hot lboughs' minly ft&ifesied ineifllific lesal od reliSious 

Mrc6. He €d'phai2ld lhar th6. dpBiotu e erclEivc @d$inadoB of tnc fsrs ol 

the rclated expen.n.e dd subjeciirc emolion.lity. 

lJ Erprd.d Emdo$ 

Oatley ( I 993) efetred b tnc bisroiy of the expresscd .moions I bact G I8?0 

wilh Chdl6 Dwin's eianific invBrisotiN, which bB addd lo rh€ &v.lopnai of 

lhc approrcb of evolutiomry expEsion of cmotio.3 o.hibutins |o sNival, 

t0

Brcwn, Mon](' ard CamtoiB (1962) irlodu€d the conc.pt of expesed emotion 

Nnh referncc b the imediat cladv6'atitd. lowdds dt t.tient! of ehizopi&hi. 

in their fdily. They ev.lu.tcd ils d€ere 3 b.ing hieh or low by fdns the elcMr ol 

hostililylnddoninance in$ecrprsionof moriorsbyd.ilmldiat fmilym€mb.6. 

ExpNcd Emolions $ tnc rarings of molionll alpals of speech and vqnal behavio!, 

ac consid.ed 6 eliabl. indicaloE ofsbr.qmt poor ourcotu in $js iUrB, Kuipp€B 

and Bebbingron ( 1988) al$ stor€d rhe phdon nof, of expr6sed cmdons wnb efdence 

Th. otnine witip.dia (May 2007) h4 dcfincd expFssed mtions 6 n 

quh.tilc ncsre of |he mut of .mrioN diQlay€d typicrlly in tne fmily salng 

us@lly by a fdnily nmbc o! $re lalq, ' It fu$her dphiB hosiility. dotional ovcF 

involvddr and cntiql !t ude s lh€ rhe diomiont of thc expls€d nodoa. 

Hctility k .xpresei a rhc ncsaliv€ aftihrd. tow.rd, tn€ piti.nt by $e lmily wh.n ir is 

lssmed Dt the illnds is conrroll.ble dd he is deliberdely not lrying to gd beuer. 

fiu, whctloaq the preblm @ &ud lhe lamily, rhe flmily purs rhe whols blu. 

onb lhc illnes of th€ paticnt, Thc s6ord din.nsion isjul rhe rcv€Nl oflhe f6r on. 

wbere lhc whole blane is pur or ey neSrri!. occuftnc€ in lh. &nily. Comnly found 

in the fentlc dqnb6 of lhe fmily lhi! f@lirg lsds lo ovd compolale this lactor by 

expE$ins e dtsem opa mindenns for th. iuns md by lhowing a loi ofcoe.m 

lovdds fic disod€r. Tft i. b.ing don€ !o thc cxtd $at ir again leaves a rcgltive 

imp&t on ihe padqf s elf-gbftn. Fv&y od pemMl lib€ny. Critical colmol5 

cdl lbm lh. conrbinltiu ol lhe two abovamatioed annud6. TIE fuily snos irt 

awaM.$ .bout lhe @rur of lhe illn6s, rd n.sdrively dliciz.s the routins dd 

bebaviors ol fte pali€nt. Ls, Gil6, &d LalMder (2003) hrlc intrcdu.ed €E as a 

ll

concepr which Eildrs lhe Eoclion! ofth. kcy Elsliys tow.rds a patient in the fmily, 

mlinly ol lne on6 who s€ taling @ of th.n. 

wbq n cones ftldilionally to hign cxprc$.d €motions'. it depicts d fanily 

Nhs. anyon€ or nor. ofiti mnbd re hiShly .xprsile of $eir artirudcs regcrdinS 

hGtihx doional oys-invol!.mdl .!d c.ili.d comts (Bmsq Monlq & CaNai.s, 

1962).Tbhexpressionisnotrestrictedto{rcilln$ofrheparicntbut€hcomp6ssrhe 

othg fioughll' aflitu&s ald b€bavioE rh.t e spcifidlly auributable lo $e D€riqrs 

unique pelonality tt?e. Brcvn .r al.( 1962) mph6i2el thlt $@rdrically hiSh level of 

EE can point lowar& ! bad pognsis for ptFhiani. illness, Asmas, TonsD. Woo, 

and Cantwell (2004) added @r. to irs defnition dd clairEd ir b 6. a porddal risk 

rrcror for this ttpe of diseaes. They nor only cxplai.ed ho* hign Expr.$cd Ehoriotu 

( EE) aE Fspotts,ble fo. lbe ncg.tive eff6t on rhe pltiflG bul eqully mphsized on th. 

phenonshon lh.t whfl the fmily is moie $eded in lhen d[itudes the low EE ate end 

up in similar qT. ol co6eqlEM' So trldilioully for rhB g?. of high or low EE 

problcms rhe fmily is al$ sugg*tcd !o urddgo rhe€py llong wirh lhe pad.nr 

canbwcll Fmily Inlniew (CFI) ss dcvelopet a $e fi6t E*!rch 

insttumd b 6ss $e mge of ctutiom od aelings dpcscd in ordinary famili6. lt 

s r lehnique in which lhe int riewq helps tne key mqnbcm ol the family ro @apr@ 

the armily .hsph.rc pa.dculany d. FacdinS monrhc of dc clapse or thc oc€r of$c 

illness. Brcwn ( 1959) r@oned rhar tneorclicsl con6t@rs wcre being developed ot thc 

smc ime 6 rhc inlwis w@ b.ins @nducr.d. In a hjsloricol a€cour of lh. pc*i 

Bown suss€st€d d4 $e r@ 'Expcsed Emrion mergcd only an6 eveEt studi€s 

l)

1,4 P.relved Erprclsd Enotlor 

ll is signilicant b ass wheth€r dE slt6s of living wi$ hicn EE El.liv. 

poducK moa pdticnt synplofrs or wheth.r hoe patifl symptoG produc. higb EE in 

$c r€lailes. lvhilc di$using tllc m'$ery of .ausaht, GlyN er !1. ( I990) @mnted 

about on€niGdoDl causalny a t@ ruh li6ited. A@dine to rhe amho6 . mre 

cofrplex intetution hodel i.corporaling fmiliB ovdall behavioEl slyle, speific 

epons b srs a vell s pad.nf s ch:@latiid of FGivinS 

rhe EE is me 

lccumte in fiis coM*rion, !n sonc fomilid dirEssing synprom m nor. likcly lo 

elicit cndcal Emrk nd ih Elun patids beod€ dore ssitive lo then. 

Ballak, Mu*er. wrd., S!ye6, tud Morisn (192) commred rhar ii 3pne ol 

rlr appealins 6pecl of osciation ofElapse vilh lbe fa€lor of rh. high EE in rhe l@ily 

while ir is cl@ dal onsoing 6n.&r *ith hi8! EE Elativ6 is Mial€d *irh h.ieh.o.d 

rist oi Elapse, th. basis of $t rel*iorsnip b mcendn. Tlc mlr conmn asumplion h 

basol on the nEdcl of gqsic vuln@bilny. Thcy turlbd posrdrtcd that EE is . I]su 

or r.mily anirld6 .bout the plriar, which pc!tubly F06ls in rhe ealdtive climt 

wirhih dre hoDe. Wnd EE is high rhar climatc h hlTothesized b be highly slmtul 

.nd hale a negailc €fi6r or $. palienr. FDn lhis F sperivc |he parre.as olc is Ilft 

or lcs 6 pasile recipi€.t of slcs pFvokirg behavior. MoEovd rhe aulhos haye !l$ 

st $ed or th. p.@ptioMl pln of hieh EE whil. dsNing ti. mtrh ol 

dnproporlio@l. st!.ss provok d by high EE comridtio!, Th.y al$ qucltion the 

nogative eil{b of pore.ral ovcr involvenent, They ht?orhcsizld rhe po$ible 

erplanation a lh.i. iMbiliry io p@eive rh. g.nuinen* oa rhc elarion @Mrcly' 

ll

MoEien, Bello.lq od BahoE (r 988) !l$ highlieDcd rhe fad of*hiapnMic 

inplinebt in sial peEepdons th.t 6ult in rhe hisinrelp&tltion of @olional 

environmdl. TlEy conclud€d lh{ the vicioa cy.le ofd€ imbility of lhe Padsn fld th. 

relativc to pdceivc rccurarely nutlal moyocc dd disfc$ creat6 fo$ration and 

vanoB lechniqlg to ass6ss €xpEs.d qmotions w.E su@€sivcly developed 

Nid $toc EnneftnB. rnniluy ir a|n€d 6oD . smj sEwrurcd inldia mmcd ancr irj 

pio.c.r worke as Cdbwel Flmily bt@i.w, Faloon ( I988) ievi€w€d lhc cftnlly 

pr€vciling conc+l of.rprsed chorioB. b spir. ofdc clr.blbhed rsciarioi of thc 

expEssed donons 4d cose or scniaph@i., h. 3uslBt.

n pshaps surprising thlt m sludy ro dale h.s $uSl !o obi.in dau dir4lly fmnparidrs 

themslvcs conceft ing$eirpercepdons of cndcishfrc6 familyMbcu (p. 230). 

Fomtio. of any pdniculd cmtionll @lior is mr die|el by &y single pld. 

didercn( emoio@lepi$des (pelcepions ond rsactiom to lllc enodons in $e 

€nvironneno do6 nor &ip fom oy prniculr generc o. cultural plm bur ir is b@e 

ofthedifiere ways in wlich lh.$ sysffi pork loeether in a pafiiculd pctson in a 

siven contdt. They @ncludcd thal. dotio@l .xpaidce do.s nol @ur b*ae of 

mutul intmrion *ith the outsid. world only bu il rsults dle ro rhs prcds @ui!g 

* i$in an individul .s vell (Frijd!, 1986t L@rus, l99l ). tu .nolio.ol expr€siohs aE 

ddem'nc

ules of biehdisr.y !n physacs rE .pplicabl. ro u, w. v.ry enolmuly 

'n 

indilidual bodi6. He claim thdr. "v&iation i5 jNl s conmn. salidt, and inpondt 6 

univcMl mohdkn.-.. Tn lppreilrion ofrh. olc ofdolion d.p€ndr in p6n on ou. 

dndeBranding of how dilf@nr emtiom vary a . firctioD of two tund.mmlal foctoB, 

aec lhd culue la cil.d in Ektu, 1994, p.332). 

l. this conn(tioh. Cmt n!d, $d Tul ( 1998) co ribured a lol in Esach on 

emlion acos lif6P3n dd dife.rt cultul gDup' Tncy pr€mted thc lhory of $cio- 

€noaon.l sel*tivny. whi€h .xplaincd difr€dt wlts of exp€riencinS ed @aeing 

€morons across de lifespo paniculely dunn8 lot€ adulhod dd poplc |cnd !o shift 

ften inrdetios with €oori@.lly mmi.gtul rtadotu. Ih6e sludi6 .mpncize rhe 

.e€ds to siv€ fro& atadoh to tic fad thd n i! inporra ro consider snd md.srand 

individu.l €mnod rapols wid rcf€M€ to individul diflMc6 in €mdoml 

exprc$ion and Fguhtion (Conp6, & Gollib, 2005). I1!i6 is rhe nain obj€cive of $c 

plsenl study whcr. rhc Mh.r n$ ri€d to shiii the anndon fmn ih. hish exprBt d 

enorions to their Frceptions ndioly !ffecring $c espotue and behavior oa & indilidudt 

*ith dl varisrioB. Thcrc e vlrios frc1o6 qirlin d in.tividut thal e D.inly 

i€sp.Nible ro. cauine uiqN dd peulir wrr! oapft.ivans aftt Mcling ro a 

panicular cnv'rcmcnq sone of lhm re 6 follows. 

1.5.1 Pmn lit! Mtt z.reived ExrE t d Enttton 

.Emtion is s inregnl to rhe hUru qy oab€ing thr it irr€@ls botn Mth orhq 

asp€cts of tbe pqson and wilh thc dvi6m.nt ' (Suone@n, 2001, p. 224) n, tneEfoG, 

con b. undmrood thrcugh the irl.raction of peenaliri6 and naiml cnvibnlMt. Any 

ou 

l6

siluation in the €nvinnne,l becomB 6iCrificanr only when it is pqceivcd as posondly 

r.levd lor an individul. P@jetion of th€ cla into the snution lods tlrc sp€iic 

rclalion to lhot. He explais tnd cxtroveEiotintrovdion .v.lu.l€ lhc people dd $eir 

behayioB rccording to O.i. oM @gnitiv€ tuMorl ro c the evdrs a puishin& 

rhreareninsorjutn€urrcl (srmnsman). 

To suppo.l th. sisnificdc. of rh€ phdoftdon of i.dividul di0denc6 L@ru 

Gs cited in Ekm&. 1994) Efm lo Kun Lewin (1931 1935) 6 !i aldent adyocsld oa 

srudyina individurl os wilb Ef@nce ro |h. cnvionl@t dd p€@n6ury whjcn it 

composed o I ond' .eds and ways ol thinki ng H e cites an arEclive quotarion by Ldin 

lhal _fie eme lirc rnat h&dm d. e8g $ne.s de buuei . To ponor€ his oM pes 

of appBisal bms.xplains: 

If lh. two indivi

pcmnalily a.d enlionnmt inlo a reladotul meaniog bas.d on lhe Elevonce of what is 

happe.ing lor $e pe&n s *ell bciog 

Ellssonh ( l99l ) lnempte

psycholo8ical md phlsiologi@l mshtunis. wllil€ di$Bing, $. mdri conFne ill 

nature ofenorions aid ns implications for individul ditfcrcn€B, Davidson (1994) ha. 

inftduccd edoton as a "con6truct rhar subsmc a heteogensus lroup of prccss6 

(p 322). P€Mnality &d 6ly childlood tanlmdls !rc bjquc in €vcry individul 

only because of their dirTercnt wys of in plocelsins dolional expqiencB. Davidsn 

claincd rhat on thc b6n oa th6e emioml .rFdm6 !. indjvidul aaf6rile slrtc k 

bcins lomed in a hiq@ way. 

1.t.2 EmatlotdtI ellisci.. a".l Pq..i,ed Expr.sal Enottat 

Enotional intelligence is ano$er facror wfiich is nai.ly Gsponsible ior individual 

r diarion in thc p.rceprio. oasial dctuds dd rlE wly ro a@nbrodlr. wid rhd 

aptlnlly. Maltr, Salov€y, and CalM( 2@0) dcfircd n q ..l:he ser of abihies $ 

acdunls lilr how people\ .miioDl repons ury in dEn lccDcy .nd hos th. moc 

rccDrc und$rqding of dmotion lqds b b.lrq pDblo $tvin8 in d individulk 

cmotionalliie lp.l96). Conp$, and collib (2005).hborar€d ns a speciUc aspel of.n 

individlal s i elligfte rhal muls tor $e gd.ral @rional fuctionin& This 

mehanisn 'ncludes inrpulle control, setr aweness, selt honvaion, pesisrcnce dd 

P.rccivine, a$ihilaring udGr&ding .nd @asins d fie aou @rpon€.G 

invollcd in dre snotiohal inrelligehc., The firll componcnt includos tn pceeptio. of 

selt:aworene$ 6 well s th. avdc$ of th. perception ot olh.6, ExpEss.d Enorions 

*ith acclracy and hon6ry. Tn s@nd mnpondr is claled b lhe abnny ro ssinilal. 

cmot'ons effectively in thousbt proc.!s. Th€ unddsranding ofemorions Efl.cr5 rhe 

t9

ilityof thc clercomprcheNion of simuho.ouslydcudng enotioft .s s.pdat.. Th€ 

ftral conponenr signili6 tlle indilidual s lbi|ny lo utilia $e dorion.l s@ngth lbr $e 

nrolivltions of o.e s ow. &lions &d beb,vios and lha! of the odds (Jordd, 

Ashkdzy. & Harrei. 2002). 

So it is a set of inteNion! ofone s own enodons wifi thfi ofothe6. This 

p@s rcquaB th€ psonal abilily ofe individu.l to p.Eeiv., simihte, undGtand 

urd manage cnotions prcp€dy.Ifo peson &qunes a s@d enolioml inElligencc he h 

rrrmGcaplblebF.lomforahakromcomeoltn rcquirqtimeEcliont.Emdling 

dnd Cheniss (2003) comenled lhat negarilc cmotionsl rcspons usually resuh in 

dystunctio..l b€haviouE dd nnnud6. Th.y funner add.d $ar enorionat inlelligcme 

hclps m lndilidual to €tletively deal wi$ tn€le n€eolivc cmorjons, 

wnc! sigific.nt otn€ r.nd to oy€Fcririciz, ovd-ihtmde or .rpcs udue 

hodililt lowaids a fanily nmb.r $ey es lilclt to expcri.nce negaile enotions rhat 

can crls dtstunctional behrvioG and altiMs. En1trling, an

d$poponionately lo enlircnnqlll tftrull. Hecker. dd Thope aho cited williams, 

Meht$s. dd Mk Leod ( 1996) who r€view.d 6e sfl. com€.ts thlt beo@ of lhen 

o*n spcific concgm exiou individuls sho* rnenlioul bid lowdds dvnomenld 

th@h, fin !(cndo.al bi* crst€s a vicious cFle in ircrssing rhc level ol inxiety ev.n 

nore intqsely. Tl s phqomdon is very @hoon in pdic di$rd6. whd prtienb wiih 

anxiety disod.r ger irtcnely biased. Ttey feu! aear rclsted bodily se$arions tike 

mcing pulse @c atreniv.ly. ft, ir rcrm, cutli in mking tn€ €.vi@mor.t thr€aG 

1.5.1 Endioral Rqtldion en.I P.r.eited E4wss..l Enotid 

Compcl.rd Cotlib (2005) dcfined .mrion EAulaion rs .rhc capeity ro 

innlare. nodulale, mdify. rcdiet or ofliDjzc .motiohcl lbual paniculolly in EsDonse 

b fircar or nress (p. 428). Etulion @gularioi is e individualiz.d ard uique way ot 

nroniloflrg on. s frolionll @ual lccording to rhe pd.oml. €.vircrnennl and Mid 

denands. Although sohe bioloeical d\nminar$ of@dons e r.ry nuch inporrant in 

rhis nehmisn. yd M individul ! conrptd sts ofdoughr dd behvior wbich re 

leamcd ovtr a peiod of d.veloplenral poc.s play a key bl. in irs tunjfesroioh. 

Prniculaly in aponse |o slrs dd rtr@r pople hd ro initial€ &d nodiry 6eir 

emor'onal abDd wnh refeMce to ihen specilic nolal mke up to cope wirh $€ 

demandr orn parficu|r snud@. Thk c a *r oflhoushrs ed b.hrvio6 rhat work 

lndcnea$ th. p@s of $e pqepiion sd Erction to one! envnomenlat lrimuli. 

Thus lhe enyi@nedDl evmr ef@r dif€Mtly o. dif.Efl indiliduals accodins b 

lheir rc$eriv. sel5 of thoughc (compat & Godib, 2005). 

2l

Cn$, lohn, ad Rjchlrds (2000) comnr.d on tn. inportance of $. slc*stul 

rcsulaion olonB notioc. Tbe anrhoE dphaiz.d lnal ene notio.al straleg* d. 

norc pref.6bl. in sone siturtioN as conpar.d !o tte o|he6. Comnly this pElcrenc€ 

is auliied by cognitive r€-appnisal So this phcnoh.hon Ef€6 10 one's ability ro 

intearer a sio.tion in positive lem lhd inhabil olert signs of imet @olioial staic! 

*hd rh.y e rol requned. 

Suo.gn.n (2003) onmts lh.t .ltho!8D nimulG lwatu ihc $m, rh. 

occrsion is unique os it is beins evaluated dd rppdilcd thDugh $e recouelioD oiou 

p6t and cunenl mcmorics $sooiat€d to thc vlrious conpon@ts oflbar event. He quots 

various ex.mplo frcm daily ourine Md concludc! lh.t in spile of |he fact rhar appde.tly 

one snu.don r@mbl6 ln. odd onc , thc p@ik p€eption upon wtich @otunll 

Efiion is brs.d Fainly depads upon fic way it is lppEis.d. The awaqs ofrhis l&l 

hs lol diIT.Mt thorist ofF €holo$/ ro 8iv. pritu itrDondce to cognition in rclarion 

ro rhe expldation of lhc condilion. 

Wi$ the .mphrsn on all th@ factos ofphaonaology, coe tion sd 

phrAiology, Ahold ( 1970) slar4 in hd th6ry lhal mt udeElarding of bftin funcdon 

in cmolion is tholsh coE'lnir mrrysi.. By thc .xplmation ofh€r lh@ty lh. @F.pl oa 

rppraisl gor s inporl.nl in the @gitive cotucltulizltion of4otion. Shc ened 

that psplc rdd lo cvslure mtdihS lhrr N. .ncou er im€diarely, involunt.dly .nd 

almosr auonatically, entthiie $al we mounl.r wnh eference ro ouselv$. This 

proces l@ds $.n 1o no!€ lowads sylhinS th.y cosidq 6 good' to lvoid whrt is 

cotuidcrcd 4 bad md to disrEAard wh is indiffedt. ThisPrc* conlinu6 rill 

$re orbd rpprri$l int€rf€c Mlh lh€ exisdnS Pcr€p{otu, barus w. tc tlwt}s op€n 

22

o nes exp.riences a.d !€apFaise the obj*ts o! .venis. "Appnnll thcn is a pde$ that 

complihen$ tcreprion dd podlces in s a l4dm.y io do emcdiins. if this tdd.ncy 

is shng tl.n ir is crled crcdon" (p. 78). Fon Amld s F6lclivc tll atpEiels h.v. 

$e srarus of ell'elive expdidc.6, sh€ nutnd cxpl.iff tnat we interpd dy nw 

sruarion in rcms of r pst cxp.nm€. It@ lhe main nle is being pbt\:d bt ! ncmory. 

Slongl@ @n1Jrdts rh.r wirh 0@ efanivc Emn6 p@pl. alirc eirh rh.k p.!t 

qpenences dd appFnab 0lal r6umily alt r thcirjndgmqts. The* judgrnds io f&t 

ledd ro ihcn delihdE !clion!, wbich amrding !o Amold distin$hhG d indrvidul 

lNn animls s th€y can nol judsc si$ations in rcm of sh.n &m, log t€m Elher 

absloct eoah, Mo@ver t.y c.mt jldge !o opt |o *niwc lh. b€tld one. Only th. 

humds cln base $h de.bion on fieir p6r €xp€rid@6 md posondl appBi$ls. 

Sch&htd (1964) ie . krDm p6y.hologh for having a purc 68rnrivc viry oa 

cmotion ge.eded by the gd.dl musal of$. .ynpatheic ndous s'steo .Hc cxpl.ift 

rhar tn individurls intErprcl rhoe mNal sr!r6 frcn tn€n belief systen dd ttpical 

mode of pdeDrion. To id.ntify $e molio$l lsper ofou bodaly chdges, h€ ha 1o 

explorc his belieh. Tnus b. b.lieved $ €notioN @ minly based on the strong 

inreretion bcrRd 'physiological musl ond cogniriv€ appraisal. He presdls thrc. 

posiblc fucdoN of @g ior in mtioml dpdidce. Th6c turcdoB f&ililrt th. 

inreQielrlion of @iion.l stimuli rh€ @ognnion of the muel and tn kb€lingoa 

S|onsm& (2001) cit.d laen|hal s $@ry ( | 9?4) which is b.scd otr infomdon 

pooessins which !ftotdile ro hin n6t integ6re how @tion k initioted md dqls witn 

irs subjolivc, bebavioral md pblsiologic.l q!p.cs. He conolud6 thal dorioB act as a 

2t

mt. of d€ intml condition dd povid6 ..prcity for parlicu|f tr!6 of&tot'. 

awarenqsofwhichcst blishesncw8oals. Itinfomusolastaremdth.impacloflhn 

on tn enviomnr by t lling G alout ou fclingq *bich & aflaclEd lo peEepIioN 

t.s.' Schnt tnd P.tde.n Ext8erl Enotiu 

According to Reber (1985) 'The shehib { or $h.ms ) e cognnively, menlcl 

ptm dur d absr.et .nd tlat rhcy s€ 6 grid6 for &iioB, a ocr6 for 

inreryrerin8 iniomdrion os orgeized frmeNork! aor slvi.g problm dc '(p.689). 

Sinilarly weit n {2001) hs defii.d sh@ s "D oryeizcd clut€ or kno*l€de€ lboul 

, panicular obj6t or scquence of cv€nrs" (p.G-9). Pniliplot, Ba€y€ns, Doulli€z, and 

F.an@n (2001) highugnt d tn d.finiti@ ofcnofion in a mre brcadened and elabodl.d 

rhr! I schetu is !n rbstrrct impli.il Ep@nr.rioo whicn inrcgnrd ensory, perc@rurl 

dd scna.tic intbmdon !?ical oi. given cd.gory of€notional expdicrce on one 

handand thereEl ion b th€ lcrivllion ofspcific body r6?ors on rh. orhr h&d_ 

(p.75) Alier a bricf anollsis ol diffeht qplanations siven by dif@nt dpens. the 

ln sm scncmala e built lulomticauy by sl8cting comullities in the 

similat eipdi4* liv.d by d individul... . Som s lhm .s lssi.t d r?r6aElion 

and ode6 see $em as lnalogical md ndapnoric EpEstltion ' Howd!€r rhe author 

pmpos.d tl8t'S.h.mt4 cd b. corccptulizrd s lhe eords of Ihe individuk 

emolio nal c l6sicdl condilioning. (p.7 5)

Eyenk t.d K@c (200t fiishlighled lbe phenom€non of schem in the contdl 

ol indilidudlizel expenences ed label€d thed s rh. "p&lrets of inlomadon abour lhe 

world. events or people, stoEd i. long tcm ncnory (p.59), Hdkq and Tl'rcpe (2005) 

cncd Ellion od Ccnbsg e002) delining €turion *b.fu os'inplicn idiosldcraric 

orsanialDml slndlB rhal @e 6 th. b6ir lor hMd qpdims ed self 

oi9niztion (!. 280). Sinildly Conpa, dd corlib (2005) .xplained sh.@ as .h 

concept ro oocess €xp4icntial psycholos/ rhar efe$ ro lhe basic unirs ofcmodonll 

ex pcriencct they further .rpl ai n thal . tee schemas are compri sed o f enorio,al 

nemon6, hoFs, .xp*rlrions and f4" (p. 30). 

mc onlinc dcyclopedia litl.d rs Wikipedis(May, 2007) explrined *h.m i! 

psrhology and coSnitivc *iflcer 6 ,a mdr.l s.octuc rbar Eprc*n!3 som 4pd$ ol 

lhc wond rhar ate6 to p6pte *r oI nind whd lh.y Be peviously acquied t Dwtedge 

as ! limc $o.[ lor rhe oryoi4don ot fie cmqr infomrion. Thc encyclopedia givcs 

Ih€ eranples of schdata os tubiic, srereort?es, sociat rolc6, s6ip$. wond vie*s, sd 

I tiinher cxplaih.d thdr rbc inporlonc. of schml, con be cv,tuarcd at the best 

lcv.l when due lo celllin d€ncil a penor d@s nol renair capable ro minrain ehenlia 

a.o pererve every exFnnce 6 ! lcw one wirnou ey bekgomd rcfeercc dd 

memry. so at 1in6 the sltfq€B hd !o adlpr ro dj. $hemlb rhai .e not lppmpnar b 

dr .uft.I p€reeptio. ud di$lly in@nsrue jnlerprelamn ro lbe prevcjling 

sutuundihg Same is true shcn a lionty exisling schena hindeu in perceiving $d 

inclprerins new.xpen.nce frlm a difacMr pmperive lnd rhus reods ro creatc bjased 

opinron o! biascd p6@rions and c&rioos ro a panicular snurion. In fi€se typ6 of 

25

cncurutances lhe event do .ot EMin corlincd to th.i! inplicil locll bul dcp.nd on 

*ays rhcy natch lo the *henata ol thc p*ons who aG ioieracting with n 

Yeas ago ere! of schens o. rhe et ic!01 and piocsling of info@tion aound 

wrs E?oner by M!4us ard RiFs (19?9) and Fdisi.in (lt9), ftey pctulakd rh.t dy 

ryF or infomlion vhich w$ *ell Miatcd wilh rh. *hna of d individul w€e 

percerred and inte'lteled ecordirSly. Ac@rding ro Piogels dsry of developmen( 

childlen undemb.d fi. world with r.fdence b a series of schemra rhey acquirc aon 

rhsn cxFn€ne. In rhis comcxr w€ilen (2001) cxpl.iG rhe lh6ry wilh piag.fs lsrtion 

rhar "l teElion sid de cnvibhnent eradully rtts lhe *ay chitdM think.., 

1p.44?).HoNe!er rhe chanc€s of bias and di.bnions in that rr?€ of pereprioos and 

Interprcratioft were ako coEide€d bd!6e of thar lel of schem (pillhdrl penn, 

Perritu, & Li.!clr@, 2003). 

1.t.6 t ood enn P.td||n E4n6sd Enotid 

Thols i I996) hpl8iz.d a lor fr d indiyirt!.1,s nood in Eguhnng on6 

i dlctire b€havion. He ar8!6 rtDt ! good ned lighleB dc burdn ofe uBeted 

exposurc whilei on lbe conrtuy! a bad ftood c.nounage6 $ otheNhc anBctve rctivity 

as bonng oDd uninteGring. H. arsued rhal in r tow mo4 evcn rhe nod pGnive qent 

$4 'h@ningl6 ed umrlrdive. H. tunlq expbjn€d 6!r .lthough nmi do6 not 

d'Btly caue a psrticur behavior. yct ir ircrce* th. likelih@d ofthe occmn€ ot a 

paniculai behlvior. To undesrdnd mood ed ir! @aSme it k imponaot ro 

unde6bnd biolosical ftyrhB ofn@& .sialed wirh lh. dlity rhyrlm ot cners/. 

26

In this con.ecdon Gilligan, and Boq6 ( 1984) and Sin$r, &d Salov€y ( 1988) 

clucidate their nelwork lhsry of.fied tnal cvolvcs abund rhe bdic astet of rtFod and 

ns drtionsnip wilh cognni!. pl!.s Thcy ey thll in ! st te depod@l @!ll |n. 

nemry oI rclar€d mtdirl sets bia$d by l|.t. tmd; ! pcniye no.d plshq lnadon 

rway fon negatv€ and rowadi posiriv. @rcn.l, wnib a tegltiv. mood Pusnd in lhe 

diretion of nemory of ftilue, faligue ed tho lite. 

wrrik dlphsizinS Ih. phmnrmn of gok a synbolic rcp6cnktron of 

softthing i. th. c.viom@q ed plds 4 feiliitloa to &nid. ln@ g@ls, Oa ey 

and Johoh$n-Land ( lt87) tfq to five b6ic cmolion modes i.e, happin.$, $dn6s. 

ldiery (or fsr), deq .nd di6e!sl. They cxplcin lhal the coMi€nce RAluation of 

pl.nning gives lhc @.ning b tn€ emtion.l rbdc on dF bdis oflhe Pftposnioel 

sigals siving .r $. oFFdng sysldr. which hclPs io $h.dd. volunbry *tio.. 

whil€ talking .boul $e individul dif.rcoc6 in dpqisoing th. cmtion wirh 

ftf€mG to the facloG co ributing to happin* Lyklcn and Csikzehtmibalyi (2001) 

cnrphdized on individul dif@md oflhe cxPdidce of hatpitres lo ih. .xtml of 

sen.ric rd€|. Estdlin (2002) clain€d rh.r bc!u* ofde g@dic hclor sn. fmili6 

hav€ rhe hdency io .xFri€nce happin€ss almd $ou8houl the liv6, Th.y €xplaired 

rh oor fe.lings ae siongly a$ocirted with th. positive dd negplive perceflioN of lhe 

evcnrs. The aulhor funhd couls aI indilidually vtilble f&toE lik contntten! sio 

eononic sl'n6, tuitll sr!tu, Enercrty md polidve atti.rde lovads lifc a iu'potul 

a&ros aor happind, which tual6 predilpos r p.6ot for p€rc.iving md copi.g wiih 

rhe enriom€n$l s!($os efdclively. 

21

1.s.7 Adtptoriti Lwl ad /.!ai@ d.prteotiu 

M.'s (2001) erplaincd the adrpbrio. lw.! ed relallvc d.?rivstion pnnciplc F 

phenom.non of cosnition dd moion. To advanc€ this conc.pl au.ther, Mayq tates 

rhi. .ogitive plcsing with ! difi@nt eel!. Wlil. $4ifically ialling ab.ul th€ 

moion ol harphs, he aryc that lhis f4ling is nol oDly &p.nd!nt on ou pdl 

expcricnce of mtion but mods al$ povok. nd spda olb.navios which e very 

much dcpendenl on€ich p.Mnrs model ofelf, This turlhq depcnds on ft€ vay ih 

vhich {e apdi€bcc olh.r poplc s @don !o s &d peEei{e lhd tl pu€ly $bjetive 

levcl. Ar rhis level h€ also .rphsiz€d de elT@l oacuhual dd individual wiato$ duc 

1o uniquc perceptio. ollh. sinilar evdls. It is again a cogniti!. luhcrion to evaluate and 

sns. our posirion wnh rfdence 10 o1h6. Thh rclaiive depnlalion ptinciple dak ! !s 

ael bad wn€n w€ dpet mr thd wh.r *c ga and fel good on h.ving €x&dy lhc 

sme *hci ve exped lessr than thai Mayd su!ee!$ tnrt we cd fccl bettd and 

s.tisficd by jNl counlilg our blessihS! as compoled to de o.e wbo are dqrived of lhen. 

similarly. ii wc fel depnvd ofsmtbilg lhal orhd hnv€. we d.velop a n€sarive 

mion ol dvy ad disontatunt. To ssrt hh viw poid May.r ha qloted a v.ry 

convincing salng that says, I criel becauss I had no shoes, u.til I net a mon who had 

1.5.E Cauunl v.ri.tid atul P.Niwd E\pr.tnd Enonot 

Wirh Eferdce to fie Expresded Emlions !d $en ss6sn€nt thioudt 

Canb.Nell rmily inicRid B6M (1985) .xpl.ined l}lal all omPoneDrs of expr€ss.d 

cmrions. e t@ conplex for the 'es@hd lo b€ El.d 6ily a.d accuar.ly. BcaG. 

ol$c individul wialions in tneir peEonol triits md degre of troinins, the Fliogs .G

nod likely ro ury cros culonlly. One expGsion, which b held highly ehotioial in 

one cuhuE is litely ro b. . ,on in weol oth?r cultuG, 

ln lhis cometion Schd ( 1993) quotc! s b&k .s 1949 Nh6 Donald Hibb 

com€.ted abo man as the nost motioml of lll di@k &d elarwl.dged th€ ole of 

sio-cultuml control m-heisn lhar stil nclps lo plde hih al the high.sl level of 

r.tionaliry. He €laimed thal emtion &ls s a nEdi.lor to d*ide fs th. mn irpondl 

lask 6r an orsdisn for a panicule tim. This dehdism h.lps ro wcid $e inponece 

dl M d.nt wnh rcfocnc. to t!. imcdiar€ ndd ofthe orgrnisd ,nd provide cl.vdr 

b$is for lhc requir€d actios. Hc lunher explored $at tlDse dodonl cxpenences o! 

lcrions orc emb€ddcd deply within larsug€ (Snrvd, S.hwds, Knen, & o co@r, 

198?) and sislly coNlruc|d Nays of acting (Alerill, 1982) ond $chl rohs (Hei!. & 

Lraru (l t9l ) laid nis lh@ry on $e @lier id6 of thc sisnificance ofbiologiol 

dd culrunl alpets ofcdotions. He mv6 o. ro rh€ ml€ of@gniri6. aolving from 

bolh of thm. L62@! arg@ dat, cuhw ce .II@r mtion in fou w!y6. 

I) ThmuSh |n€ l@n6 il ehich w. Fr.iK .mlioml stimdii 

2) Througb diccny anerins morional dpBsjonl 

r) ftbugh ddeminins snl fthtio.snip od judgMl: 

a) Though hidly ualied behavior. 

Scial onslruclionisr (K.G.rsd & M,Cdsen, 1988j Harre 1986r H!rc & 

Pmou. 1996) md socio cultuEl rh.ons$ (Lurz & whit., 1986i shwed.r, l9l) argue 

rhol €nolioN cmol br blm a sinple s j6t thc nniaesnion of ida expsim6; 

instead it is mc of o sially coEtructot conc.!I, This comept explai$ the n*hdisn 

29

in rcm ol fi. lansuaSc and locally c@led inrcrPebtive s'3lcn Tbis syskn n !try 

nuh aki. to tuociiotulisr .nd wial p@N ap9Dacn6 b €motion. whi.h is minlv 

hased on apprailal ed Ea.6 lo lhe ssesn€nt of Flations bctween Frccived 

on. s concems abor mtiv6 md s@k {Frijdt, 1986; Lazns, 199 | ) 

t0 

ev€.$ and 

Laza$(l991) conchdes thalnth6lbln discssingthc suPldacvofc lunl or 

biolosical dercminels of mtioN, th. Pmbld €o be reslled bt jusl l@kjts it 

rbulll !n individul coSritive Fnpotive. 

This ids refds io lne cot concell or rhe 

trcsflr sNdy *bich dG at div€ning lhe qnPhsis fron 4pFs'd €miiohs lo ln' 

pcrceiled erprcssed edolions. l-erus als enpbsized on the sicrificancc ofappdhal 

$heo be lrbeled the r*ipi.nrs of the .motioN .s elllulots dd d*l.r€d that pspl. 

evdlure erch slinulus $ they encoulr wilh ftsp6t lo its p4oml si8:incdce af,d 

rclevdce. e calb n !o b. m Mci.tld cogitiv. edvnv of cmtiotu H. nlther 

cotrclud€s rhct a sleific ltle of apgtlhll tr cos:rnion is dpomible for clch dol'onll 

( aBlcnsr4nd luk ' lo98) pffir the ficoryor$coflobonal 'eldi\ nv' 

{hi.h explaiB difftnt wars of exp€rituing md @gitg emtios tcbss fie lif*pm 

plnicularly dunng l{e cdulthood wh.n p€Ple &nd lo shifi fidir inhcions wi(h 

cbolonally m@ingiul clatioB Cddteen and Ch&16 conttrb ed a lol ih de 

rcs.!rch on motion acos! lifespan and dfcdl cunwl srcuPs fteir studies 

cmph6ire rhc n€ds lo giv. mr€ ttlenrion 10 lhe trct lhat il is impori'nt lo @nsid€r dd 

undenilnd indiridul emolioBl t lpos6 wnh EfeMce 1o individul dilfqdcss in 

emotional expresion ed Dgdalion

H@sGLevy, Cie.nb.rg, md Dabdg ( 1990) comented on d.gr .! mrc 

openly expr6sed in Imel tbon in wested culturc and fail@ to qpcss on 's ansq is 

psceived !s r workn€s. Sinil ar observation has lho b.en reponed by Okasha et al 

(1994) sho loud critichm as .ccepted dd acccpl.bl€ component ol inlerpesonal 

relations in Es}llid cultnE.nd a rcilctioh oacaF in lbdculture Sinil.rly enolionol 

oler inrol!@enr is co.sid\ftd 6 pa$ological in weEtcm cllture NhiE tn€ se is an 

accepted nod in olhd cullu6. 

while evlluti.8 qp€sed cmliotu 6 &@ss cultuduy v.lid con€epl, Chdg 

(2002) concluded lhlt 6 the fmili6 ofdifiB. cuhuc difia in dcn lqd of!olet4.e 

lor lhei. pari€hrs, thc pllidts p@ption .!d E poi* lo dc l.vels of qpcsed emtion 

is likely b difi.r. So with ! cosidcFblc dphsis on thc chdcr€risiG of the 

cpondenb rath€r lhm lhc .xp€s.d cmtiod ils ll n slssded $.1 "qpGsed 

mrior alsmnr h6 lo bc dalibrltcd in diffdit cullc (pP 466-467). 

BhusB/ dd Mc(Mie (2003) tl$ slplon.d d. @nccpt wid lnc Nqd6 dut 

a pq$. fmn $c eme cultEt g@up bc6t n6uc dpK.d .dodons dd n is 

dimculr lor a r€s.mhd who is el fmili.r with fie line distirction of lmsuge dd 

cultudl expie$io. oa an int€fli€w.c to 6tc sy of lh€ cornponents of qpr$ed mtion 

i.depfldenr of these $clos They funh.r suggcsl.d lhat $b lpeific ltle of 

melsumenl is olso d@eidol on e s!&!.m6t of thc inte.vieweds gn€ral slvle of 

emtio.al expre$io.. They o$e thit it is inditabl. loi diffctent culluFs loprace 

difedng emphosis on tle various conponents of Erpesed Enotion MoEovei thev 

cmphasiEd rhc need for a nomtiv. dat! on ExFcs.d Emotion b€foF arttibrins ev 

t!?e of conelatior bctwM high ExpG!.d Emtion and ptrathltic or phv6ical illnes in 

]I

a pdiculd culture. Tbey enphaized thd rtB signifidce oa hish €xpEsd eoototr 

should be laid doM wirh efercnce to rhe nomarive cultudl data for rhc gen€ral 

populatior (th. ones who do nol h.re a Ela ve wnh ! mql.l iuns.) The sisnificance 

oithc hieh exple$ed emodons in nenhl iltness shoutd be exdined in rheconlcxt of its 

pcvailing lcv.l in ih. nomat poputaion oflnat paniclle goup. Thus th€y hi8htiShe

1,6 Th.ori€ of P.Niv.d Erprc$.d Eoodolt 

\n,l Co$lrl|Q.pF batn o4 and p.R.lral arye.l @tlm 

ThF e v&io$ th@d€s of.motions ceb of ehich .nphlsiz. .nhd o.e or ils 

bsic obponcnl! o. sndy thm s i crlinl.d ed intcMv.r io prodrc. e motional 

expdi*c, O.e th.ory suggln! phytiologicd rcuel s moF btsic compo.cnl lhd 

@enition, sdich rhcy prepos.. is thc Gult .l ph.nom.Ntr of the pcrc.Plion of lhoe 

phrsiolosic.l ch!g6. For lh.m the p@ed.nc. shoUd b. aig..d to lh. bodv ovq fie 

mind- Whilc $. olhd thdry $Ica rhc* phFiolo8ical ed coll'ili* @npon .rj 

eltiIg s srongly in.nwin d in I wy th{ th. br.in pm.eies PhvsiolosicNl lltossl 

ed cmtional qp.dft. sinullsEously. Howlv.r thc mosl popul& lh@ry in @ol .E 

is @gnitiv. .ppdisl th.ory *hich ulys lh€ cmodon.l exp.rimc 6 a svs&@lic 

pt!€of p.@flionmd i crDr.r.lion ofUe.vcnl tnd lhc.xFri.ne lo |hc po.licule 

qF of dotion .@dinsly (R!lhs, 2oO4). 

.Ap!n ftom mph$izi.s rhc n.uophlsioloeiol b.sis, . bold.r qPlMdon of 

lhc cmodoml Fcrions is giv.n by lh. .tpbiel thcotisrs. They mphaia $ai 

ErpBscd Emolions @ duch dcp.ndcnt on $. itrdividul vtiatio.s in tbe Mys of 

peeiving ed inLryEtinS ditrccni cvdts wi& tef.Ene io orcs oM collcds, mirws 

.rd sod. 

(SmitL & Ellswnn, | 9Esi Fnjd. | 986: Roscnd, SPindl.. & ,oe. 190; 

''Tte nininM rlqoimcni for @gnitvely activatcd cnoliot is appaisal, 

defined !t €quiiine !1 l4st rud'm.ntary di$idination @mp.lisoi ed jud8mcni' 

{tzd, 1991, p.207) T6lkio8 .boul th. inthal siruciutc of.nolion l .xp.ri.n*, 

3l

Pskiroon (1995) pur appEiel s lhc "fi61 .nd frosr co1r|l f.clol a Nirhour evaluti'ng 

! snua$on o. evdl silll rcf@trc. to individurl nd pmn.l coned, m obj4l qn 

lnaii nn mtionol itrrp&t ftt o'!y rhc inl€rpat rioD ard er€lulion ora ptniorls 

snoa on wnicn siv6 n* b. panicul& lr?. ofn€ulri or dolional6po.s. ParLi.$t 

rclined ro Lam ( 1934) wno ar8!.d tld io .!us tn mtion n is importanl fot m 

evenr or srinuli ro be intepret€d m cv.lut.d for rhc wcightage of ils p€6oml 

sisnilicance. Thus [e cloimed applaisal s bolh thc n*e$tty and sufticidl condition lo 

prcvoke on flotion. The ludor @icluds his dhcu$ion about coelilive appEnol by an 

alsuhmlbyL@.c(l99l)that emtions @ alw.tr prcc€ded by co8nitive appmisal 

which d€tmi.ed lhe quality ed qwtity of thc Fspoi*' (p.39). 

As eny 6 in 1960, Amold cmph.siz.d lh. ihpo ,ne of€valurive $pel of 

emrion thr.ugh ha 6nc€fl of Appratd. Sh. wt. \o me e mtior thc objel 

n6t be appDisdi a rjfetang re i. $nc *ay. .Ilating ne p

'Cosnitile hd nro difeEnl m.ani!8! in thc emotion liler.hr i.e. consious 

.worcnc$ lnd complex inlomotion pocGsing. The tso domais ofcognion overlap 

but do iot coincide, Th€ fomo clain cnphalia on lbe phenometon thal m dolroml 

@clion to r henjngtul stituuli ce ooly @cu with I coNiou mofional expcri.ncc, 

Tta!coMiou3dFriflceisverynuchdepad. 6depMinsof infomtionlnc 

individual alady h6 regading that panicul& sdmuli. In nmy cs6 lnc clicilitrg .venl 

is Frc.ived 

!s filled with €noional neding rhc vcry instmt $al is p€rccived ol cll 

For co8 itive &couls of emtions, it ir r$ufted !s a stdd.rd lbal appEnlh ar. 

'ndc wilh csped !o $ne en ofcoeririve snuct@!. A p€Mn constlucrs all Dossiblc 

so&. slandld! ard @ncm e!fiding c?@rrrions of dd$ing lo which hc a5pit6 

or in which . p€ls belied ib. w.y hc nc.

Io thal paniculd situuoh in a panicul.. contqi H. daltzcd nine relatd cogitive 

rheodes. Tn snuotion ca. provid€ the contort to int rpr.t on€ls !ruusl stat€ {Sch&htd, 

1964), th€ individual oan inrc@rer his own aousll sbr. (Mndls!, 1984) and psple can 

be socialized lo inlerpel their aoulal !t.tc (Kcmpq, 1987). Peple Mke appmis.h ol 

whether $en Ehionship lo the envionhent afle$ th.f pcr6onal well being (L{arus, 

l99l).thcne ine o.d nemories ol lh. litutions $ey flce (Fridja, 1993), dd rheir 

,itriburions ofNhy g@d &d brd ourcom4 o.cud.d (Wcinq, 1986). 

Tterc rc difiemt bls ofdilt rcnt d.v.lopddlal th@ries ,.t Oe BM€ of 

,ppnisrl dime.sioB or dslulion ch4kr @ lurpnsinsjy simikr. Sch.M ( 1994) b6 

quoled n.ny ft@n$s i.e. Snirh, .d Ell5edh ( 1985). Fdjda, Kuipe6, dd S.hur.. 

( l98s). cehn $d s.hs.r, 0 9EE), R.is.rii Dd Ho6tu, ( 1990) sho srablished the 

phdmmon of $e ecutMc. of speific c.Etio! wnh ln.i. eftpinql w* {pp.227- 

2l l). ln msr snrlic ponicipDa d. ast d !o eall th. .ppEisk of $en mtioml 

drccdenb. a e.neio mdhod is .le u*d whdcin th. subjcrs jud8. rhc tind of 

emtion which rhey re likely b .xpaidc. by inEgining th€n irto a padiculd 3nuanon. 

In borh c66 lhe onphsis is io !s$ dE mtu. olcombinalion or confisMtion of 

appnisal dimmsio.s Esponsible to p@duc. ! sp.cilic dif€rcnti ed emion. 

Korchin {2004) 6sens $!t iftsp4dye of the tt?e of adlptive oi @ladaplive, 

ou b€havious ae lo be viewed with Eacroce to a. individul s intetudon with $e 

srifruli md .ve.b in the enlircnhai!, However, hc hs lho discused tn opposit 

concems of rbe psychologisk on ihe conlrov.dial issue of the core inpoitance oi 

envircmal or lhe peM.al chaoci€rislica in lhe aomation of the ultinde behavior of 

36

m indiidu.l. H. heitios vdioN th.ori6 in aavou of.ilher corcepl! he conclud$ $e 

hund behavio! ce b€sl be .xplaioed i. t€ms of e optinal intedction ol lhe two. 

1.6.2 P.BMal .ansnad &.ory a,.l prcei*.l .tprcs..t .notioas 

The oriSinal proponcnt of p.mnt consrnd lb@.y, Kelly { I 955) explain€d rh. 

.why fo. "Wh.f' a nn d@s. The peend consrrucr $eo.y imparts lhe nesege lhat 

€very individual ha a faedon lo €h@s the meeings of the sMolndings according to 

one s os p.ef€ftnce md likods aboui rhnr K.lly rhe nsin adv@ate of rhh lhory 

nded lhis needon 4 alt€maile consructivism. This says lhat an indiliduaths the 

ep.lilny ed full libeny lo apply dtematv€ co6trEiio.s ro one s psl, p@nr and 

tuture. It is not necess!ry for a pq$n to renaio bound forcver in the misery oi the 

ni*dbl. ev.nF ofoncs p6sl. The p€ônal corotrud rtEort facitil!16 a peen b 

lib.rale oneFlf fron the .ss@iared dis@trton by redefrning dd reinterpEling then 

rcording to th.i! ou consrrucr. 

ft is @t n66ery for a pe@n ro Enain bom

corespoDdins gFcific feelinet' (p.497). fte) havc d.sc.ibed enotio.s 6 di*de 

enolio.al staLs tbal rc diffecnr fton oth€! psychological proeses like cognnion a.d 

iNlrun.nt l aoions. Thee dierele emolioc e basd on spccific n wpsychological 

meheisns! which orgtuirc coenirion ed ehodon. A lo1 of work ha ben done on 

ihese lines md the Es€ches h6v€ come up qilh thc theory thal a specific gcnelic lime 

table is E3potuible for lh€ em.rgm.e of sF€ific rype of @orions ed its subility is very 

nuch dep.nd€.t on &rcs o.bg..esis ed cunre (AcLe@. Abe. & lzrd. 1998). 

1,6.1 Adtb taachwit th@ry dnd Nrceivn ary.sttd edotiob 

J@b6on ad Ricberd$n ( l9E7) di*ov.Ed a sr.on8 inrdcdon belBh hign 

ExFes.d Emolion ed disrgoiad .rachm.n pancm. According !o adutt aMchncnt 

1h6ry. individul difcrcncs in .nachnot Gtard dri€tt r.flet lsiation in 

individual\ vigilace to cues rclelel ro uprisins od nonitorins the availability and 

Espo6,!€nes of sigrifimt olh€6. Durins th. pst two ddddes rh. csrchs had 

b.en kd to ilvdrigare individul difleE.c€r in rhc p.mMtity p@.ss. For exmrle 

F6ley, Davis, turd Shavcr ( l99E) fou'd lhal indilidut diFeEn6 i. anachmor surily 

@ linl.d to the ways in which p6ple prepd. then$lves on b.havioral l€!.lbeforc 

tn.y epele fron $eir pd€nrs i. d naoral *ay. Simps.. Rholes, ed phit'ps ( 1996) 

d.tat d lhe individlat dift cnces in rhe pedprion.nd ndagm.nl ofconflicioe 

situalions in .loe elariotrhipc. Mitutiner dd N4bshon ( l99l ) m.sued lhe exlcnr h 

which dififtni p€opl€ sbde rhe p@ndl infomalon at difl.ren levels. Alrhoush $. 

bulk oflhis Eserch h6 focued on lh. way in which people wirh difleMl alrachhenr 

siyl€s Egulare rheir enorions dd behaviou, anachfr.nr th@ry d$ hotds thar lhe 

ogniriE pMc*s ud.rtyine rhe diflcEnces c& op€Fre prcmpriv€ty, playing a ole 

l8

in how individunls Frceive info'm{on $al is rleldr lo afl..hn€nr conce@ (Fmley, 

Ge{, & Shlter. 2000)- In olhq wrds mrting nod.ls m ihouelt ro innrcne hot 

orry ihe people b E@goia lheir behavior bur ale lhe ways in which th€y perceile, 

anod to. sd lrcc*s info@don of emorioml siglificoce (Cotlins, & Rqd, 1994r 

Fe.cy, & Caidy, 2003) 

1.6,5 Arnit ioa th@r! at t puei,..t .tpr4s.d @aio6 

Co8ri ve $ory holds sn iburion esponsibte tor ening ou noivarion. tt.s rh. 

way re explain md p.rceive ihe halFninss @ud us. HufoM (2006) exptainen tn r 

rhe morivarionofe indiliduat s acrioN is diftctty ef&cted by fie oechsisn of 

atEibu(on. lt oly dep.ndr on lh. ways Fopt. inlerpEt or rhint aboul $cn oM ad 

ofic6 behnviob. While ralting abour the ognitive onpon ofemotiom hc qetes 

Shalesp€tre from Hmler thai...ths. is nolhinS ei$et s@d or bad. bui rhinting males ir 

e". H. tunher explains lhat ou dorional espones ac delemibed by ouexpecrarions. 

Dcob (200 t ) inroduccd peEcprion 6 lhe En*ftn of reeds. dninrdcs. 

expect tioro. beliefs ed r€tucs oftb. p€,ei!.r. He id.niifiert mmy snuatons in whi.h 

tn€ phenonenon of pcE€plual expeta.cy. leads dd individlal ro p.rceilc in a speiftc 

My. Iu$ions due ro pGychotogical fados ed suSg.stioro ac one of rnefr. Thongh in 

tne p'ocs of .rFibulion E ry 10 erch fo, the llens qd cxploalions of olhe6, 

behalios bul it all depends on our arlifud€s 6d thoughls ho{ we judg. tud explain 

othe6. Hutrme (2006) explained aritud.s as cognirir., allecnve dd b€haliohl 

Espon$s in a pEnicular my csutling fmn pEvio6ty lsrded dispositions. Ihcn to 

39

expldi. dt ptenonenon h€ tmhcr ddcnb€d $. b6ic conpon.nt ol anitud. and 

nmtioned oSnition at the rop of ihe Ii$ s n b comtosd of ihouSlts md beliefs md the 

subsequot coDponems @ .ll ils cxp6ioB. To nate lhis dcbgre shnser h. r.lted 

aboul on€sdtive dtilude lemed as prejudice which ie call.d a pEjud8n€nt abod a 

speific peM. or his/hr b.h.vior rnd ehich inhibtu 6€ F 

pctdor non $e @mle 

Frc.ptions .!d int aeotioG of lhe €vflLs in on€s suoudi.gs. (pp. 541 .5{6) 

whilc di$Nsing @snitivc rh@ri6 of depe$ion. Ki.s Davidei. Ncrl and 

Johs6 (2007) hrre orclud.d lnlt ailributions e tn€ expleario$ fiar a FMn foms 

aboul o pdticul& strEs$r. They funhd explain.d rhar it is th. atlriburion styl.. shich 

comFb lnq to irre.pal ih. lif. evdts in a ft88rir wq ad $6 increbc rhe chd6 

1.66 Fud.Tidalitt th.otr u.a pcr.iwrl ctpft$al.mrio6 

R6earthrs have srudied difrent dimcnsions of.venr app@els and concluded 

lhal it is syst€na cally rclat d 10 diftenfi cmotional expcricnces. very much n@ lo Uis 

mtion is lhe frmrionalist rh@ry, Il again nphaias oi $c oqrnized @nfi8!,!rion of 

muldple proGss in the fomatio. fld exptessio. ofemotio.s. Th€s pdesses ihclude 

phtsiologicd. .ip6ional, appEisol, irr.ncl @lioN, notivational over sdion. 

.xpEsive .!d social display (Baftt, & conp6. 1987; Frijda, & Mesquita. 1998). Thn 

explains panicul& €molio.d st r€s in tle tems of individul ways 10 respond 10 a 

sFcinc dot. This padiculd lh@ry nainly Erclves mud thc con@pl ih.t th* e 

6 mmy dif€Fn! emotioml cxpedeies d there de aays of adapting to evenh and no 

single pllEs povidd a €sFntial @dnion lor the anribution or dotio. . 

40

To expbd th€ lh€ory funhd they also pEsenr rhe principles of mutual Egulaion 

conpon..t of enodon sysleD, conten-sensilivity in the cootinuous c@rdinato. of 

molion 3y$4s and tltc *lf{ryeizlion in lhe drMic onshrcrion of .moiional 

1.67 Hop.lans th.ort t"d p.ft.iwn expaetl .tutiods 

yrins, D!vid$n. N€al. ud Johrsn (2007) considcr hoFle$* thdry s rhe 

no$ inUmnlial @gnitive th.ory ofdepBsion. For rhc ongin ofthjs thory. the aulhou 

cfr to M.nin SligM {l9?4) who originaled temed helptc$nss theo.y lo desc be$e 

non-ftadiv€ b.haviour ofdoes *ho Eeived peBi$ent shocks in E siv€n unavoidable 

ciEmir.ne. AftetrrG, whcn th. *pqin.nbl condidons $€E choged &d n ws 

trEde posible for th€D to egF nom lhe sh@ks. ih* doSs we lc$ &tive and l6s 

inclined to rcsist rhe pdintul situolior than $eir conlblled counterpars, Slignm 

idenlificd il6l.med helplessne$ that imp5i^ the p.rfombce ev.n in conr@labt€ 

dEmst nes H. oncludd thal totl.m of l.med h.tpl.sncs 6 a mod€t for huM 

b.ings a wll. Wi.h ih. @GidcEdon of lhe studiB dore on hmd b.jngs on this 

model, Kjn& .t al, (2007) discussd the evolurion of hop€tessnes iheory which 

inmrpohles oSnilion b its es*nrial componeft for hu@ beinss. tn rhis regard rh. 

a nor cned Abrmen, Selign&. ed T6.d.lc ( t 978) ed Wei.er.r al. who fced 

on n tu Np@r ofarlribrrions 6 ilE $l@ ofrhis ih@ry. Th.y f@us.d on lhe 

dineroiom of peeDl !e6us cxl€nat caes. strble versu wlable caws ed globd 

!.6us specific causes ro which tu individuat relates and inlerpE6 rhe given elent or 

4l

l.? t.rceiv..l f,{r.$ed Emllon rnd Prychoprtholoey 

Elliofi ahd O@nbug { 1995) consideEd d)stundional cmtional $henc ro bi 

rhe tuin buiq lo lhc holrhy psFhologidl tuncioni.g @dprise.t of dodord 

nemofls, hops, expetaiiod &d f@. It dcrctuin6 hov individuah p@ivc, 

imeprct and letain thon exFrienoes for enolional i.ieractions. 

TalLine about the cogililive rh@.i6 of pslrhoprrhologi.s, Coop6 and corlib 

(2005) mph.sied on th€ f&r rhar p@ple @ minty rftared by thejr 'subjstiv€ 

perceplion and interpr.tation of the wodd mfter $on lhc obj{tjve woltd only,, Tbu il 

de!€nds on an individual s n.gative or positiv€ way of pdeiving ond inre,lEtirg lbe 

enviDnmmbl srinuli, which Bulc in djurrcnr or a plnicuts .daFive or non- 

a'rlptrve response occodiogly. 

Tbryer ( I996) explaincd |har, lbe rension sllrc eis€s fron our *ay oi $inki,g 

and ir isbeauseofrhatsrat wc D.rc€ive rr5reat stress or danger. So is $e ceof ou 

readion b tlic inrerpEration b dar snurtior. In nodm siatiUc aDlrri3 of srEs, th. 

a bor cxpkiftd il ,!nbq and rcf€6 10 riE res..Eh* wh6e hutm bcings od orher 

mihdls face diff@nl kihds of $Fss with various lev.ls of inrhsity. The re&rions ro 

rhe thrcahing dEunsrms ar€ vEry much d.pmded on lhe coiriv. .crions and rh€ 

Bulbor thou8hrs. Thc conpt.x inaraaion of pst qFrie@ with the thml thc 

evalualion ,boul tlE rclared dln8er ol rhe l4el ot rh@t in the circmlances sd 

phnning about rbe r}!e ofreacdon !o lhal thrarenine siluaaon arc all rhe b6ic cognnivc 

dmpon€na olois p|G

while discu$ing rhe emotioml basis ofnBs Mccrary and Tofraino (2006) 

hold emorions I enl6l ro rhe expcrie.cc ofsrress. tlEy cxptain thsl *h.n $! p€,ccire 

a sr,hulu 4 lhiealenine, in fd enorions ue b€ing acrivard snh a feling of ffxiely. 

idil.ation. iilstariont helplcssness or bopetcssness. Alt$e $Essore whe$erfiet come 

loft minor idconvenienc€ or najor tife chds€s ulrinaret, lnsger enorions rhmugh a 

cogn'tve p'!Bs rhd innucne$c Frceplion dd appdi$tof. ninulB..nrslh. 

aulhos claim lhal to break $e cyclc of src$ ir has atways ben far mor imponatrr ro 

.ddrcss rhe n€chnism throlsh which tbe! are being pe(eived. The mosl poputar 

r€chn'qus e Elaation md esriliv€ b

Exp6ed Emdon' lf it i3 h. dat hig! EE plays o sicnificdr Dl. i. clusin8 El.ps in 

so many pstlhiarric iU..s6es lnen il lhould bc .qully inportdt in dclcftrning lhe 

d.gG of illncss lo its vdios ld.k. TtN considdins th. ouicotu olrhir snldy n nay 

bc rhought of thal thsc mu6t b€ othq inpo &t &ctoB p@iilatinS lhe r€laPse .nd 

.xrcdbalion oa$e Frnopadology of a s!6itc illn6.. The lomosr l&ior io bc 

consideGl is lhe cliqlt coirivc iianNo* with,n whi.h he pd@iv.6 ed r*is lo 

rhar panicular hig! E€ meircMeit. So how c.n we chim rbat high EE caus6 rclap6e, 

while tlE @lity nidl b. vi* versa. 

ft is quitc udedt ndlbl€ th.t pstthi.kic synrplom in a nmb.r ofth. armily, 

pblokd higl ExpBscd Emliou in the 6l oflhe fdily hembe6. Selcne dd 

colleagues {SlBcne, F.ihsold, Goldslaih, Mi*loeirj & Ncrchldt€in, 1989) hrv. 

prblirhed dara indiqtinS woe d.tBior in pliiqts with high EE fdilies_ Krnter 

(1987)hrsspcculatedon rh.polenillEld!.c.of tn€lqga vest ncebqprcls 

.hotions H@lcy ( ! 98t) 3usge$d $ high EE tuy *0al Etaliv.C rndpB ro den 

contrcl oler esse.tially unconnou.bl. b€havior, wirhin thh ftmeworkj tno6e ltftptoN 

dut have thc app@nc. ofbeing vohio@l (c.g. lpaihy wilhdrsal) tnor lhoF ihlt sd 

lcas und\t th. prtimfs contol. Th. audor htlothesiad $al hieh EE, panicularly $e 

trunbe of crirical @mdls would b. assi.Ld wilh hiahd lev.ls of n gadvc 

syfrplom. K.€hiesbtrg and Hmdly ( 1986), lDstllated an rllenative ElorioBhip 

bclw€n ncgariv€ sFplotu .trd Erpr6sed Emtions Thcy purposcd thar low EE. 

Ellriv* nay €xhibit cel, d€r&hcd dq.mor whicn qu.ll rne mdScncy ofposniv€ 

s'nplotr ar the price of dg€ndsing vithdtlMl ed rpolhyi. Thjs q?e ol expetion 

advocrtes rhc conc€pt of p€reiv.d EE, Nhqe rh€ pdeprion ol moion is hdld flr moie 

irrpona in initiaring llF sytrrrlom ol a rdnicuhr FychoprthologJ,. A@ordiDg lo rhis

1.7,1 P*.pftun alerpreszrl .ntotion Mrl vhiaphmd 

Cbris sd Comic ( 1995) enphNiz€d on the ob*tulble lbnomalities in the 

expFssion of cmodon !.th.r ths fie lomal fioughr disorder lh.y nenioncd 

fldlLninA, blunftg dd in@ngruily ofafst 6 fEquently ob*Fed ih $hizophmia. 

\4'lile Uanening oialiect h explain€d as eei.ral absn . ofenotional expEssion with a 

lacl of nomal veiation of bodily &d f&ial novemdtl lo onv€y emorions s fetings. 

blunrns bd b.c. described d decrea€d or no enoionalsensirility lhat docs not eticit 

uul and appDpna& emodon l Espong. On th€ oninry. iflt all rhe espon* n 

elicitd tlEt is uully nol coneruent lo ihe @rual sjrution md lhe patieht nay exhibit 

.l.r.d nood il. blting aboul lh. d€|h ofhis bblh.r. 

NmeF6 psychological nesws have supportcd rhe phenom€non ofimpaiEd 

cognnion in Schizophreni.. However eelier sludi6 concenmted o.ty on ttr single 

iaor of atltntion withoul €xploring th€ elariotuhip b€r*@ @gnilive deicir ad 

tunctioml brain systm. The adleed neurcpsycholoSical study hdve reponed ebss 

inpdmotl in ereurive fucdoning along wiIh anendon. F@tlion. Demorr. 

legudge, od cnorions processing. These deficirs de clinicllt] manifested in btunted, 

inappropriare ed flar.ffd (Kapld & Scc@o. 2OOl). 

Gold md cr€e. (2005) hale explai.ed tuo distinct foms ofcognirive deficils in 

$hi2ophEnia. fte fiul fom in which lhe pari.nrs d€cline on rhe nomal acquisilions of 

oSridve skills s mebued on inrctligmce ud acldenic abihy tesr The ssond fom ol 

mpaiftot Mifesled with lhe ons.t of illn ss is a de|nir€ d€clio. in fucrions, In $is 

d4line the p.tienl @mpromi*s wirh 1he d{line ofsueesstuuy acquiEd cosniirt 

skills. TtEse illn€ss{nsecelaled deficirare mor€ ever. rha rh€ deletophcntal 

45

d.nci6. IlF* d.licils csult in th. prcbld of codexr pMsinS. d4e4 in fie 

€eutces for p@essing and inpaime.ts in bash F@plions. 

1.7,2 P.ft.ptuD ol E46..1 E,otlo6 ttn D.F.sion 

L.viNhr ( 1974) previded a @mpr€h.Nire @lysis of p.ychopatholosy of 

d€prqsioh. Hc asened that u individualt soutces ofrcinforcen.nt g€t rcduced and a 

sn* of los of signifidl Flario6hip. dd ftsll in d.cFas€d ac vities in almost ewry 

spel oflife. Thisphenomenon lead! sooe !@tlero d.velop a way of$irling about 

th€m*ly€! dE wuld &d the flruc.. ..Onc a strcsr hs fiigg.r€d or &rivar.d a 

dysfh€donol @giiive style, deprc$ion,potu indilid@ls begin to *lelilclt anend b 

dd inr.Det infomation in lheir world in n garive ways, They f@s o. n 8adve 

qp.r'.nes 10 ilrc qclusion of posirivc ev.nis dd ih.y diston dbiSmus cxpqieies in 

Robins ed Hay$ (1993) slatcd rhar thoughs disiie frcn lh€ surf.c. kvet of 

@gnilim ir vdiou psychop{holo8ig @ call.d auloh ic ihouSnb. tt €xpt.i6 rlDr 

@gnjtive limework becalse of which peens ed p.nicul&ly patenls lhint, behrv., 

ard @cr ro $en .nvirem.nral sdnulado.. D.pess.d pdienrs have pEdomin&rly 

.e8sti!e thoughb Egdding triad ofoneell Nortd md furue. Likc palie.ls wirb exiely 

c pG ecupied with lhc doughls of pmeivcd deg.r, Tle doE dhlon€d sd 

qaggcrated li6. apprais.ls re, rh. horc mlt.daFiv. EspoIM @ lit€ty to @u in a 

MeQuid dd Shuclft.t (2005) discused in d€r.il rhe necarilc tend in $e 

p€Mplion of s.lf dd the €rvirem€ ir depBsire illre$, Th€y q@ted vdio6

M&Quid ed ShEh|cr (2005) dieus$d in da.il d€ oegarivc rrqd in tlE 

p€rccption ol *lf dd the enviohmenl ii dep6sile illne$, Ttey quored various 

exp€nmtrts 6t blishing de abov..menriomd lacls by m4urin8 rhe efi4c of ihis $a! 

of p.rceiving &d inFrprerine th€ €v.nt. IrtE in spire ofall orhe. ctaim of nesariv€ly 

conlibuting risk facloB for pe.petnaling the @N of illncs ad causine edly dd 

fiqunt Elap* Ftc in depBsion, rhey dphlsized th€ signifim@ of @reing this 

@gnidve bis though fomal inrryention on it lin$ of cognirive l€chniques. This 

rech.ique sins at @rering e disronei p€epdom minty thoueh .liciring parienfs 

|nouehs fld direcring thd lo r€{on€ept!2ti2c rhos lhoudls aner Eality lesting. rr als 

iniliat ! posilive perspetiv.s !o gen@ie strakgies for coping wilh 1ne advese 

cirmsl.B. Thc .ulhoB hsrc cikd nmy di€s th.t confim ihe afl€dilny of lhis 

LZ3 Pe..ptio, oJ.xp@.t .Drotid .itt (ED 

OCD is @nsideEd 6 rh. worsl nnpaime ofall th. dxiety dierd.s 

(Rbkindi, \villim. & Klrios, 2002). Duing tsl rwo d@d6 a tot of*ork on rhe qwdes 

oflh. etiolosical facrors md basic frecheism ofOCD has hightishled the ote of 

@gnnion in rclalion to Ihe speitic rhouehrs and b.haviou6. The aulho6 hrle ftemion d 

about tne six donai$ in OcD Eponed by lhe Obessive Codpulsive Coeniiye worting 

G@up (OCCWC). Th€s donains include responsibilig. conrroloflhoughts. o!€r 

'nron&ce ro douShlst oveerin.tion of rhdar perfarionih &d tol.me aor 

ucenaifly. All tbesc dotui.s ar. diFclty €lat.d to cos.niv. funcrions. As far as 

let ived expesd €molion is onemeq rh.t ft highty dcp.nd..t on ihc sh.m 

Bulring fon this cosnitive f@e of mind. 

47

Th.ys (1996) expltined $a! de Gtsiot state dises Aom ou Mv oflinkine 

rnd n isbea@ofthar $rt w. Fcivc lhMt, stts or dosq, So is the ce of our 

rcrcion $ $e inlerpr€rarim to lhdl situ.tion. In nodm sientific ttdt6rs of s[es, thc 

aurnor orplaioed i nnther and efets io tlE ts.rchcs whe@ hme b.itC5 md othe! 

lninals fec difcml kinds of 3tr4s with vtious levcls of i trnv Th€@lioroto 

the rhr..knins cncus|.nc6 rrc v€ry mncn deP€nd@1 on th. coStitiv. &tioB and tn. 

resullanr thoughls. The complcx i.t€dlion of Pa5t cxpsnence wi$ thc thEa! &e 

evaluarion abolr tE El.red dogs of th€ lry.l of thmt il th€ .rcurulrnces md 

pldning .bout th€ tr?e of @don b dlr $dl6ing sirutdon e 3ll th. bsic ognitivc 

conPononls oi rhis pMe$ 

Co!'lilive lh{ry for.Bi.ly di$rdet 8:v* 

48 

plioe inPorlcncc !o fie donghtl tn. 

individuals hlve aboul lhqE1v6. Chill and Foa (2001 a$n d $at, "LlE baic 

ssu ptioi of coSrntivc rhslpy is that p@plc's beliefs &d .pprdisal of elots ot 

snuorion or. al last s ihporldl in deleftininS their dotional r.aclions d the actul 

€venE and sitoatios"(p.I ?93). They 6dnq cnphai4d ln{ n is bdaue of individuals' 

hcaaliv. thirling ed mjsi erFeradon oa th. 6nuadon &d *dt, vhich @k6 th. 

siruarion dhproportionalely anxiety piovokjn! and umnage.ble for lh6. Thus th. 

rEalftir ol wj€ty on @gnniv€ ldet sugSetls $e individul to Eoshcr tne 

perceflion !.d dmirgs of lhc situadotr 6 n ulEl which oihwi* &ts a th@reninS 

for hnn wilh tlE chnSsd p.rceplion of $c se fsred litulion, tbe individurl g.l! 

capablc ol leine it €omfonlbly,

1.8 Th.rrp.uticinpliotlo$of .ognttiv..pDnn.l 

_8dltny lbintjng is ! choice' is 6. ol$. sva Fircipl6 

itrls

Fogl$ rhd coUe!8u€s (Iogld, Tomon. Srckene. & Hof@, 2007) daEin.d 

$c innucnce of expNed mtion $d pereivcd ctilicim on @gririve beluvaoBl 

rhempy. mey explorcd de percei!.d criticisn 6 closelv Flaled onsruct or th. 

siglifca o$s qprcssed €mtions tor prdicling |he oul@m level oaognilivc 

behaviorol thcmpy wnh a ttrbple of forly Polidt6 with $cisl Phobis. 

50 

Th. authos didn'l 

medu€ hdniomlly th. hiSh *pras.d @tions of tn€ fdilv dmbc6 onlv Along 

with thar ey equuy emphdized rhc PerccPtion oflhal oriticisn bv lbe p8tidls to studv 

$e bencr outcoft oflr..t'Mt 4 ssialed *ith th.t of tlir! Exprcss.d Emriotu. 

To suppon the hunanistic mod.l of psfhotherapv Heck r ed Thrope (2005 ) 

have supponcd $eir cltim by Ctin (2002) th{ $e rarept ofthG thdPv is ro @onsr@ 

cdorion rhefres by emPhsizi.g on c@lioml ptocssing To naLe mote satishclory 

nljutme clidts Eeiv. n h b i cgtte infomtlion fmh lheir modonl tnd 

cogirive sysrco. Th€ thcrdpists do not inteQret a3 tdvice blt thev SJide lh. client to 

iddiry rhcn imd 4p.ridc6 thmuSh lhe pc.s of disvtv md choice-This tvF of 

psycholheftpy is b$ed on a $eo!y thal lhe individuah gel distt$ed whd Oev rE 

unable b aF6 thct .xp.nqes snd whd the qpaicNt re nisintcrpr'ted in th' 

light ol dlsfuncrioml molional 6chm6 Tnus $. th@pjll helps the cli'nls lo tov' 

lbilard in d sbptive 'lt@d by c@dng nd 'l@ines to thlir exFri'nc6 (H4kd, & 

srocLfonl. Tmd, and C@IEi (200?) .o.sideed illn6 pdception 6ther rhd 

$c illness nerwbile lootirg for its Elation o @din6s lo chdge in th. aline 

di$d.r. Tltcy $ menioned about $jr ryF of i.vdlisldon ed oth'r pslthiotrrc 

ill.6ses by vlrious rcs@hm ln fiei. attenpB !o studv indilidul rcspon66 lo mcntd

disordd and its n@gdan tn y fcsed mioly on thc wav those individuds p.rcciv' 

lheir s?€rivc illn6s6. In dijs @merion lh.y dirly conc@dl.d on $e b.li.as th€v 

hol l, rheir lnoNl.dec aboul the illness and th.n doiioMl r*ponse b lhat. So $. illn*s 

pereprion qu4rio.naile (Mo$ - Motis et !1.,2002) oh which lhev based lheir 

invesligdrion, nainly concentlted on lhe 5$clsndnt ol $e perePlion pan of thc whole 

To cope with dsy day $rc$F, Huf@ (2006) utL.d 8bo lh. doton 

a@us.d ud p6bln locued st "i€gi€s. He coNid.6 that the nosl itrrpotra sleP is lo 

reliew rhe wry of perc.iving, inlerpFtins rhd ftacting lo th€ sde$ful events. h $is 

conndrion Hulfds r.fers to the ego defense m@hanism d o.e of $d no$ cfective 

wa)s of ahering $e Frc.ption of binoi @lni6 dd thus Educing thc pain of Elrted 

sfts dd lhc culbDt @t@s Evn tn. pobl.m feus.d sfateg€s r.qura d 

appoprial€ ls.-.| ol @gnnile rqppEisrl for .nllrzing lbe pmbtds of de sr6lnl 

snuions ahd finding slulions foi n. Thcse rNo 3lRlegi6 d nol slsavr nutualrv 

erclusive. Ar lims the 6ore conPlerc $rssful situatioN requte the conbinalio' oi 

emotion nnd pFble6 fdused solutioft iHultfran, 2006) 

H*ker lnd Tho!6pe (2005) cited Goldtun sd Glqbrg (199?) !o 'mPh6'& 

lhe sienificde or hunDosric mdcl of Psychoth@pv in dealing wilh lh' F thi3dc 

pfiidrs. Th., hirhlieli tnal numnisti. apPotch SivB @in inponance to l'le 'mce 

self-rcraliarion, hcrs and now md corecls thc mdldaplive tuncrioning bv dn'cnng Oe 

cl icnt lo foc us on h h/her spenences ln $n wav .goin, iBtad of focuing $c extcnal 

facbs d€ lhd.pist woitc to r€sirulue lh. hal.dlptive dolion schd6 thal in 

'act 

arc coNidqcd lo b€ th. min cnu* oi! p€nicuhr dladlptive belDvior' Thev aE 6ked 

b c@re nd m.rnin$ lo lhen irtcmal cxp.n.nc.s Thc Mit tule ol lhe $tnPisl '3 b 

5t

facihrt€ .ooeiou choic.! &d medin8fil rcdons by lnddine lo iddlifv dd 

sFboliz intml qp€n.nc6 6d f*lin$ H@ again dG th.spisr work in tx. 

P€6p@tivc of cli..r's fllft of Ff.I!@. 8. guid.s lh. clidr'3 atLntiotr ro lh. m6r 

sliL$le ftmc of refqencc fot thlt Poniculd molMr For lhb pqPo* the lhd.p'5t 

fomularcs lMs 

disgnosis" s.ltzilglh. wtts ir vhich pcopl. i.tdfft witt thar 

oM dediclE !.d tdd to GntEtE dt nddsdivc h.hlvior bv tddtdila 

dffiinan$of .mtioml ehd.! like initiding.nd ot rrri ng ncg.liv. felin$, 

Th.E .e slill a lot nuy lcholds *ho h.v. exphined thc.oncept of p@.iv.rl 

expr6sld .mdon win rfaftc to 0!eir om @ of int 6t bul almsl all of $d! 

bsed thei..oMp|s on rhe individual p€6?eiiv. $d uiqle l!?hist Mthin ihc i6 

cncurutlncB. To snppon $e cwftt s$dy, in ihe n€xl cnapter ihe Be@hd hs 

highlight.d cht d mpinql *o*. 

52

ch|pr.r 2 

Thcc hrd bccn a @nin@u nucrution in thc inLFsl or rcedh€E in c4 ol 

cmodotu. Psycholosiol csch is Bpidly adv@ins rh. 6dc6t tdins of th. mtuc. 

lirnifi@e ad fwtion of morio. (Conpqs & Godib. 2005).This litdtuE rcvi.w 

Gnd€R rh. dpincd omrib{riotu of th. sirrifidt pEdes6 wo i.g ro B|'blish 

0E @rc.fl of cxpB*d oodon. i|. p.rccpdon ed m4|l@.nr An ov€ryi.* of rll 

th. fiidings ha beo bricfly pE*nt d !o suppon th. joniliqtion of lh. cuctrl Fojcct of 

dacloping pceivcd cxpca$d dorid srlc and its illustnrion otr rh. pari.nB of 

$hiaphmi!. d.pFsion, OCD ad rcmd @trols. 

L.wis (198) Epo'i.d ! chbnolosical E!i@ of $. d.v.lopm. ot.motioMl 

p'ss.nd ur.d n b.ck to thc pioicr wo'k ofsignund FEud ed willim Jucs thrl 

plly.d ! stln8.mpl6k on this topic. TlEy funtEr snrcd lhar in 1930s ed 40s dic 

obs.bl. bchavior b.mc lds of arcnfion &d sh'doEd th. imporr.re oa.Dorions 

brr nor vcry lald lh.nl9?G U. 3rudy of @8niris p@s doFinlr€d $. fi.ld rill l99os. 

By $. advm.d kmwlcdg. of undrlying biologjcal pc.ss biolosy prldomiBl.d, 

wirh thc resulring cn.issec€ of ns focls o. rlE study of cmorioB, A bd.f Bi.w of ic 

vui.d @npom s. rhch .sn.nr ed cffc|' on diff.eor psychoplrholoSi€s is 6 

2.1 CoDpotr.l.l oa.roriom 

2,r, I S.No rio u n I @ dpona t 

B.h.viouEl cohpon nt of morioB cNhplrs.s ou doiig, ii @tioi lo our 

cmdon l.xp6i@. Shili!& jMpir,& complaidns, crying, sholting &d rcuins li6 

5l

e sn. ou bchavio@l ap€.tl ofemotioml dprsiors. How€vd $e psychologisrs 

rrticrlly cxmirc facial.xpEsio6 a behlvioMl h6B. Th* f.cial .xpE$io6 

e €oNider€d s of impoiianr oDponot o nonve$al @mmbi€rion. (Matlin. 1999) 

Eknd (1973)ha qnot.d aclssical study on linding the eur&y in daoding enolions. 

In this $udy th€ respond€nls wft pe*nted s nwbq ofphotos of fa€ial .xpEssions 

d.piding vEiow cnodonal l€x.s. Thcy w qk d lo eivc best appopnac dotoml 

lab.ls on lh* exprgsions. ll ws found d.r in g€nc6l the Espondots wcr fairlt 

dccmle in ileir ssslneni. Anonesr the given expr.$io$. h.ppiness ws &curEt ly 

idendn€d by 97% surprise by 95% 4d oger by 65%, 

L mo$d study, F.inherg, Rittin, od Watter ( I 987) mmged lo invc$igalc 

|he .bilily of€no onrl @gnilion in de pdicnls of$hizophF.ia &d af..dv€ 

dierder. They aglin sFssd rho thbugh ih.irjrrdSnmr oi th€ behaviouEl ompondl 

of hodom in f.ci a1 exprcsions. Twnty on€ phoographs havinC po*s oftu danenlal 

enomos w€r. pr€snlcd k' thdm in rotzt fou r.sks aor taciat di$rihimtioh, h two rasks 

lhcy werc aked |o match facial idenlirics i@sFclivc of€noton expressed. ln eolhs 

trc ia*. they wre dk d ro Ecogria lhe .modons ofd. fecs in the phorogBphs dd 

l.bcl then "@rdingly. lr E foond lhal rhe b.st po$ible Ecoeriiion ad tdheling ws 

done by lhe nomdl conhots follow€d by $e plIidis qirh &pressi!. iltn $. Howver 

lhc patients with *hizophrenia showed deficirs on alt the fo{ us$, 

2, I. 2 Coetitiw codph.nl 

Tne srk on rhc on@pr of th. innrnc. of o.e,s innr didlioro i.... $h.mra. 

on Ih€ Dc4reilrion ofsm€ cvc or cxpdi.ne hs betr Efered tos b6ck6I9j2 b, 

B&len. He pEFnred a cultully ufhilie md alien rypc of infomarion lo a 8ronp of 

pdniciparts md lhen ssked rhem to @a|l afts a definite pcriod. In one t@ous 

54

exFdn nt he sted rh. ponicipdti ro E d a folk Llc dd rben dall n ans a year. He 

foud tlll mjority of thn grve a cultMl @lorins lo dkn @I influqed by is 

noms dd €xpcclalions a@rdins lo rheir $heDa. AneNa.dr Brewe! md TEyehs 

eshblished lhal our schemlic expcclatio.s se enoush ro misguide an onleker ro 

.tron@usly i.terPct thc given situalion (6 cilcd i. Rln€lhan, t 9E0l. 

\vhile workingon a squmtial anatysb oftnc lerbatiadon ofrhe padent and the 

EIaliB ove. a pbbl€n solving disssion, Halltrg, Coldsr.i., and Nu€chtedein (1989) 

found lhat mosl prebably be.aus ofihcir individut way of p.rceiving tcir ine@tiotu. 

di'l.Mr !'adents Bpord€d in a sigifi@tly difeEnt mys to atnost sinil& iyF oa 

hign or low €moriodl expresioc. 

Cen dd S€d.kirt€s (2001) conduded a nudy to lesl rhe hypolhesis lnat 

'Schenas shapa social psceptioo when thd la,gel dgciprion is dbiguols. @d found 

pdi*ly tbe @e paftm. petimihary resi,aled th. €rget Ctris as equa y likety lo be 

d.p€nded or independ.nr Panicip.nh had also b.€n ctdsifi.d s ind.pendencr 

shenDic. dep.nde.cc-*he@lic or ehnatics Aner eading aboul lhe prcdicr€d 

b.hNior ofchds,1h.y kE 6ked lo indiqr. their inpcssion.boul ii lr w6 rcvsled 

thst $e raings of the pardcipdts sere qunc consislent with then oq scheDfiic type, 

Supponing lhe hypolh$is. ind.pendence*ch€natica lEted Cnris bchaviolr s likely !o 

bchave oore ind.pendcndy *hil€ lh. eme s$ 6r\cd as l€$ indeFndot b.havior by lhe 

d.ped€n6eh.h.tics. So n ws e$ablished lhat elf slsr.m of $h€ms dehin d rh. 

hotvarioDl fiuctios of th€ eciat p€rceprioff md the seEr@ !@!ons, 

5'

Z l. 3 Phtt i.tt oE k: d.onpone n1 

Th. individual Eaction ofth€ Fcption ofhigh EE hs !t$ b€en asFssd 

$mu8h a ditfcEnt dioeNion by be6urihS psycho-physioloeicrt r.acrion. Rese.rch ii 

nel|@im6 sugg.$s tl)sr @g.irior ud moion M b.n be @tuiderEd c sp€nle bur 

mi@laied syslens dd their flnciioG. which @respo.d via bi-dirccrioml .eu6l 

cometions bclween $e emorional e.len such 6 mygdala md n€urc-conex Th.y 

linhd €ipldncd tlr b.c!G oflh€* @mdlions .morioos Eht d inpur all* conicll 

&rivi9 md cognirire inpur lioh rhc onex to rtusfom emolional pocesine (Mcclaty 

A nMb€r of snldi$ hare tri.d lo @$ rhe.fecc of Eta v.s. EE lne n.ans of 

deasing ciiicish m(vo. ovcr involld. on ihc rsycho phrsiotogic.l Eaclion, of 

addt schizophMics, As more &d s&ner elap* in high EE hohcs had alEad, b.en d 

esLblkhed f&r, il 6 €xp.ctqd thal hid EE goupr dcplay morc aurononic nRous 

sr.ten aclivily in the pEsencc of hiBh EE. Tadiei Bmwctough, por.ddu. dd Wari 

( 1988) diven d $e $t blished notion of fie sisnitic@* of high cxpe$ed enodons of 

dE eladvs of $hizophFni! parienb by onccnrdtins on rhe esenr of Fych. 

phynobgiol @dvity of fic pdlienii ro lhe exptlsed morions ot rhcit elariv.s. It w$ 

medu€d ihrolgb psycho pbysiological @cdons ofthe palienc wirh $hizophenia in 

Misions ed |no* of nomal @nrcls. The nunb.r of sFnrtu@us netutioN (SF) ii 

skin @ndetion (scy min Ms @6ideEd ro be $e best m6@ ro di*rimide paicnrs 

living with higb EE md wilh low EE, Tbe srudy concluded that rh. patieoh wilh high 

Expcsd Enotion elativ€s shoued higher lcv.h of skin ond@tanc€ lhn pai.nG wirh 

Iow Exp6ed Emotioh lev.ls bur ir ws icpeclile ofrhe prcrncc or ab*ne of rhai 

bigh E&essed Emorion Fldli!.. 

56

Phillips {2oo3l foNd evcral studies indicatingspecific abnomaliies in neusl 

rcsion i.spoNible for the identifioadon of cnotioBl mat€rial ,nd CBndalioh of 

enDrional 6pons6 ir parid5 wi0r synptoft of Psychi.tric di$rdeu inclnding 

$hi@phmi., de?Isior Bood !d Mldi8rn (2000) soppon€d |ne mlion or 

morional qpasion idemificdion and b€haviodl tqbs6 in Plti€nls vilh 

$hi@ph@ia. wri8llt, tubeH6k€th, lid W@dol (2000) food abno@l n@l ceu 

inrcgrity and volume Eduction in the 8ygdal., insul!, thalds and bippeampus in $c 

nudis of srudul n€rcitugiog of th. patidk. Crspo-Facorc, Peadi*o. 

AndeFeasn (2001 ) hrve ale co.dncted lunclional new-inagihg Gchniques wilh lhe 

lindings of i failure to octivate linbic Egiotu in rcaFn& lo enoion l stimuli in lhe@ 

tlpca ol p.lims. Thde tudings rl$ cfcr to a $ronScr signiicafte or th€ pderved 

cmtions 6 they ft beins afected by thc nd.l daminMr olttar panicuh P8tidl 

Ov.,sll findings of tt€ n€wl stldi6 ftntion d in PhiliF e06) suga6l lh.l 

spEilic srrplom in mial drsnndion, .mtional lilbility, ncgltive bi6 tnd dep@.d 

mood ctc. dc sirongly asciated wnh fte siructwc dd fdcion of neml re8ions 

responsible fo! lhe pmc.ssing of€molionsl .nrnonneht of lhe individul 

2.2 Expre$.d amodo.s 

ln a rlidw anicle 06 the .levelopncnlll ospec$ of tnlt dne in $e conc€pt of 

expEssed motoi. Kavoagn ( | 992) highlightcd th. cN oflhe studi6 on |ne ExP6.d 

Emoriotu s e inpotul F.dictor ir lh. EhP$ of ehizoPhrenia. He Mlion€d 

Canb.Ncll Fmily Intervier (CFI) s singl. iGtruft.t to rc$rc hish EE for lhe rh.n 

hfl 30 yeas of @dch on lhe snbjel. Tn. ralitgs e n dc on lhe bdis oi lmily 

nlcmbcrs bne ofvoice rnd rne contcnl of th.n spc@h *hil€ they talk aboul dE Patien$ 

during thc Clnbw€ll Fmily r crviw (Lef & vaughh, 1985) ln tur study 15 lapo 

51

ccoded inteFicws of family mnb6. numbd of critical @mdis vec iolnd 6 lhe 

ovedll indq of erFBs€d mtior. AnNdds Vrushn dd Lrtf ( l9?6) u5.d D 

abbreviated v6ion of intfli€w in whi€h dcd $or rft liLly ro invite diticd 

conn€ntl w€rc dilcu6ed oo prioriry b6is. This shonened vc$ion *as u5.d to conpar 

palicnls of *hizoPnmi! with lh. p.ri6ts oldcrreire alb6, Ho*der, n is not 

ecomnended lo 6rdblish rhe conceo oh dy 6ingle op€Etion.l tuolarion, .! the 

conD.Fbilny eols lhe studiB is b6r 4hievd rltrough rh. 3imilarity of rhe .s6sndl 

!r dillcml levels. l d- Ete

Magm4 Gol.lstein, Mitlowilz, and Kmo ( 1986) intoduccd anolia vdistion of 

this bncf ftthod ro css 0E s€ €mtioncl .xpBio, of th. k€y tlative fot t 

psychiaric patidl livin8 in th. sme Imily. h lhis @[!od r coding syslem s ued lo 

assess rhe tr?ical behaviouE of criticism, ho6tiliiy cnd ovd involvcmeol e6er8ed as tho 

coe tunif6ladon of higb EE. Duibg Cdbw.ll fmily inrdias th. blitd nlila of 

rhe No measuB ind@€n&nlly End€rld .lG.ly chtcd 6ull5. Th. concm oa D. 

findings was dole in falour of tlal bnef veEion fo! the @hing of hid EE. 

lnsl@d of sing $e mosl natuorly s.d Cmbwell family lnleNiq (CFI) till 

that inc, Whittick ( 1987) Ged a PstiaI R.jerion Sc.le 6 m appdrimtion lo 

Expras.

2.3 Pcrc.iv.d f,rDEs.d Emtlotr 

'nre work on the @hccll oa tn€ influd@ of oneis inner dirdtiotr i.e., schemsta 

on rhe int erclstion of $nc .vdI or qp€riencc hrs hen r.fcild lo s b&k a | 932 by 

Baftu dd Compe ( 198?). Hc p@ted a culruolly ufmili& dd alim typ. oi 

inromalion !o a ebup of paiticiponls and lhd sked lheD to r4.ll tnei a d.linitc 

psiod. ln one fonos cxpenftnt he ost d .h. ponicip€nts !o @d a rolk ld. ..d rho 

d l n rnd ! r€r. He foud rh.t mjority of rhd glve a cultual 6bnne !o lh.n 

raall innucnced by its noms 3hd exp4latioB !.cording lo lhct shen4 The lindings 

esbblished th $henrdc cxpc.htios .e .noug} lo misguid. e onl@kd lo 

cmneously inteqrcl the Eivd 3iluarion. 

TomFon and collcguca ( Tompson, Coldstein, Irbel, Minrz, & Mdde!,1979) 

cxlnined vlri{ioB in ln. pcvailins EE ir thc fmjly ud ils &tu.l pqception by the 

parie.t. A3 thde wd rc speilic |lr6u|l@l lvailabl., tn y .t6pr€d b enicv. rhc 

nrgel by conduclirg a deniled inrcoiew of lh. palieht od conparif,e th€ relotive 

li.dings wnh $c o'ncone or th. ldninistdld fiv. ninlr€s spdn lmde (FMSS) lo rh. 

key heibd of th€ fanily. Th. lindings .ugec!rcd that the disr?&cy wd norc 

Everled in de e$nic ninonty Broup. Coaidqing rhe liniillion! oi th€ srudy thc .urhos 

could nol cl.in $e inpondc. oflhe FE.iv.d 

60 

EE Ethd tn& tne EE in its.lt How.v6, 

rhe @nd wls 6!gg*dve of funher l€s@n .nd wrs amng lh. pion a work in favor of 

Schcrer (1993) dalyz.d thc foclou cponeibl. for th. @cuMe of !D aDoion. 

He baej thr ninitul cognni!. pcrequisild for rhe ccutmc€ oa m mtion on two 

issnes conceming the l€vel ofprocssinS &d lt?e ofplcssirg. On rhc fomer ksu.

$c& hrd beh c clcsic debarc b.N€en Lo4s and Zajonc wbile $ey ldked about $e 

@le olcognition in tutio (Zrjonc, 1980, 84; Lldl! 1984). 

scheB ( 1993) comhfltcd thal bolh Laarus dd z.johc Erenel !o sonc rne of 

srimulus poc*ing or coding. The writd suSg*rs il !o be me liuittul ro d.tmine th€ 

narurc of $e infomdon p@e$, rnreedo lo dotion along with the lw.l on whicb 

cnDlioi muircd lnd t]'e cquiFd coclitive and neNlogical eqlipne.r ttlc To slpport 

this sus86lion, hc r€f6 to vdbE abpinol studiG whdc $bjels e st d !o eall 

rhe expqiflced emtioN md .valur€ their mtion et4.d.nt appBilal, For thh 

purpose. ir ! echlrio nelhodi rhe subjets @ diered ro pul $.melvs inro a panicula 

snuafion md r.?on de kind of.mdo6 d.y .B likdy to .xpaioe. Tnis Focedue 

hclps the expens lo exploE $. coftbination of apprdsl dincnsion, which arc likely lo 

prcduce r speific difi€Mti.rcd @tid 

Pdk.son ( | 99?) rcf6 to saeral studi6 wnich d€rcnslard lhar pani.utr tyr. 

ol 4pFisals EsulrihS in a padiculd r}!€ of 6otion. Amh8sr rhen in ! sody by Snilh 

&d Ellsunl ( 1985) in which wiou studals w@ st d lo crtl fifi@ speific 

cmotoml srare! they ser expdimc€d in dren p6i Then $ey mt d tn€ir evalu ions 

about lhe lr?c of .ppnisal as$ialed wnn ihat cxpedd@. They foud dut ovdll 

.nalrsis ol d6. rcrdings lMif6ted a chdcr(isric Fdn ssialed lo *h ryF of 

Hmley and T.{sd.lc (1989) rl$ dpn6i2!d on the p6pelive of th. deit6 

p€rcePlioh of'h.significantoth6 Ihey showcd that &e simpl. qGtion "How critical 

r i,or 

spous. oftlu? rdeilcd mrc vsi&cc in relaps.ate than se$ed $mngn 

CFI or orhd hdnion.l l@lG. 

6l

Slirlin8, Tanlm, Tbomos, Nwbx and Moftaele (1991) neelted the vi* ofhigh 

Expr6sed E@tions {ED b nlvc . 3L@g 6Gl.tion wid lhc Ehpse prdicliot. with ! 

slmpleof42patientsoaschizophrcnia,tn fididonols1udi6wirhth€EEasiated 

wi$ higher Ete of lclapse werc challflged. Wl!6oevd th. c!u$ were, $e cu of lhe 

@lLr snsgests thlt lhc p€ccption of EE Ethd lhd EE iGelfws fd me Espomible 

lbr the iale of relapse and dacelbation of$c synprons. 

Funlcmrc, $ey h8vc co$idercd a numbd oll!s@h6 who fau..d on lbe 

paiienc pe@prion of $e family's lninrdd .nd .nvibIUjnt a pog.osri.ally 

sisnificant conponeDl in tn clinicrl cotrc oa*hizopbHi!. Howfler, th. inslmenls 

thct uFd vec either Ihe Fuily EnviftMt Scllc (FES) (R. H. Mc & B. S. M@r 

l98l i Spiegel & Wissltr, 1986) or the Pmnldl Bonding lNlonot (PBI) (Aaker, 

Haln€s. & K@rid, 1984; I98?, B.ls & (@riar'. 198?j P.rt r, Tnplin& & BDq, 

| 979. Paker, Fanky, And Gedwood 1982t Pa*a & Mardl98q wmd & AlkiMn, 

1988), Afier a.ce$ing palienls lnd signinmt Lnily nmbcB lepahlelt on rhe bsis of 

ene sFucnml inledi4s ed $.16 dey 6ndud.d lbe inwn&ce ofs dyins rh€ 

paxenls perceplion of th€ anitudes of fie key family nenbes in studies of fmily 

hc1o6, a it Nas v.ry posirively corclot d wirh ihe oe ofGlaFc rnd ex&cdotion of 

To explorc tne dstioBhip berwen rh. Expresed Emotion ol the rclariles md 

t|[ Elrp$ dq Montm, Coma-Boeyo, Ruiz, Pwhe and Adm ( 1992) srudied 

Spanisb pdients vitn scni&phrnir in q two ylaN follow !p. They loud rhat' ESds 

lbllos up ne$tcd ony siificsl eocistioD bawq relaliv6 HiCh Exp6s.d Enotions 

lnd clap6a Hov.ver. r tendencyw6obw.d i. ilEparior.ehoco dnor 'tEmge 

roninu$ic conrols like nediccrior o.behoviogl prcgllm 

62

ln the sde w.y. DG6ctor dd coll.asuo (Doselor, Nicol. Sr@h, & R jkowa, 

1994) lnribuE lde ph€non.non of hish EE to dl.tive's ill-psycholoaiol hald! p@r 

pracric.l .uppon and Elor€d sial prcblms, p&ticllaly shil. deoling vith .hildq 

populdtion of ps}thiaric iUne$. Hovevd, in spitc ol the fi.di.8! th6t hic! EE golp 

percciv.d hisn l*l ol slcs dd teg swlon, $e rudts of$en $!dy @uld lol d.t41 

My siSnificd diff*nc. in copi4 srnr.gi6 oflhc two eroups. 

ln tnen snldy Woo, Goldslien, md Neuchterleii (199?) adoplcd a m.lhod i. 

$hich r fanily assMt session *s @.deLd, In those *sdoN prtiols md lh.i! 

rel.tivcs {@ 'nvil€d 

lo p€nicip.c an lwo l0 minue di@l incEclion, di$Nin8 on 

$m. family i$u6 id.nlilicd a a Oobltu oncc by a patiol and oncc by the eLlivc, 

HeF lh. searcher aimed ar dpr.ding the asc$meol by di@tly n.Btrnng 

dv'onncntal emtional p6lcm 6on d. ildividud's FBperiv. 

on which n is beirg 

HayhNr md ColhaS!6 (HayhNr, Copd, P!',kel, Veam.ls. md Raddq 199?) 

condul.d a loneitudiml ltudy ovd , pqiod of onc r!!r 

1o * the rcladonship beN.en 

ihe exp!*s.d emtids padiculdly the criliol com.ts of lnc f.nily 'lMb€6 &xl rtrc 

cou6c and outcone of d?ression. Th€y ako studi.d in ddoil rbd .rtitude ofthe family 

mmbc4 and cont@6 of lhc ciilicol @mls of tnc dltiv6 lowdds the p.tie.ts of 

d€pcsion. TlEy found lh.l @ne ol th€ .bo!c Mti@ed faclc v.ts nor inponr in 

causing a n.galive eildl on lh. .ou* and outcomc of iunss $d th. pe@cwaion 

and pclceptions Fgdding thcn fmily mnbd' benavior towards thcm. Tius, then 

cmph4is w4 rls di@lcd rowad perceivcd expes€d morios rdhd rhm fte 

63

Tdiq cl !1. ( 198) inv6liSltcd aboui tt. .fii@y of intersiv. @Snitive 

beh,vior rh.ropy in rhc paridls with choni. $hiaphrnia md foud si8nificmdy b.tts 

inpbrcm.nlsof p6iti@psy.holi.synp{oGinlhepdicnt whoteeivecoglitile 

behavio! th.Dly as corpdel to th. on . who we or noml toutir. r@ttnent on cde. 

Mor olq the sme wa me for findings of 0!c. montns .,lcr follov-up asssn@I, 

DmG (2001) cired a study by Langd dd Abekon ( l97a) in wbich a nunbd or 

pstrhorh.Episb in two gDu?t i.GAEted thc tdits of! sc tcM. lc@rding io th. 

expl&aion sivdn to them prior to snowirS $. mvi.. Th€ SDup which ecived tn 

i.fomction aboul ih. intfliwe 6 Lhe on€ for r job labelcd hin 6 realisric, sincerc .hd 

plwnr snd the oth.r gmlp which w6 bfomcd thlt the F@n vd a n ntal p.tidl 

labeled him as defensive. d€pehdot dd inpulsivc. So these disussions also suppon the 

aact rhlr peG€prioo ol de ffvinnnmrd srinuli in r speiic wy is fd noc ireonal 

in initiainga panicul.r Bpoosc lhd dal oflh. event i$.lt 

PoU.t 12002) conde|el a study to cMjn. dow FreEl dpdioer efl61 

one s pc(eption of 6. emolionel .xpniqcd, Thn phenotunon was searchen wnh 

r€fwncc to plysiolly absed childd. I! y st€d a sn!I. ol pbsiqlly abB.d dd 

lon abuscd childd to clt goriz. feill qpebns 6 s.4 hrppy, Iearful md ug.y nd 

exahined fte diffeEnce ofdeir dofioMl cateSoriztio.. A cdetul edlysis ofrhe 

espob*s tudif6|ed rhrt tnc abus.d childr@ idcnrified rle qplsions of fFrtul and 

sad dorc frequenlly than tne children ofnon ablsed goup, 

Leichming (2002) pcdt.d a onpuldiz.d tuvBdgltion of vatdly 

explesscd emohons. A homd 8reup (n=30), &ule Schidphenics (n=25) *qe 

conpard in rcgod lo verbally .xp.6s.d cfutiotu. A@rdins to tbe 6ulll, p€lidrs

wnh n.umtic disord.6 did rct di(Icr fton th€ nomal ereup 

in a8rrd lo v.Coally 

expesed motiofti boidelirc paliqls *pi.!s.d fa ed dotiom ir gen.ral 

sirrifiontty mE frequady $d lll othd ditSnostic gouPs. Furtn€mF. bordslinc 

pllicnts dil]d in re8lrd to speilic cnolions from patiehb wnh neuotic disdss, tculc 

$hibphmi6, r.d soup in tgttd lo lbe qpBion olemlioro, vher6 chrcoic 

shizophmics €xpressd mgs, Lor, adi€ty and edoion! in gs€El siSrificontly less 

areq@ndy tho. that of tn€ panicipanb ofnomrl grw. 

C@alo dd Bru)q (2002) dploEd in d.hil a conputei*d perfollMc€ of 

! ir ual pdceplion of the faciall y cxre$ed eno om Llrou8b Method of Arol ysis ed 

Re*!rch oflhc InicSntion ol @tioB (MARIE). A ercup of65 individuals werc st d 

to identify tte horpholosical tmnsilion lrom on. ceonical ehotion lo eother led lo lb. 

crolion oa a coniruum of inEnn dj.ry pictG . TIB ! rchiiNhip w6 .lt$lished 

beNmln l}!c of lhe conlinuum nodid€alios ond lhe v&htion oflh€ tspors of 

didcr.nt individuls in nunbd. 

The erqrs of th€ pmeiv.d slEs3 d ti. lbre ol mind q@ a1s nudi.d by wei$ 

(2005), Nno stiv.d to se@h for the ooreloiior of these two voriabl6 wi$ refeuce to 

lhe mth6 inlwdrion Mrh itcir childrE. He aoud l|ial if tlr mth6 polcption of 

thcn imnediate elafions is satkfa.tory. rhey ec le$ dilicrl &d €xpi.$ ld hosrilily 

Bhts*{ lnd Rudr@ (2007) sMi.d rhc ElatioDship b€twd individudiz.d 

age of natualion and cdjustn nr oa adolesdt girl6, Ano!$t home, hslth, $cid dd 

6veall ldjsnndl oalne ei n ln.y loDnd dui .ge olmn4don highry irflufte sirl 

lnd cmorioml adjurmal a n ldhf.clonly achi€ved ali6 thc sg€ of l2 and I I y€a6. 

65

n6 hcl! lg.irl rhc lcvcl of dtc F@ptioi of dE cmodon.t inr@tiotrs 6ftd Orn $. 

.motior ilelf ha bc.n Erlt.d m't jsdfior. 

2.a Ssk for P.Niv.d Erpc..d EDotior 

TIE F@ption od @don ro . pdiclla 3nuljon vsics fion pcen !o p.en. 

F !n pcychonerric sp.d n is impondr ro @isidc, dF* incryeMdt dd 

itrL.p.Mnal difliEncca s tuid for llt Etarld FycholoSicd D*@s. To onuot thc 

6r.6 bils dE eNh4 pEr.r . metod in *hich rh. rubjcds @ suppc.d ro Er. 

lh.nelv.s on di|I.ml rlit din.nsioB .Jn $. sB d dcrirld fon c.ch pcMn.i 

v&iqe ftos 'ni.g" (Ai45&si, a Utbinr, 197, p.39j). Innidty thc GxptEsscd 

motjoE wc n.3su!.d fioh fi. pc6DE drc of lhe ob.Gpcil rhc ct sh.t dmd. is 

cbb.q.ll Flnil, Inrcdi.w Howd cotuidrins rh. si8nific..c. of subj6f3 ow 

6dn8!, th. mce€ngr of cxpEsd cnorioN srancd shifting !o rh. aspcs of pccivcd 

dpE s.d ooriois. FollosinS is a bd.f Evicw ot lhe rook ofsEh I'DG of ass.ssm.nc. 

'ton0icr Bch.vid Qudlionn ic . by pdn2, Fosre. Kcn( .d O.t &y { 1979) 

ard Evi!.d by Robin .d Fosr.r ( t989) is ! scdc whi.h h.s@s d. desc of rrr 

conf icr &d rcgnis comuierbn @uing in tlE fmily duine lm ro Oc no h! 

prior to th. Eting. Th€ itrt Gring ad significrni pln ofrhis qGnioMiE is rh n 

nBuEs llE rtusv@ F@prion of ft. tcv.l of rh. borh mcmb.6 invot*d ii a 

Plniculr @!ni4 Mainty |he FEciv.d cddcim E esd oru. adot.*.n|3 

Iowslds lh.h paF s 4d for thcir psEnrs .nd vic. r.N on lwo ind.p.ded $!t s. 

Th.y pEF!.d dis tss ch€.klin @ir.inins a tisr ofconnicr polokjns $.Mi6 ard 

.5&ng thc Espondcnr ro lir3r Epon lhoul ils Ft ilt !o Frcipitat. d issF. ad lh€n 

6t tlE d.gr.. ro *iich n could pbrctc .r8cr in dal cponddl ]hs dis sc.t. ,8!in 

66

lends lo meaurc the way the Espondents cvalute lhd silurion md feelanger 

A Dutch Scale, EeDMim.n Be m&nd€ Upfdm (C. P.trt. J&ob$n. 

Lindshn. VonKnoding, & H. Peris. 1980) is a sisnifiqlly talid md Fliable 

instue.! which enphai&d ur[n individsl s memon.s of rhe F enat pfteption of 

rhe pmnralarijtudcs and lqing ptulices, tnsread ofralkinSabour the placdce irsetf$e 

enphGn is on rh. s$$n6t of ns perc.Fioh e b.ihg froc sisnificanl for havihg 

lifelone eff*|s o. drc psyche of lhe individul. 

R. M@e sd B. MoN ( 198 | ) ddclop€d "Fdily Envircnm.ni Scale" lo 

n6w social.nvitome al ch@ct*isiics olallryp6 of fmilic' Th. sslc is 

adninisl@d on the fmily nembes ro geta eore on thre-dimensional 

conceplu.liztion oh ih4e epmle foms. Thce foG e labelcd s rh. Eal fom (Foft 

R), d. id6l hm (Fofr l) and rhe Eiceprional fom (Fom E), and roms on |he 

a6mdt of p€opl. s pdcepiion of &rul fmily eNircmmr, Perc.prion of ideat 

litftily envnonment and the lasl on€ inellucts lbe respondehc to expss ften 

exp@tations and suggesdotr iegarding dy change in the fmily envnom.nr 

BFcrively. Th. .xte.r of ohsion, crpGivmes, od conflicr d *o'!d in lhe 

al.ionship dincnsion. Thc $B ofthis sle e alloerd to siv. fou dif.rc.l 

dinosions of fmily persperive indic.ling irs speific chmlerisljcs. Variou 

chaacHisrics of fanilial envircmenl se allocaled ro four differcnr dinensions. among 

then @hesion. cxpesiven€s edconnict d. hesued in lh€ r€lationship dineGion. 

Iteass€sentof ind.pdd.ne,&hicv.n nlorienr.rioa i .Ueo.l cuh@l 

onot tion. actir. rccreltional ori€nlalion. ard honl Bligio6 enphsis ir done in 

6l

pc&hal SroMh d'nension. In the sysrem maintem.ce dimension the asped of 

orgmiation and onrrcl @ beiig toe6uEd. Moose & M@e decl@abour their rcsl 

tlut tlE face ed co.rent validilt of th. insrrument d. supponed bt cler srlrenenrs 

.boul fmily s'tunoG $a1 dlale lo sub.sl. domlins, 

Aftnbution Style Qu$rioiDiE by Peleen el al. ( l9E2) evalur€s $e type of 

dilleEnes in attributine a caue tc, a g@d or bad event acoidine to o individuh oM 

p

d€ceasd p.Mn. Panicularly in ils pan U $e fo owins ir.ns cqli,e rh. sutfeRr ro 

Epon aboul fi. subj4rivc &@unr of rhe coMo.d felins: 

l - I stiu 8.t ulsel wn n I lhink abo lhe pe,son who died 

2- I caol accepr rhis F6on.sd.arh, 

3- I am pMcupi.d with rhoughts abour rh€ F,son who di.d. 

4- I ce1 avoid $inling abour rh. peMo sho died. 

5- Tbings &d p@ple aound me $ill Emind ne ofthe peren ho died. 

Thc obovc and th. tike narenmls are rcfl(rire oi $e rhough! prcce$ and 

eiated morions of a pcen Bho peE.iles ed Mcr, lo $e srlte of gnef. Il is quir 

pos!'ble thar bea@ of individqt ky of irling the l6s. rwo peea of de @. fdity 

edevoof sde level ofaudcbne score diffecntlyon rh6 s.tc, 

Colc md Kaaid ( I 988) dsisned a ques$otrdc n@.o€o !o assess p.ri.nrs. 

p.ft.ptioo of expts*d cholion wilh th. nde of ,Lev.l of ExpEs€d Emodo! Scd. 

{LEE). 'nie obvious advanbg€s of the qu6riomair appD&h €tu@ rhar fie dpsenr 

becon€s much easier wh€n rhe padenas rclative is nor n@ded_ AlihouSh in thar cas! $e 

aulno6 €xp€d lnc po$ibitir) of,espon* bi6 by shininS ro rh€ subjcdv. repon of 

Ftimfs F@ption. How€r, rhcy ctain.

@nle s, esy adnini$rotjon a sriog &d abovc alt brviry, il h6 bc.n wid.ty us.d 

in eseNh sd cliniqt pracdce. 

Thc ph€nomenon of individut vdialions in peE.iving .nd r€sponding ro a 

sinilr $imuli in ! subjariE ndnd b4 d$ be.n ob*s€d by Me!.od ( t 99 t ), whec 

a mcthodologic€l root € .d E€molio.al Srop T6k. B us ro .ss their afi.ntiool 

bia. This rool pr€snr a series ofdifeGnt words prinled in difiercnr color. Igoring 

t'eirsmanric lh€ panicipanB are bked roquicly nme $e cotoN in which th.se words 

@ pnnkd. It M fonnd rhar rhe t45k ofjusl n@iis the inl cotor of rhe Mr&, whicb 

u'ey fo@d rlercning &d di$urbing, dislr&kd Fnicip.nB An obr€clivc ind€x ofdE 

thrcal vatuc of rhes. words B fohed by the detays ad erc6 jo ndjrg 1he coloB of 

L "P@.al ExFn.he ScRdnS eueionmic,,. wi.l.6 ( I 991 ) constructed a 

subede of psychosocial risk $al Dainty h6ws morional d$r6s ed $ougl 

probl.n like F@Et ed sjat pobl€d' Io a wry rhis ssm€ .1$ l,rge$ th. 

individ@l and his tEsic nechmien of€nvirohoenlil percepron ed lhc b.haviob tbat 

e mtunly dsftiql.d wirh lhdr €noionol pbbten. 

Ccdsna, Lubb., tud Nieu\lnndm ( t q2) exaDincd rhc tactor sr.uctuc oflh. 

Lavel ofErpEs.d Ehodon S.jlc (!EE) &d th. inr.mt coGisr.ncy oflhe facroG 

foud. Io view of the l&g€ nhber of subjccls equiied for ractol tulysis. dar! wcB 

gathcrcd fbm hslthy slbj.crs 4 w.ll. Although. € E hds b€en $ud,ed on heatrhy tupte 

befoc. they argue rhal te6 b m cae. b .iFfl rh,r fi€ E E catcSodes ofc,iticism dd 

cmotion l over involvme e €xctsive .hmcr.risdcs ofpsycndtric paliflrs, ewn if 

lne pateofs synprohs Day powerfuly rigger ro eticn high EE behavior (K€Ner. 190). 

10

In Ihe pEsenl udy bo. rbe Esearcher hasadninisteEd tbe *ale on rhe general 

populationandaimed uritizing$escalefoi 

ne6unng lben Frceived expressed 

Shields dd his @I4gu€s (Shjclds. FEnts. HaA, McDdiel.& Cupb.lt.1992) 

develop€d Fmily Emorional lololvene md Criticis Scale,, (FEICS). Ir is a 14 iren 

selrreport sale whicn is funher divided in b tuo subsalesofpcrc€iv.d Ciftism (pC) 

and inlensityofEnorionat tnvolvenenl (EI).Tbe $ales have 7 itenseeh od ee *oi€d 

on a 5 poinr Liken rrl€. h b origin ly adninjsrei€d to a spre or El pati.nls of 

nor thd 40 yes ofage. CDnblrhi Alpba @ged fbm .82 ro .74 a.d had signjfiMl 

ojetaaons wifi orhcr scalcs ofhs rrpe ofcoNrructs ed objecrives thus with irs 

Felihinary cvide.c€ i! ws cohsid€red s a valid a.d EIiaD,. s€ac. 

Th. chitdh@d TEuha tnt tuiw (cn) by Finl ( t ee:J) w.s sp€cificaly 

s@r@d to .sss v&ioB cba@an$ics of rhe childh@ tnutu. hough .I lhe 

inibmation is deliveEd br fi€ child\ subjsdve hol@dons abour rhar cvenr yer rhc 

reFon esadib8 the severiry oa thal !6u@ exctusively epre*nrs the d.8ree ol 

seEitiviryand pe(cplnat 6pftr ofrhe nisery. fiis int€ryj€w comarns srgnrtica tevel 

orFliabiliry ond volidny. hs psyctDmer.ic pmFnies d€ wcl conpa@bte with olher 

childhood m6Es ro .sss simit& lypes of vdi{b16. (Fi*, A.mnein, Hddchntu. 

Foore,&t !e.ior.1995) 

Sensnivity ro *itichm scate by Artas (t9S4) cohprised or J0 hypothejcal 

sihutionsofcririet nane, The subjeds aE 6k.d ro rcad rhe d€gE to which lhey feel 

being .ririciad udd sinitd qT€ ofsiluriom. The inr€nal coBjst€nc, and rsr,Ei$t 

elilbih, of$e t sr h6 ben Eltcsbbtisbed. 

1l

sLim.r, Sl.irnaucr, md Se|.-B&bn ( 1995) consrucl.d a qucsliomai,. m.ly 

"Famil, Assssnent Mesure'.. This Scdte m6ues a fanily.s genest chdacbisrics 

rDm rhe Bpondenrs point oa vi€w Anongst rh. ch@crcrisrica of comhunicado. md 

Acliv. ExpBion lnvolv.n€ naiDly @ncentdlcs on individ@t.s p€rceflion ofoth.r 

meDbcas emorio@l cxpBio._ 

Thonp$n, Catbrin, Flowcr. ed Fishe, ( I 995) inroduced TlE p.@plion of 

Ieaing Scal€ ro assess pdnicip.nrt pie.al evaluadon ofchitdhood expqiences 

Fgarding ot.is .omn€nrs on rh.ir eighl ed sbape, The espondenr is also suppos.d 

b Epon thcn subjetve falines .id anirud€s lowsds rh.n le4ring b.hayiou. Ttis elle 

al$ acquiEs sood psychohelric pbpenhs wjlh hi8h iir@ @nsrslenc, @mci€.i 

mging frch.85 to 92. 

"Balec€d EDorion Emparhy Scal.,. is eother $atc by M€h6bi.n ( 1996) which 

aim al nat[ing irdividusl dillehq ed Gedo.s ro olxe6. falings. Ttey defin 

noliom eDpatht 4 .one vi@ious .xperi..e of mlh.ts Fe@!y m6@nHts-. 

lu des(ib6 indiliduat diff.Fnes in the r.nde.ciB ro hale eDorionat ehrathy wnn 

oteu, This scate h in rhe fom of a qu$rionnaire. Subjccts Epon rne d€8ree of rhe, 

le@nor or d'sg@tunl ui.g s poim $.1.. Ttu, rhis $ate aho siSriti6 rh. fd $al 

tnc dic@l racto6 innuene rnc jndividul 6mu8h hig hq o9l qy or pe4eivins dd 

Fo$er (200j) deviql.d frcm dE exisling melhods of6$ssinSexpBed ehodons 

by Mrd $afl in del.hining Ibe wclt b€iog of psychiabic in-pdienrs. Thcy repon the 

dd.lopnc oa Pcqived E\pGs*d Emoftn in SilFs.ate s a q@ljoordiE n6uring 

€xpEssed €hotrons in $rtla p@.i!€d b, rhe pari€nts. tt i, a @nvqicnr h@ur. 

which may have uriliry fof both Esearch od ctinical purposes. 

72

The hedod ofskinS for Espon*s b lh. hlFrheicat sc.narios ofsoci.l 

plld€ns 6 usd by Dhs dd Maeotin (2007). wh.n lhey studied rhe innue.ccs of 

paentst @ital agg€ssions on rhe child@.s a$Essi!. My of prcblcn $lving *nh lbe 

peds, The study w6 d€signed to find chitrlEn,s lbilily ro slvc $en ecial problens ed 

to se th€ corn.clion berwe€n paE {hildEn aDd padnrs respomes toMds sid 

pbblens. Obvio6ty il m not pcsihle to pur lhc panicipsl3 in tive snulions. aor rhe 

elc of Espon$ ob.GMrion onty. So in rhar ce a1e rhey exhmed rheir Gspon6 io 

lhe hypothedcal sn&iq. 

2.5 P.repru.t Dc0cn i! p,y.ti.r.ic Dtord.r 

2.5.1 percept.rt rteltcit in S.rtzophert 

CoCnirivedeficns ha!. mditonalty btr! as$cialtu 6 a coe realure or 

ehizoph8oia (Bl€utci. I9l t ; KheFIin. 19l9). Tnis faclor u EspoNibte for $e 

fucdonai imp6iodc of tc pariqls of $hiaphrnia, C@mr. we8ne, ary, O 

'N.il ( 1989) @ndrcEd a study &d @Dpald th. &cuhy or !c@pr!on &d judenc of 

.modonal srater ofolhers j! parienb wirh schiaphenia ed nomal conbots. They 

showed fi ve video senes depi cring d ifiere enotio,ll exp€ssioc of eutuy i. 

butine life. Sc.n€ A stD*rd a wonen anxiousty c@king for a man who ws politive 

rowrrli h€r, in Scen B, a farh€, was g€!ri,8 &8ry on h9 oaugnr.r, D een C. a morher 

e6 cniicizine h.r en tor b.jng in bed all rh€ dnc. in Scae D. d dio6 noder 

genrr'g mhqcs€d for h€r en.s tud. behavior lo orhe6 dd in $oe E. s rcme. e6 

app@i,tine a paindng ofa he who w6 nol vd, @nfideft 6Doul & qualiry. A tist of 

the adjediyes of vdious emoiio@l shtes w6 prolided lo .&h parricipant &d they wer 

asked ro hre lh€ nain acbr ofeach $en€ on .r resr ro$adFcriles i.e. *onied. ed, 

Ela dd 6hm.d erc. lr @ foud lhallb. parienrs with shi&phenia prcduced 26% 

.13

delidl Espons while tne acqu.ncy ofsucn rcspon*s itr nomat conrots 6 onl,4yo. 

h wa also obwred lhar rhe difeence was even mor sig.ificant on $e $oB tbr rhe 

scfts in which lhc ailurion M compoErirty uncteu. So rhe li5€dhe6 @ncluded 

that .h rh€ small€st d.se of mbiguit, prlduc.d croB m rne perccptioro of $e 

parienbof $hizophr.nia. Sinitarph€nomcnon was.ssin inv.srigared by Cmmer, 

Boen. and O Neil ( t 992) wn n lh.y qdord rhe qusion or .lreed Fcptbn of 

emotion i. the pad€nts of shiaphEnia, 

wl'il. obening fi. .abihy of*hi2ophEni. ro peeive and coF wirh ft8dive 

aflect Ballal, Mu6er. wade. Sayen. &d Monien ( 1992) sh ted froh ehlibomenbl 

ExpEs*d Enorions ro subj€crivc Esponses. tn $eirsludy 34 patimls wirh shizophFnia 

in & &ure inpdtior hospilal we @np.!.d wjti 24 inpdicols or@jo, afl€.dvc 

d'$rde^ dd I 9 non pdient contrcts on a rcle ptay rc$ of df{r perceplion md $cial 

s&ills, rh€y foud thal p.riots wilh $biephEnia did nol shoq uy dillftniirl 

rhparme qhcn p€s.nrd with hjsb EE. wheth€r confonred wilh b.ni8n c.ilicish or 

wilb hish EE |hey dcnicd emE and onsistcntly lied mher rhd Espondins ssenively 

or Epologizing. 'Ite shjbphrnia pa{dr @nsisteotly unj.Esuh.tcd lh. a ensiry of$e 

enoiohal d isplays o f allccr perception tcsl. 

l. dei. srudy tjbell and his coltcgks ( I 99l) h.ve di*ussed lh. ootioi of 

lodilioMl Expi€sed Emotion of $e fmily menbeB and irs .eeafve consquenc.! on 

$e d.innituion lized *hi@phFnia prienrs. To a$cas tne Elarr€s, a itudes od 

@riom bwlrds rhe patienb atmcr alt of lhe r*ehcs have been basd on Ihe 

'nt€N,ew of . key Elarive of lhe pated s a r€pEsenlarile of the whole lbmity. 

l|owver, de &rhoE .imed ro hi&ligli 0!. fa.r ofrhc inpoile ot pardls. p.rc.pdon

g&ding d€ir Elalionship wth thcir elatives. They dgued lllat ,,jrrcladv€s, anitud.s 

ed lhe quliry of $e retadonship have e €iler oo Ehps by edns 6 a $E$o, on lhe 

vulnerable sbiephEnia pad.nh, one would expeq tar rnce out@D6 *ould b€ 

nediard by pat.nb. perceptions o I negar ive fMily r.laronship.,Op.Zjl_754). 

culline, A6kG, dd D@h€ny C006) srrived to explore lhe view of exprc$ed 

€oorion ftoh the pedp.ctive ofschi@phEnic parieft, l.hey inctuded l2 pai6 of 

patiqls art significnr olhe6 in $eii srudy ed neasued lhc telet of expeskd enotioi 

depicr.d tud peR.iv€d by th.n respecdvcly, tud explord wbeth€r the lwo orcspond 

ho orc dorher or nor. AccodinS to rh€ Gs@h predicuons n w6 bud lhar rhe lwo 

findings @mspond€d wel on fte p.Eeplion ofcridet codnenrs ed chorionat o!er. 

involvtu.nr. HoEver, p!li.ms- td.t ofensnivny to qircrsn af.cred lhe eponed 

level ofsrlts ofpariqts. Ttus deir findings ale Ef.r@ b rh. sgnificance of 

Freptroul pd ollhe c,Ehstae5 achn8 in Eatn). 

2.5,2 p.t.ptuat d.falt ia dc!6i@at dbonlca 

Ir is wlt $4ed in fie tirealur thal si.l @ennion is hishly aff€dcd b, 

psych'.tric di%.s 4pccialy pa@d!, (F@nen, Oaner, (uipe6, Fowt.r. & Bibingto. 

2002). The Elalionshjp of cognili!€ ,leDina lalk drd rhe ar.rbution slyl€ snn rhe 

paleoid d€lusions hd bcen a favouite aer of rcs.aeh duing ihe last few dcad€s 

(O@ry & Fcene. 1999i Benlal. 200 r ; M.nin & peo, 2o0 r ). Conb6, Mictet. and 

Pem (2006) exmin€d th. el|ecls of psanoi, on ehotion pe(cption acm$ co.rinuun. 

On rhe b6is of diilcE D@ures tor th€ dcg@ otp&eoio dcldoro lbe, fod.d 

dilfeEnr sDups md coDped then pdfoio&ce or difld€nr .moror prEeflioD bsts. 

Tney found a lowcr teyel of seBirivny for rhe @ognnion of.horiomt shl.s @d , 

pdfomece d€ffcil on enodon percedion lasks in hishq hveb or pardoi!. Tney 

?5

supponed rheir find ines wilb ihc exptearions of Davi s a.d cibson ( 2000) rha( ,lhe 

d.ficic i. horion F@prion may Efldr rh. imtte slepr,c,sD and kunry dsiatcd 

stn posed emorion task. , Thh subjecrive Bpon$ cd als b€ inrcAler€d wirh lcl.erence 

to annbudon dd coenidve bi4. So thcy arsucd.har lh. pEmiting notion ofincEsed 

sensnivityofPdanoid paienr ro enodonat $inuli w6 not screnrficalty supponed and 

need.d funtur csdah in r\ar @. 

Cmia Mone sd his co €agues (Geia Monr*, Cs8aq pez - Atvarcz, 

Fidqlgo. & Curiedez, 2006) sudied th€ ph.nommon of the rct€ or m.b{ognilion ed 

oou8nt co,rot lehriq@s lo €xploE "th. pFdisposirion b visut dd audilory 

hallucinadoo by nlnbd of rscdhers Thcy tunh€, nention€d h.Iy res@he^ who 

err.d lo defin€ $. Dl€ ofn.l..coenirion dd halucituron. fte dtcvme ofrhc mera_ 

cogrron lo lhe sl udy of hal tuc i Mrion bs b*n explaincd heE. s the notion thar exc€s 

or$lf f@u*d an.ndon ed Eft*dE p@s ad aclivafto. or en in dystu.crional 

beli.fs de fte coE chdadedsdcs ofhalucination. The inlerpreraron ofrhis inrusive 

rcnt.l .xperieNc is b!*r! on rh. sp€cific mcra_@snirion or. paniclt& individul, .nD 

audon ref€r to the U.dings of rhc najority of ,ek@hes in this conrext lhat $e deSree 

atd flrguocy of th. phe@m.non ofhalucinadon vdi4 ac@rdrng to rh€ nela{o8lrilive 

characr€rinics of rh. individul. Hcnce lbc study fou.d a posnrve ass@r.tron ofcognirile 

@nfidcnce ed thoudr control *irh a pEdisporirion ro a ha uciDrion. 

CmbeU (2007) exptor€d rhe eldionship belwen comb experime ed $c 

detuion.like b€tie|! in Bririsb We veleMs having po$ Taumlic Srr.$ Di$rder 

(PTSD). They w€E .dninislccd a qu6lion@irc cgadiog p r SD synFohalotog, and 

app@el of cohb.l .xp.riences. tr wa found thar negaiive beli€r! Ebour p@oia wcE 

assial€d wnh n gllive pcr T6una oSririon. tt w atso roud rhal vctetu wilh 

16

PrSD had moi€ dclusion-tike ideas 6 comped to orh€^. The €searchcr conclnd.d rhal 

vll.mbihy lo deluionat beliefs ws nediard b, neSativ. appraisal about rhe so d 

2.5.3 PeNNtd .reJlit i4 t!.pa$i@ i n6s 

Okah. dd collcdgucs ( t 994) repticated d sludy in Egyptid comnuity ro 

nesue $e 6te ot et.pse ot rh€ paridB ofdepEssiv. illncss wirh Ef.cnce ro 

.xpEss

Hool€y (1985) and Kuipeu (1992) rponed s.veEl sudies on $ess$ciarion 

b€trcen bieh levcls ofexpEss.d enotioD in rh. fuili6 ofpatienb with *hj&phmia 

dd $e palie.k wi$ subeqE rldps. They have .ho enphsized lhe ful $at 

pali€ils' oM pee!'tion of lbe cdrici$ ollhcn panneB ed poor meiag€ w aeain a 

sig.ificant pedicror of relape Tney neasmd the Ded€prion of rh. paden[ on a t n 

poior atulosue sle wirh the options fon nor al atl crilical ro v.ry ciitiqt inde.d. In fie 

esulr th. Esdh6 coocluded tnar th€ lev.l ofinitial criticisn @ nol Nocial.d wirh 

et of the ftdnionally clain.d out@nes like s6pe of emhsion or dhe to rctape. 

Mo@Er,lhey aho f@us€d on tne |acl $6t expEs*d criicisn ws nor etated b 

pereived cnlicish. Aeain lhc mdiht adjsrnenl was more relaled perceived cirhiM 

nthd the rh. expB$d oE. Th. infomaion Egardine Freiled EE B ddiled froo 

lhe patients' inlepiews bsed on Clinical i.terview for DepEsion (CID) by parkel 

{ 1985), I 7 ilm H.milton R rins Scate for Dep6sio. (HRSD) by HMilton ( 1967), fld 

qteSoiaio. or Bmission and retapse by tCD major depresion crnsid. 

2.5.4 P4.ptaat i.Jicit in oCD 

cail, Judy, Didne, Tlloms. md Chrles (200?) srudied ofp€rceived c ticisd as 

a pr.dictor of *v€E diety symfloms in !6id1s witn obsiv€ conpulsirc dierd6. 

They dhcus$d the link€dpercciledcritickm fon thesignificaol fanit! nenbeEro 

hidq hl6 ofElapF, tud se realmenl ourone, They frlnlB! thEw tighr on rhe 

inponmt issues of the equally ihpondt dcbate by lh. psycholoeilts wh€ther rhe 

p€r€iv.d cdri.ism rcsulb in pooi tr@lndt oltome or in,fad ir is beaus of rh. dcSr 

lo which parienl is disrurb.d and distEskd. However.lh.y 6e$ed synplohs severiry 

of th. p.tienb $ nh OCD ed pa.ic dierdcr bcforc md affer trsIncnr. Their llndinss 

snppon.d the hyporhesis rhar perceived crilicisn. ra$cr lhe fic aymplom sev€liry 

78

de@ed thc lbiht oa $e padeds to poFrty E pond ro th€ lddnionat $.Epy. Tney 

al$ oph6izd lhe inpotuce otrhc subjc v€ Frption of a high €xpGed molion 

on to tn. d.gft ofill.es md envioM.nr.l f&ro6 itslt h a way they again pmnord 

th. jdea th tn Frceived cnricism v6 not b.cause ofill@ss blr becaus ofrhe 

pe@ived criichn th€ parient $uck ro rhe iln.ss in spile of ellons of b.havionl 

Tnvidi (2006) h6 e&ned ro rh. 3tudj.r done sF.ific.lty for rhc chamHianion 

of EuopsFholoSic.l deficirs in pafi.nc vith OCD. TlEy epon deficir in .xftutive 

funcrio.ing lound in seveEl sludies. This d.ltcir was €xptaihed in lms of perfo|mhce 

dilticulti.s, They concluded rhat padenb ofOCD perfomed poorty on rh. Gst ofnon 

vcdal hcmory. SoDe studies funher @lyzed tn r en@de ed EaU of intomaiion n 

p.or in OCD while rhe nonee of i.foma on ir quile inact olr exsuiivc funclionina n 

I found $!l lhe OCD pali€nb rsrfom signincdlly low lev€1. Mo@v.i lhe dcSR 

oa etuneous tsk wss posniv€ly codel.r.d to rhc sev€nry of OCD. 

2.t.t P.rceptaot d.fbit ond a4lLxdet dknttq 

Bienan (2004) advocared rhat iniegiiry of cosnilile. behavio!.t dd €molionll 

pl@$B is espntid fo' rhe s@ial adjusim. ofchildEn.'tis leied rbinkingpm.$ 

shich is t.mc

Recendy Mclowi (2OO?) has rried ro .$ablish the sme norion ih childEn b, 

studyi.g childro s slenghs dd ec!ln.s3 ofsocial infomadon pdesinS ed ils 

int AEotion- To achiw. tnis sod b. alPli.d sr.6t individuly adminij€Ed lesrs 

ma

consislenl with $eir appreh€sions tud pr.occuparioro wirh bodity *nsaions. On the 

other hmd, th. non-dious psnicipots quickly @oedzd $e ncutEl word ..t]mi.g,. 

(!.1l8) 

HiSnlighiig th€ cognilive 6p4t ot PTSD McNally ( l 999) commenrs thdr lbe 

phenohenoiogical rcpons olthe sullceu c-cxperie.cing lheir tmums in fie fom ol 

lccollccriotr, niehrmd$ dd flDhbackq $ar imply $Et rdumarh inrrusioN e 

'nrrusiye 

m@ly b.*d upon th. aulomaric cogniriv. prces*. The adbor Epons rhal lhe 

ttst&he6 who applied rcGions oa lh. .nolionat sr@ps pandiem hsv. veiocty bsre{t 

this ph.nomenon. In ihis €xercile lhc words of diffecnr enodonal significancc ae 

pds.led and the subj€c$ @ dhed b nrne rhe coloB in which rhose words are pri.ted. 

Ir wa inv&iably csiabthh.d ib lhe words whicn had moriohal significd.. for $e 

subje.r nad stMps inlederene. exhibil.d rhrcugh d€lay in cotor @ing of thoe 

Fni@le word5. ThB ir B nor lhc qod irs.lfbur th€ ognnive lppoiel ch.n8.d rhe 

p@eplion oflhal iodividual, panicut&ly aboul PTSD. Ine author concludB. ..Tnwa 

Elared i era.rncc rll€cts inr.usive cognirive acriliry bscialed wirh PTSD hiher ftm 

nerl) En(tinB a hnroD ot fa\rng been.rpord ro rEumalic eren6 

Ehlc6 .d Clek (2000) prcsncd a @gnnive model of posrrEumaric s,€s 

dierd€r tnal .mphaized o. a nesarivc f@. of EfeMce rcsarding $. p.eFion for a 

Ddrl'cule ram4 This negldv€ peGpdon 6 ciihr fo, one.s oM setf 6 incapabt. of 

tircing lhe elcnr or fot other Fople hd rh. cxtcmal world 6 rbrearning, Moniso!. 

Fme, md La*in (2003) also suecesred lbdr d.vetopme orranlty appiaisalabour rhe 

elf or o$e6 .rc follosrd by rhe €xposG lo rh. tElmtic €xpsi.nc$. Th€s appdiets 

oEn co on to c.u* nisinrepEbrion ol $. rcldnc cvenrs ac!fting in rh. .rviomcn! 

ad lne eslll, phenonenor o f ov.F intrusion. 

3t

G.il. Judy. Didn., Tnon6. dd Chdlcs (2007) $udi.d the ldels of dxi.ry dd 

depEssion in the patienrs wnh obs*sive-conpllsive dierder or panic dhorder wiln 

asoB phobia 6 arecrcd by Feived cdlicbn. They po$ulard lhar policnr' pcrceprio. 

ofrlariv. cniicin ord ft. dcgft lo which rn y w.e up6cr by th. criticis play€d a 

signific.nt role in bringing about negaiiv. aflrcr md dieomlbn during extosure *sio. 

Ths with $se fDdings. th.t suggestcd lo imprcve ihe outcone of rreamenl Thcy 

mphai4d lhe sisnific&c. otaddEsingpdli€nls Frceiv.d criticim dd rh. culdng 

etltct3 on then i erFônal enliromenr. 

The p€rception of.xptss*d enotion on tbe pan of lhe onl@kd or r.re.r peMn 

h6 nol onlt been osido.d for najor psychi ric illNsi bu Fri€demm (1996) 

dporred his relared finding foi lh€ patients with psycho$m ic gdrci.lesrinal 

disord6. He conducled ihis sludy to exploE thc aud€nricity of eshblishcd hypo$6is 

thar pad.nrs wirh Fychoemdc di$.d6 lrck in mpariy, Hc onducl€d lh. srudy by 

sking a SEup of I4 paicnls and l4 @naol panicipmls to dccode facial expG$ion of 

on€ nale ed on. fenalc no

lhe IiL evenls dd sr€ssoB in d uniqc way (welts& MatheM. 1994). Modien (2OOl) 

ulucd lhe poser ofdis phenonenoh ro lhe exrnt of ctainihg rh,| even in psrchosis th€ 

dcg@ ofhallnci.dlion dd d€lGion is !.ry nuch d.pcnd.nt on thh betief sysen, 

Motuvtr aeording lo tn€n chorionat disrEss is aho caused by ihe sm. nfthmisr of 

nera{ognnive beliefs Eearding rh€ f.etings of b€in8 conhled by rne patuoid 

delusions. Laroidd Vfl Der Lindon (2OOt also coiduded thjs rypeofslud, and 

confim.d th. pcdicrive vstu. ofborh lr?cs ofbelie& for lh. prenenes of Fychosis. 

while s@bing for lh. eriologicdl faclos of bulimia heryosa r€boux dd Hose 

(200?) deviat.d arcn rhe hdnionat sicms about lb. issue ed conducEd o dp3nded 

srudy in which along with orhq vdiables h. al$ i.ctud€d the ds€$nent ofrhe 

Frcc'v€d non sh.rcd envimnn€mat f&roB d.fbed 6 uique exp.ri€nes ofth. siblings 

living in lbe sme .nlilonheni tn a wsy, lhcy have hightieht€d rtE significecc of 

rlbiR r c cogn(v. paft.m in rh. uniqc Freprion ota sme en\ romqr 

2.6 R.iionsle ofth! prBonr Srudy 

In dE lasl few d@d6 lhe signific$ce ofhjgh cxpesw .morons r 

exedating the severity ot $e iune$ or causi.B elaps afler Ecove.y or shizoptue,ia 

ad ene of rhc oficr pst hjaric iltness h2d b€en a chaltengi.g d.bate uong 

proLssionah. The iniriat wort shned by exploring and mebunng h. pnenonenonol 

High ExpEsd Enodoro (HEE) onty. Tlr n6| rcnowd me6od i.e. Cmh.Mll 

Fmily l eniew {CFl) dotlcd $rcush inretuiews of rh. tmilics of the pdlieits wirb 

shiaphMia on rh.h Esutd ro ow up6 an4 bcine di$hsreed fom rh€ hospilali 

Ho*.vcr, s the @ncepr bftan. populd among ctinicia.s who enpbyed n in tuh 

@gemenr pl€$. si8nifi@c of rhe p.(.prion of HEE ws d$ &tt by clinicies and 

l*mh.s.ln $e light oflhe significec€ofwork done by lne ennc resea(h.s 

83

stded €rlier, it is imDol1anr nol b over enphsize tnc 6pecl of exprcssd emotions but 

ale lhe pqception ofrhe Ecipidi ii a panicuk snudon. Ou .norioDat @tiois Ec 

rcsrain d or mplilied besus. of ou cogririve f,ee wo,k i.e. coeni ve appsjsal 

which helF p.cive ed inr.Drel qperictucs_ On rh. b6is ofuis n€ch&isn & 

individualis bound ro r€spond in a uniqu. way (Smirh & E swonh 1985i Hel€y, & 

Tadrlq 1989i Sti irg. Tdr.D. Irrn6. N.wby. & Mo .g@, I99la Tomp&n, 

Goldslein, Lebell, Mintzi, & Mard€r, 1979i Woo, cotdstien, & Neuchrerlein, 1997j 

Hayhu^r Cmpd. Paylet, V.mals, & Rd.na. I 997; Tsi€r. yusuporl Kim.r. 

Mecanry. Cladhill. & Haddocl( t998i po .k.2002; Lcicbseming, 2OO2r c@aro, & 

Bruy.r, 2001 wds.2o05i Bhske, 2007). 

Co8id€rine culrul.Id fmilial vaiadom panicltrty in lh. onLxl ofce 

g'ving ro feity nenb€s wirh psychiarric disordeB, th. researcber who is a ctiniql 

psychologisr ob*red dEl in pati$,n lhe v.lidiry of CFI ems lo bG subdued. Ttc 

sitqdon b€.ones nole cdrical when som. ofrhe culturat based behsviouN srch s of 

oq involv€nc e .ppeiard dd ratd s posilive for pmvidinS suppon hlhr rhan 

navrng negadvc €llecls on rh€ parients. Moreoler. rhe Frc.plion of Expr€sed Emorions 

panicllrly by th. palie s wirh shiaphmid. which is lnoMsd iltn6 of p.rc.plul 

dencns, is a qu6rionabl€ pbcnohenon. As dhcu$ed in dcrajl slir (pp.42-49). 

F@ption ofExprcssed Enorions my lary vitn the typc ed w.riry otrhe FychiaLic 

illrcs*s. Sinilsly, it my v.ry at individul. cuhualdd tditEl t.vels, 

By Dow ii ha ben discu$ed dar whac@ver hiSh expEssd emotioN apped to 

be. ln.ir si8nificdcc q ontt bc qlibrar.d wift Ef€r.ne lo rhe inE6iry wirh which 

lh.y de beine $*sred a.d p.rceiv€d by a panicular p€6on n panrcurr circ@st&ces. 

Th. E*@her hs atEady givm dctailed d.$dpdon ofs4at6 ro n6ure re FEdved 

84

aspet oflhe Expressed Efrotions (printz, Fostr. Kent, & O'kdy. l9?9i C, penh. 

.,eben, Lindstren, vonKnoring, & H.Pdis,l980j R. M@e. & B. M@s. l98l I 

Pc(.6on, Sannel, Boeyer. Ablamson, Merahky, & Seligns. 1982i Dmiels & plomin 

I985a l9E5b: Klzdin. Rodge6. & Colb6. t986; Fahinsbarcr,l987; Coh... 1988i 

Col. & Kdiu, I988j Robin & Foster. 1989i M&L€o

indilid@h Th6 whcn rh€ conequ€.@s of.xpie$ed enotions on psycbiar.ic or nomat 

popuhtjo. G being malyz€d, it souds significmr 10 in!6ligEr. tbeir F(eplio. sd 

@rion b EE ale. Thc ctmnl res.dh lheEaore is @ied out ro develop perceived 

Exprcsed Emotion Scal. and exmine ts factor srrucrure..d to illusrmr. pEE ahong 

lbe padents with $hizophrchia OCD ahd d.pressile i oess and non psychiatric 

2,? ObjectivB of th. ltuily 

. To develop a scak for assssing pcrceived Expresed Emotions. 

. To.xmift F&ror Strlcrft ot pEE sle. 

. To find ou v&iaioft ofPe@iv€d ExpFsd Emolios in pqdhls wirh 

$hiephFni!. OCD and depEssive ittn6s and .omar conros. 

,tt &t 6ir ,.. Th€rc @ sisninc&t diflrcnces in pEE in $e psrricip€nB sirh 

diferent psychopathologi6 

tlp?/terir /; As comped to othf panicipmr goups. palie s witb 

shiaphEnia cndcr ls modod Esponss to rlE scneic of Expced 

ttJrr,rrair ,rrj Pmeived Exprssed Emorions vary in Eldtion to lhe iyF of 

ttlporldir ,14 Pcrceived ExpBs.d Ehorions vdi€s in elaiion lo rbe p€Bonalily 

86

M*d.ao6t 

A dd.r of drdiB 9@ @drd.d lo dadop Pal3iv.d ExFed ErFti@ 

Scalc ard to crmine ib illur.dou i! IrFhatic ed lon P.ychjstric suplo d 10 

ffii* l!. Ftr.ptid of dplBr.d dffdd h dieraa gbtlFr of Fnioi!.d& 

Il. Gtlodoloty for Gsh study E givd h.tow, 

87

comtndior of M.nl.l H..[h ScG!i!8 Qu6rioD.ir. (MESQ) 

This 3rqty tinDd at &v€loping a bricf ndd hedlh slai4 toot rhlr @uld 

€nabl€ th€ rcs!rchq lo seldt rh. @ple wirh dd Mthout psrrhidric di$dd. Ite 

$enflos w6 ro be gddal.d lbm ihe nortul hdjyid!.ls s well 6 non patjdrs with 

psrhiat i. disrd6. Tha.forc for quict $tu of lhe panicipDrj a bnd inst@t wd 

Equired to srem ed @nlim whethq lne s.lecled @6bes oftne two geups had ey 

psy.hiauic illn6 at rhal pdniculd rim or mr. To .i!ir rhis plrricdr purfse d€ 

ivrilable @ses w@ nol in n.riye ldeuge. Morav.r, rhey B@ te l.ngilry ed 

cuft$efune b be adrniristcftn 6ily s ! quick eMing lool. To fulfi ihis 

rqtuim.nt, |he tls€eho dd.lop€d a d'on qBdo@if aor d. s@in8 of gderal 

dd psychi!fiic popularion. 

rE4 '.t cd.'atot MHEQ 

Th. 6.ehq vi$ ha preIe$iodl judgmar ed insight s a clinic,l 

psycholoeist coBulten ihorcuShly rle inrrodlclory d.siption ofruin psychiatric 

lffi givd in DSM, w-TR (ApA 2mt ed ICDTO (WHO, 1994). Itc mjn 

fcatms wlich werc not dly doni@l jn spccific psychjalric illn6s6 but aho 

distincriv.ly pwriled onmnly in atm9l .very @in psrhi.tric iUne$.s ,eh 6 

d@rs'oi. &xi.q^ obGsiveor.edsiv. disrdr sd $hjaphmi. wcE ob*ned fo, 

fie it€m of te qu€srio@ie, Fou independal il@! ofrh. t}!e ot@nplaints 

.rplained lbovc from @h rFific oditiotr v@ iftlud.d. Tnc rspoe optio of'6 

or no wG consida€d for lhc pEsa.e or lbsac€ oaa pani.ulr pobtn in rhe 

88

Tt! od oJth. MESQ 

TIE q'slimjG wa &tniiisrcid io r s!@le of 250 plnicip€lE iFluding 50 

prlicipsb nom eeh greup i... p.tinr6 with dcp$sio!! di.ty, OCD, schizophr.nia 

dd nor-pati€Dl popd.non, Prticipdll r&tg.d ir .96 fioh 20 ro 60 tqs. Ag. m8c of 

20 ro 60 

'€6 

ru d*it d Eqdilg ro $. WHO di&rilof idullFiodof[ufu lif. 

8p€n, The individ8ls who codd E"d ed wit Urdn legugc wd€ ituluded. 

Rmihaat of th. Mnple 

Itc Ftiot s!pl. a |@i&d nom PsFhi.dic @rina|s 

of @i! rehin8 

hospillk iI I-a!@. P.tidE oosulrile priv.rc ctiriB rc sdud.d 6 lley E!@.t . 

ninor clar ofindividu.ls who have thcir oM valu€ rrlieb dd Ut slyla Mor@vd, the 

Co@bt no$italr hdd @ral Lqtlh @iq @1 oDly io p@ple living i! Ldroc 

blr rls io ln@ living h lh. @.by cirics, tow ed vil.ge M.to !.6piat dd 

Puj.b insd € for m.ot|l holln e rh€ o.d in which paliak frod wnole pbjab, 4d 

al tih6 fioD othd provime bo, @ft tor inpdj@l ald ouiprtidl @i@s. Th@ 

iffd$t6 @Dpris. ofrE lbfofPEy.hi.tiilr!. clbical tsrrtologisrd, wi.l wdt6 ed 

Psychirtric nU@. All of rh* insnuG M olt pdti€nl d€pqrmnr (OpD) sn dry! ! 

wcck, Adhi$ioro lor inplridt sdi@s e als done rlslgh OpD. 

Sztple Jd 

g@.ml poptldtion 

In od6 ro @n[ol cdfouding of sio€mnic cl6 .trd orts scl vri!bt*, 

lh. jndividuals a@r@syin8 tne rEtidl! wd. prefqred 10 h. inctude

A lc[6 qphinirS rlrw oftb€ srudy od r€qBtilg Fmisi@ for p.nicip.lid 

in thl 6eeh w$ takd ro all nea& of rhc lDrpit k (App.ndix-.{), AAd genirg n 

signcd by the @cmd h.a4 lbe E!@hd iDfonEd thc Efd.l altlondB alour llE 

nr@ of tb. sn|dy .!d ryp. ofpatians lo bc rcfcftd fd rhe n!dy. Sig.ffE ofq.h 

prticipdtv6|!kdlorh.irctudr!oprnicipareirtn ln|dystdh.vi.e€xpl.i!.d 

lhn th. nate of study sd muing thcn 0rc oonlid@ri.lity ofinfomltid pDvid.d 

by ihh (A!padn-B). P.ri6rs w@ .doilistad MHse (App.ndix{) ar rhc hoTird 

pmn6. ! r@L &bour fiv. 6inln6 fd *h p€nicip&t !o @npld. ln. qu6dofuiE. 

Aldough @jdity ofd. Ftidl! fr.h r pdticul{ dilgMric qr.gdy Elpontt d 

positiv.ly ro irs @ft+ondi.g d'.n-t rtFy d.o MLed on otha 3j/@toc in 

atfimtiw way. Howda, rhe ovaalt labdltion indiot d &d th. 8d€ral popuhion did 

nor em noe ihd I on tlft 3c6le md ih. sF ol rbe er of rh. p3 diltric F9ut.rjotr 

qa2Dd.!ove On q,ArdFbofvdi!@vsmroqmiethcdnraw.of 

spoer on rh. gvd qu.rljor by llc &eondors offou diffddr diaglslic ebup! 

(i!bl€ 3,l). All fou grcups difoed siidcetly on then Bpo.ls !o tou ile@ sd aho 

o. thc btal sE of thc qedoffiir. 

90

T.bl.3,l 

O,+rtt INOVA @,w,btg ptt Uatt gdtpt 6 r4ry@ 

mrsa 

Nfl{sa 

t13 

9l

MIrv6 n 8s ob@.d tl[t padots wilh Fychildc illjl6s s.ocd 2 aid 

abor. on thi! qustiomire ed mm.l cdtrol sr.d only I or les. How.v.r, 6 lnrs 

qBtiomiG is for ffiing purpoF @ly and do6 oot ncin io lpeifically n l. sy 

pdticule dirgrcs, ihe ddails of $c di€tion of lhos difi.l@6 e Dot Equind, 

Cu.bdy |n. mi! purp@ i! !o oh5dc wi.th6 tb. pdnicip.na sdlg hidd on 6ij 

qEtiomia belong lo lhe go(9 ofpsychi.fiic jllnss or nol. 

3.2 Study I 

CotrrtEdiotr ofPm.ived ElpE*d EmdoG Ssl. 

3.2.1 Pan L GMtlo" of t . Sewi.s nbnirg E@ Eron B 

To C..crare !c@io! which have poidiial to 8@ftlc @tional r6pohs' 

T@ty adult @16 rnd f@16 (10 et), mging in ,96 bw6 20 io 60 

yeds wq€ iidu

Gpitals for $e d@ros, For l.ra.6 and bwine$ peMnnel rh. acquid,ncca of rh€ 

escdher an'l hcr coll€agEs. who Ee willihg ro panicip.t€ in rhe srudy. wcc in luded 

wilh a bnefinrrcducdon of1hc b6ic @nponols ofhigh qpcsed motions i.€. 

ov.r rilicis, hdtility and .morional ov€r involv.menr. the p,aicipan$ Re equslol 

to rdd the iNin4tio6 cetully ed then lisr the possible r€wic ion th€n dail! tife 

shich ser. loaded with poential capdbihy of provoking enolio@t rcspoNs. To nrte 

the ins!ru.lions morc undeNtahdable. ir wd folloqed by an exmple as welt (Appendix- 

D). 

Th. panicipmrs were aqu€sled to tak. a day or noE ro g.ne6re a list of posiblc 

ktuios Th€ Fnicipanis scrc ptuvidcd wilh lhis opponuniry o ble somelime !o null 

ov€r lhe retmspetive n.moiy &d jot dom smric pmp€rty. Almost oll of $en 

Etumed lhc lons vith at lsr rhEe di|Ieent *endios each. Th. mdimu nunber ol 

lhe sceodios Eponed by one Rspohd.ot wrs up ro 6ve. ln this w.y a tot.l hunber oi 

alhosl sevenry scenaios weE gather€d. Then on $e f&e valE analysh it w6 rerql.d 

fiat some olfie scendios representd almosl sinilarthene, Therefor allrhe simild 

t !. of $endios sce @llated and h.rsed as one $e@io. For €xanpl. oler intrusion 

i. onc s sldp rimingssas r€poned br fourdifere p.nicipanrs in difere qar_s vhich 

wd synrh.sa4d in one *eMio. Moreover. some $enanos $hich we lague in naiue 

or t@ speific to b. ob*ned comonly Bd dchd€d. ThN a liial list of tony four 

eetudos w6 pEped d lhis s|age to b€ ued in *!dy III for dr genention of 

9l

C.nNtlod orR.qow to EiEt Exp6e.l Erbtion Sc.n..las, 

To g€ned€ posribl. epoGs lo $etuios haing polhtial of gm@ting hieh 

Exprcs*d Eoolions 

TIF spl€ @npned of40 Fniciprnls ircludins p6d.nrs with $hiaphcnia. 

d€pFssion dd OCD ed nomal @nFols ( l0 e@h). They w.e rccNit€d lDm 

D.pr.lMls of Psychiauy of Mayo Hospital, S.dies h6pird, Sn Coga RM hGpirat 

dd Pujab inslilute of Mcnlll Haldr t hoc, P.risla.- 

. Ae. rtrgns froh 20lo 50 t@s. 

. Th@ abL ro qd .rd und6irnd Uidu bguag. trh. Nrrioml lrngusc). 

. Th. smple M .eldted ftoo Cofl. holpiul only. 6 th. plri€nls visitinS privar 

clinics rcpGat a niM cl6 of individ@h wno ha!. th.ir oq values sysleh 

. Plliots diaSroFd ed usred md *.r. visirins lhcn Espsrive clih'cal 

pryciologisi for follow-up. 

. Patio|l with dy seroN physi@t diee or oreanic b6in syndrcnc. 

. P.nicipeh in .onfol Sroup did nor hav. my psychiarft and aoy $rious or 

chrcnic phrsi€l illfts 

. The Plrist' wiih ehiaphMia wnn [o.id erirc psycholic sFptomi

. Pltidt from privrte cliiicc. 

Affci lakins fomrl pmilsio. &oo $c hs& of the Gldriv€ dep&lnmb a 

rcq61 wd n.de lo th. PsFbirtrilE ..d clinic.l P!y.holo!$t5 io Fla rh. p.tidts eith 

ehiephMi4 .lQGsion ed OCD ro ihe e6@ha. Th@ the prtiol3 sr€ lctutinjz.d 

on iftlsion rnd qclsid cit rtu. thcp€nicipet wa povid.d Mth th.li5t of s.gtid 

with bla.* ry&€ udhqlh dh !@dio, I1'c paniciput wq. Fquested io kile lh.ir 

rlspolM lo lhe s?eific 64.@i6 in the @n6toDdjn8 rp&6 indaTcnda{y. 

M.jodly ofl[. plti€rl s.npL iu€d in lhe gi@ shet lb@ tud llo wn@ fq 

of $. patidts and noo- pstrhi.tric ponicipslr look iso to thFe dlys io rerw rhe filled 

i. !hd9 nc irdcpcnddlpqticipets p'6at d on. rdditiond sffio, which dret 

coDsi.LEd importat but wde rcr i! the list, Anq hrvine Frhered list ofGporoen 

thcy vft @d9il€d MiDgtuly, 

P,quitg tlE Fn-t Sdt 

Th. coqildior of lht of e.Mior .lons pith !6ulunt E poro6 wa 6i.liz.d in 

3,211 ro @6tl!:.ltd olt td 6ro'6t 

All the sL1eftnt! Sathdcd s @pon$ ag.ist givs sdaios by vqious 

@Fnd.nt w@ lhed !.p@r.ly .@di.s ro ! sFaifc t]?e of .xpBion. A dBar of 

linile itlc of6po.!6 ws pr€pa&d e,s. 

-. -. 1, -l 

-- Lt,ra;,! ..:u .F;r.rv :.i! n'4 

95

(Do@lleE sood. s.d b.4 lh! u&lael, !€E 6w&t d) 

3,2,3,2 To cc4ortu d,td otapow otdtfl'tu|dod.d.t 4t tdo8l 

AI linild dpBi@ w@ . 'nii.d .!d pl&.d in onc cd.goiy. Fd lnit 

pupos . !of.g! ir Uldu laogu.g. ud lil.dr@ wa csdt d ro !.let . ftrul 

v6io4 whicb woUd 6v.y th. .tdtdiz.d |lEi!8, of rll thc .lt matic in E!. 

!@. h lhi! w.y a lbt of fdl '!.poE6 w$ Flrq&d ruh B: 

',J:t,+ 

ifL 

ft 2 , I t)t \)'2/ ,.tt tl 

-iLe\i / f )' 

: ;u ,7, |-i 

-'a/! 

(F€l b.4 fcl dh.riie4 sd ugry. go 6 qu.roli!8 a4) 

& .

Tbis expEsion uould have allowd a wide mn8e of respondenrs b rcpty in 

claion lo $en favorile acivny. This 6 ale don€ ro minimia rhe likclihood oa .Not 

Appliable rcsFon$ optioB. 

J.2,J.J To prcpaE sru.wnrs o! r.ttri6 tnd Bpo$e optiowlor th.tiMr tok: 

lnidally forry four $endios wee presenred for rhe geneEtioh of possible 

epons. Blt whfl lboF eE studi.d in daail. it w6 found thal $ne of $e sndios 

werc either age sp€cilic. gender sp€cific or €cupalion sleific snd thftby did not 

qulify for gen rrl applicdtion. Morcover. lher wee sme scenarios which coutd nor 

elicil &y rype of sis.ificor or enorional espome Slill sme or 

sinply overlmked by rhe espond.nls by hdkins lhe oplion of(not appticabte). 

So coaidering all th* untoBtud snuaio.s\ lh€* ryFs oa s@io! w€E 

elimituted fbm the list, Thu fimlscale conldined 30 @eEios wirh 5 r€spohsoprioos 

ldr ach sreio. On rhc basis of tn ir emolional chmcrerisrict. tese dillernr 

beh.vious wee lab€led s conplia.ce"_ .onpronhc ...contrct .md.tounrea 

6pone t}!€ for rhe plrpoe otfunhq&atyses. Mo@!er. each €spons. rype had lo 

be 6cd on five point r.ting sale in order ro indiqte $e inrensny ofa panicutd 

emolional esponk (Appendix F), 

3-l Study l 

It"ttrotion oJ Pe,ceivd E p6sed Emnoa id pattehts with Scttiuphrcnia, 

Ihp6iot, OCD ud "on-psrchitti. pa .ipt,ts. 

In rhis study, Perceiled Exp6ed Enorions ol palienrs wilh $hi2opluenia. 

DepEssion. OC D and non psychiar ric Fopu lal ion sere crani ned. The re*arche r 

97

ws .lso inlercsl€d !o oxamin€ Elotionsnip of perceived .xpr.sed emtions wilh the 

Fenrlaty r.!i6 ord€ Btoldan. For rhir puFs To It m P@n litt Instory wa 

foud !o b. a suillble short st lool to @$ pdMliry (Appndix€). As fib $d. w6 

in English ldeuaCB, fte effiha trbslalcd il in U.dn for lh. Iocal parlicipMll. Thu 

dn p.n of d€ stdy wa condded in thc followirA ditrml tl€ps. 

t3,t ro tu$bn ta 16 PNntltt! Itwb,t QIPI): 

In ordd to m€suc big live f.ctos ofp.Mnality, Gosling, Rentfrow, dd 

$mt l0 itm invoiory (2@3) Fs us.d (ApFndix4.l). 'Ihb ir a bri€f t@l for 

I!.&h.6 to N an ltldid in which pqen liry il mr of p.inary irt Er dd shon 

mdsuG e needed as lhe supplmalary iraomalion. The eod.hes 6on diitrrdl 

couEic have tusht d thic ahod fom s!1. s it is Fmisibl. 

by th€ .utno6 lo do e 

fq ce! prpos (AFpcndii4-U). So for $eplst strdy ir B tasl.t d in Udu. 

For thir puQos she eot ir rulated by 5 diff@i pef6sionrls dd finalized 

tmirology, which wa ueimGly !g@d upoi for conv.yinS the n@in8! oi 

ongiDl r.m (A!Fdix.C,lll). 

The espoNs @ reod.d with thc rvcrs. Me nem i,c. !? with al. a 6 wilh 

t, a5 eitl 43, a4 with 34. AffE reodbg thc .vqrge of |ne odgiral md @odcd sc, 

3,3.2 Ta arththitter the P.rceid Exprestul Eôtlot Scele on tte pttLhtt vhh 

S.tizopheni4 D.p6non AC.D, atul NMdl @,!wt* 

Thir .ordy .jned ro illusE te lhc tuiriviry of the *rl. of Frcir€d qp65d 

enoiioN of tlnee patidot goup6 i.e. p.tinls wnh $nizophMi8, d.pr€ssio. ed OCD 

and corlPm do with a goup of oon-pE)< halnc drlqduls. 

98

A rolal nubba of222 p.niciD6 ! s.E inchded in thir study . flre !.r'pl. 

@n'pd!i!g Ftia|l 

wilh shi^plMia, d.pt!$iv€ illns ed OCD I |gfun.d ft.n 

d! ouQ.tidt d@.rnftnil of tlc fou Covffit batpilrls of r:nore, P.li.t tr. Th. 

3dian fqrurd ofrnM ncpi1al5 ..d tlF ntioEl. for Eletiry lhe slEpl. *peidly 

8on rhoe isiitu6 tad.lFdy hcn dpl.ind h dcbil (!p.8687, 9G9l ). 

The me rcgine ofs&nPl. s.l@tior dd d.t! collection wa folowod for .ll 

3tudi6, Infomed @st of all th. plnicipba Mr $uelt, 'Irte infomtion oi $. 

d.mg.phc d.t! wa 8athe€d aine ! fom cont itrilg qBti6 Fnainias io !d, !gc, 

bii! odd, cdqtiotr, @r4adoa i&dd !r.rui, in.ore ld€|, mdh.r ofd.p6d.dt! 

dc. For rh. p!ti..l poFId;oo, .dditidd iofornrid !bo$ $e dirgMis, d6lrio of 

illlB, nhbd of Ebps .rd ldily illn* I dlo Lta (App@dil,rD. 

D.rnognphi. chaElaisliq ofrll sludy 8rorp! w@ @!pa&d sing chi sql@ e.ly..t 

lo obccrvc thc homge@ity of lhe ch@lsirrics ofvdios sFup6. nE oblain d 

obld.tioro have b@ illBLated in tLbil in tablc 3,2, 

99

T6lG ll D.rosnpht4 cr4!@Eittid o! h. s,'tpL 

23(33,t 

3 0r) 

2416,7t 

(r.7) 

l(13,3) 

2 (33) 

ul47 r) 

21 1t2.9) 

r? (333) 

7 (13,1) 

13 (25J) 

3r(r.5) 

9 0?o 

l, (29ra) 

60t.o 

3 (5.9) 

al17.r) 

r703r) 

lr(25.0) 

{3,') 

r(rr) 

.r(63.3) 

(r.7) 

(r,7) 

7(ll.4 

3(r3J) 

lr(25o) 

r00

T$r. 3-2 (coDti!u!d) Da€rqphE .ha@.,1tn6 of th. @npl. 

D*sqr,c schiu.lrtln DqG-d oco 

f(%) t( ) lt%) l\\t) 

wdrdns reor.?) 211n,, 22(4t.t, tzttt3) 

Nd wqr4 Dt*.1t t(s.e) (t0) 

46' l(10) 6(ll s) 4l0o) 

Hou&wa& 15(25.0) 20{19,2) t(43,tt 22136., 

rrDbsmo 2or) 7017) 2(39) 3(Br) 

t0l 

t4x t ooo 

urb 1s000 4\6,7) 16(313) l5(zer) 2r(33J) 

upb25000 10.4 ror) 3(5r) (l'7) 

upb35o[0 | 0t I (2r) o(o) q1, .].t2 13 o.0o 

16000 bd \bo!. ? {r.r) -- - Q!) 

Nir trto) lott 2o9t 

Nd^Dptc$L ,ro3.3) l9(n3) 2ro.., 2(433) 

ubb5mo 303.3) lr(2tj) rGJ) 1(5,) 

urb rr&0 r2cr.r) 2rt4t2) 22t1t_r, 21l45rJ 

urb25000 12(20.0) t2pj.5) 1423,5) t2(?O.O) rr.6t 12 o.o7 

up633m I c.o) 5(9.3) 5(33) 

36000n d^6ow 30r.3) 601,3) slt7.q ].]aLT) 

Nir rsG33) 3r(616) 25(.9,0) 2e(43) 

416.7\ 305.7) 3rt5.4 ' 

(43.'

T^L J.2 rc6ntrd) Datugoptk cra@a6n6 oJ ne ta ple 

r 0.7) 

As 6. rau. 1,2 show! it w fould ihal thm ws no sigoificMr diffddc. in the 

pdlicip.rts' gad6 6tio, .9., cducario! .!|d iDB td.t ofrbe fmily, Sigifcsr 

dif€qce ws Fcalctl on eupatioMl et ts dd rhu coMeqMtty on rhe ircm. leret 

ofthc p.nicipanrr. And d.dEtiDg 25 yo ho@ viv6 toh tn ior.t !.ttDlc ofrlc 

pdiob widr *hizopihia drust half of rhc @ini,g !.rDle (i... ?t % of lhc bLrl 

goup) wsnolmftD& So ir ih. co4s€qufi dijtaE4 otr pdiciDofs i!co@ t4.! 

whd. .8ain tujqity (78.3 %) of rh. sow ws mt .hing 61 6lt. Althouen on .vdee 

rlmoil 45% of Ihe pmicipet! w@ mr ojlg 6 wcu ,tr @jodty of Oe @idlg 

tIMb.R of ln€ Eioc gbup! wa. milg rp rill R!.I5OOO/- pa mnrtl Howdd, 

.n@ wa no siilitur diff@ce in Ibc fhjty i@na 

'Ir'c third vsiable or which ! siifictur dif.w. qs foad in rh€ pmiciponrs 

of lhc fou sDrD. ws tnen ruital slaru, wh@ mjdily of lhe plri@$ vith 

*btophrcdo @ Mi.d. 

t02

{rdt r&rjlo b 0dr.d!.id L$l n h rdd.drilg da. t .t of 

dd of f{hTLEn..d @D i. r?dtldly 20 F d d6E, !r. ddDEdrd.. 

l09a .trd ?9r% ocGrdrdy ofilo.. gole. @dd ru.v! dll rb bt d ofo&icd|li@ 

rtibtbubldd.i,naDe@dr(te 25'a ) codd oct tb bv.ld 

adre!. A.dr 6rturdcdF!&.dot rll r|@qd(n ?ta)i!b![ 

3|qLqc$6r6.d.FdlttilrE wt !nof{!&.dod!r&odf nEdhSE 

tGl

R6ulG 

Th. poccd@ of consfuctiDg rbe pd.eivcd qp6sd €mlim slc sd its 

ill$tdio. @ o eq'le ofp.ychiaLic dd non psfhiaEi€ sple ha alr@dy b€en 

decnhed in detril in the pEvio$ chrpt r otm.tbodoro$,, A si6 ofslati3licst etrc 

wa @Ddured ro tind out the 6ulrs ed Ih.h siclitic'M tor Ib. pDj*t of rh. pI@nt 

sludy. Tn scio-tLmogophic inlomlion 6d dis@e r€lar.d ch&acreristica oftn 

sadlpl. wqe exmined by corI'urine dMiprive slarisrics. Indepodd snptc tiesr md 

cn,{q@ w us.d !o ass* botuga€iry ofpericiFnl gu{R 

Thc Esrchd w6 inla.lrcd to dmine facio. srocnc ot p@eivcd dprss.d 

enolio. &.1e, Prircipal @mponcfl maty6h v6 u.d and . laia of,naly&! M 

coiql our. ThE aetor etud@ ft.gcd ndirgfd dd trc6 w@ tuJM s 

criticisD, holtility Dd ov6 involvftnr. 

Conpad$i ofthe P.rceiv.d Exp!.$ed Enorion S.ale (PBES) iI ditfeMt 

8Dup6 w6 cxdin.d uirg @€ wry Altova ..d posr he eatls. Alorhd obj6riv. 

of lhe sndy M n @.p@ fou rfudy gbu!6 otr p.EDrrlily triE !|@urcd or Ta tld 

Poonolity Invdbry {TIPI). One *!y ANOVA and posl h@ ddy$ wft .ppljed, 

Codeladon &alysi! ws ucd lo cxptor€ clftiooship bewM p€en.liry tr iE md 

Flaved crpBdl @!6. Cdrt j@ mlFt ws ale q€d b .min. EtarioGhip 

betvd pe@iv.

4.1 Dls. R.l.t.d hao|mtion 

Apan from ddographic da1a lnc di!.sc rclaLd i.fomtion r€gdding rotll 

paiod of ilUBs, IMbd of ElrF€s, ni$ory of p6tchiatric illn* ir rhc fDjly Dd 

hir/hd eldioship wa also r.Ia non th. p.nicitets ofrh. goups oflhe p.tials oI 

ehi&ph&nh,de9rsion, md OCD. Tn p.nicul6 ofe&h +einc y&irbl. @ slaled 

Th. r€sdts show lhrt lh@ wa . lignificel ditrer.rc. in $€ dtr.tion ofilln* 

in dfeMi dilsnostic groups ald mjodty of thc palidts r.Don d tne reg. of I to 5 

t@s. Hovc€, in pati@r3 eitb $hizphEia @jority hld hisrory of illtr6 for mE 

the l0 yq6, Th€ gDup ol schizophrai! .le exc.€ds olhq di!e@ group! in .hNdcny 

R.hp€. Ete indic.r.d lhlr tl@ ws ro sisdficat diile@e amng palio. 

3oqc Howda, mjodty ofrhe p.tid|l in lll 8roq6 Epon.d rhen odiijon s d 

onsoing .tewidouisp@ifyingdypsiorbof mtuionddelats€. 

,{5 f& 6 th€ fanily hklory of!6Fhiairic iun6s i! con@€4 rhft ws 

sigaidcuny difim. io p.ridt snup€. How.€, amng p.tio|! wirh a F.iliv. 

history of psychiaric illn.$ the nmbn ofp.rient in @h 8reup ws conpd.ble. 

105

Dheote rclot A chanct riti.s oft . padi.ipanh (N=222) 

S.hirqdMi. D.!c.id OCD 

Ty!.ofiito.etm N=51 I P 

7\'.) 

----76 ---- 

Tdl Pdiod of [h6 (i, Ya) 

15 26{4a.t) 32162,1) 2t151.9) 

5.l0 14123.31 t0o9.6) r!(25.5) 

M@thr l0 16\16., 907.6) (l5.7) 

4{6.n -, (2.0) 

It Tios 23 {33.3) 15 (29.4) 14

4.2 Pn(ipd Comporcnt An.lyrir of P.F.lv.d Erpr$*d Emilont Sc.lc (PEES) 

Perc.ived Exp€ied Emolion Sc.l. (PEES) wa developen lhrcugh o sdios oi 

srudics, (S$ pp. 9G95) Ite sale @r'Fis.d of thniy $cMios with fou p6sibl. 

Aloncr ro h rated by tbe Gponddts on a f!v. point nliry eal6 mgjne liom I = nol 

.t .ll to 5 = v.ry rub. ESrrdilS lle inLciry of th. cmtic. This $ale wa 

adninGlsed !o a saDpl€ of222 pelticipe$ includirS 60 plti€ots wilh $hiaphtnir 5 | 

{i$ dcp@ivc illnss, 5l vitn OCD &d 60 Doml @.lols. 

A Principal Conrponql Analysis (rcA) wjth Vrimx rot iioh wos m of, th. 

it ir of rhk $ale. The Klisd-M-Olhn ft.luc vdincd lhe smpling sd€quacy lor lh. 

Mlysir {it! KMG.95 which i. ktd stii3tically s tlpqb' (Field 2009, p, 6? I ), 

Wi$ r p val@ of.000, Barle!'r t6r ofsphdicity iidical€d a signficody ldSe 

@frl.lion bcN@ ii4 for PcA. 

An innial .Elyris wa ardwlcd ro obrdr Eigdvdu€s for @h conpoodl in 

$c dat6, Piindily ii eulled in fo( f!.toa wiih EigovalE ovd lGtudrs c.ilerioD oa L 

Lcn6 willl tlc loadings or noG tben 0.40 werc r.tain d for tncn albcalim !o a plrtioule 

factor. ft. bgic for rhe suppl6ion ofrh. lodings l€$ thd .4 wa b&sed on thc 

su8a6tion olSlwq (6 citedinFi.l42009, p,666) who pioposstthisculo,Tpoi a 

.ppoprilt for $e puDo$ of4icr inrerprcti.lid. Hc rubninol rnd bading greLr 

tns 0.4 Ep6ht subslantiv€ valu6. Howevd n wa fo@d ib,l th@e ils did noi 

ddei coocAtually @ingful clBters. So solh.r lel of ealysis w6 crdicd oul by 

Iinning rbc nwhd oflrtoG ro 3, aglin with EigmvalB g@ler ths I Thes three 

f&!os dpl.ined a cmlrladv€ vsidc. of 56.,140l.. This line l@, $e ilqN havins fte 

lordings ol @!. th& 0-,10 *@ cosj&r.d for ircluion in ! pqticule fmior This 

t07

elulim wq nginetul dd $. icns ilai clslold or thc sm. oDpotrnt mdc se@ 

by Eprsdling @nlmr th@.. Ties thm! wse mlinly bced or exillin8 tnor.tical 

i$n.wort of.xpEsed @tioB md th6 ih! faclon wdc l.bel.d s 'hstilily' 

'crilicin' rd ovd invdvaMr a@diogly {v.ugtr & L,f, 19?6). Trble 4.2 is 

showing a f.cior loading and onnoSoml (Vdihu) Flaion, In lhe end Eig{val@q '/. 

of vaid@ dd Cr$&h d!n. for ch @dpor6t d .le eivd in thc Btetive 

colm. AhouSh iD dis odysii !oo, th@ w@ IMy n@ wdch f€ll undd s6 

faclos sinuhdeoNly ed oD. of lhm wa foud in qll thc tluee frcloB, yd aft6 a 

cein emimlion of t[.n .xpBio and nding incy w@ sig!.d lo a 3ingle 

Et lh.!.d v4nlutt drn R..li4l'ilitr 

A@rsi ard Ulbio { 197) r€porr€d wnn lhe $pponina findingr oforhd 

dsmhd lh.l if th€ inhrl cmetlocy i! high, fiot indicales highd Elidity 

c6ciat TlEy turlhd Ef.dld ro doths app@b wnich r.pl6@b rhc notion of 

'lhbilit/ lti! 6rion Ep&5drs $e "d€eF ro whi.h a Fen tuinraitu a nomtiv€ 

ordennsofbehavioual ile$.cos rilutio $ .ssed by 3ellrcpon (!.395).Soin 

lh. cum1 3ludy lo, izlidily !d Eliability w@ 6dm&d by €mirilg in'.mal 

comist ncy of lhe resdting elles, 6ing Conb&hk c@tticicnr alpha. Hde 6e inffial 

@tuhtency 6t mt6 Fodlccd hth alph! wmcidrs. For f&lor I Gndcim), f&ior 2 

0Dsriliry) eld f&ror l(ovd involvMr) th. sG wft 0.93, 0.85, dd 0.&7 

relp*lively md &@rding to Analai md Urbino, lhis nuch hish s@ iDdicot s a 

higha ld.l of vrlidiry od rcli.lility ofd. $alc. F&ro. dtu.nrc ofde Fadval 

dpr6ed mtion eale, .lon8 wilh tn ir loadi.8s, Eig6v.lu.s ed olph. co.lici@k 

108

Pri4cipL Cokpotun Atulltit (aing yonw Rotation) shNiryIa.lor stdctuft 4 

Percebed E\pree.d Enotiu scale (PEE') (N=224 

25 

A..Mid f6 d dowjlg di6 b e 

ftodtuiim fo. *?r4,p r.rc iD dE 

Cdricim co rb. *yl. ofgtug dft.!.d up 

Chrnge ofTv cbaml ty oth.6 whih 

$.thing r 6idi& pbgl:m. 

T@ &tr rh. r.qDd b .@lDmy fd 

Si.rrd b sil'ze e n dn€. fdFF.d 

Ctil.is for h.vingja. fd d *o* pl&. 

crii.im ror brbiljry ro dc.p .x€pt for M 

Shuin d i! otls pdMe d oE {rirg 

Udt* diricifl m pbîel rppsEc. 

udIE diici{ d s. ny ofqlryi,8 

objdioo o Er.$ns Tv rr.oisl . 

cmpubid ro bnoq d..P**. p. m F 

Anibutc Tv q.rhing 6 pot nri.lly 

c,ro.is d eni4 ftid& d rhom. 

Brft fd bcinc riEi.n d. .id.. 

Ctud Eaitity 

O* 

109

Tdtba.2cd,intd)Pnn tpb Cdpor.n Anolttx (olry Lnw Rot4tlot) th@ltg 

facto. ttudw 6Pebd Eq@sed En6n6 S.ole (PEES) (N-222) 

t7 

12 

l3 

cd,?|.in"d fa lor b.j4 wi*. 

Sotncdi! 6dr oariE b. drbila b. 

Cdedi. &. d &ftg dd!d! cld6 

&j61id or@ hd.LE L.L 

Cd&m.d i! lid't lEea 

Pthoftuit@haoE@l 

Cq.[.d io 30 fa mdtE d r.lr, 

OG iDtuid iD tl| p@d.l !firi6 

FcEd by & ndy b &oq.!y 6a S. 

Odid.d t!rc'. !..taiol Edr. 

C@dLd b fo0o, d6'd..ii@, 

C@.n d b.ftod nDIy lo6Lor.nd 

ltnilc fi@ rql/ rd6 c., 

.3I 

110

k lhE la.1oE imlud€d vdi.d !wb6 of $mion aor frlrnq &!bE6 d.ir 

scoe wer€ mnvened inro slond.rd sm to .uninrte the €lclMt of dispdiry due io 

ucqual nubd of sEios h @h f&tor. Tlr fomula ued for ilis convfti@ wa a 

sc6l.d*oE = ((ri) /option). 10. 

X = Totll '@ on ! paiicul! car€ory 

I = Nmbqof it Dsilaqtclory. 

(MrKirna, B@lc, Bond, Mdnin s., & M6hrl, 1981, a ci.d in KlM, t99l). 

Ans naving damincd p6ycboneFic Fopertid of il'c ede, filthd daltls w.c 

cdi.d out to test @Nh hyDoth# which G givo ir th. followin& 

4J Cory.n$r on 0?6 

of !Mi6 ol P.r!dv.d Erprq.d Emti6 S6L 

Muhiriale @lt!i of vei@e wa .eied oln on tlF lcoaio ttles of 

dpc&d @orion fo. rh. toral sarpL. Ill valu6 d..lcd thar $.re is . siincst 

diIICm@ ir FEciv.d dp63€d @tio6 d tbrd tt!6 of sri6 (F=978,59, 

p

Tdrle4,J Pairt.l raspl. H6t .@panng rypes of scenariN on Erp.ated Enotld 

(N=r2) 

SD 

24?,01 68.83 

87.22 23.95 

247.01 68.83 

102.6 21.12 

81.22 23.95 

t02.6 27.12 

46.66 0.00 

,t4.5.t 0.00 

lj.7l 0.00 

A5 tie lrbL snos 0F BpondenE v.rc mn sidv. low.r& lt. q?. of 

dpcs.d .mlio$ b.{in8 cndcim for tb@ Th. nqr sirudon which rh.y t nd to 

Iwl sLongly wa ovd involvdoi of fMily memb6. H@lility wd sdl.d $ th€ 

l6t pEvoting s@dio e cotrp3ra Io th. olha on6. 

4,4 Corn{.risn ol cpd! or.goriq of P.Eeir.d Etpc..d Emrior S..1. 

Multildiale s.ly!i3 w!! M ro €xdioe whe$6 th€ cpooddls diffcr.d on the 

type ofp.meived qpes.d cmtior €!oDs. 

A$in ! Dultivdirr. &.lrsis of vdm. rc u*d |o obl.re tbis difietlg. 

R€sulrs showed a siEnificol dif@. on p.reiv.d expN.d mlion on oI tn for 

6poN cdcsones (F=l 125, P

Paired tdnple ttsr @hpting.atesqid oJ pd..ien dp@sed motioa 

(N = 222) 

Pon ofRs?oro. careSona M SD I p 

Pair I Cofiplile 62.91 19.80 

Cqpr@is. 59.92 18.00 

Pan2 Conlplim. 62.91 19.80 

Contol R.{oe 55.,O 20.55 

Pon3 Corplim. 62.91 19.80 

counia 6t.& 77.90 

Pan4 Cmpronie 59.92 18.00 

Conlol R6poe 55.50 20-55 

Pan5 Corpomis. 59.92 18.00 

coutd 61.40 21.90 

P.n6 Codrd 6r.40 21,90 

Conirol R€rponse 55.50 20.55 

1.33 .19 

0.69 .49 

.t 4l 16 

..4E .63 

-2,82 .001 

-3.80 .000 

The conpdisn of lhe r€spoDe categorid !ho$ thlt control Flponss weE 

sigificdtly 'le rh6 th. 6npomi* 6poos wl@x @urer rcapoM rft 

si8litcDtly mr $d lhe @ntrcl EsporoB. Howevd, th.rc ws no lignificdl 

ditfcM€ or ey olhd oDpdimt 

.1.! CoDtario! of lh. !.nblport grclD. or pmullty tnit 

will thc .nph6is of individual veirtios i! FE.iv.d dpE$.d !@iio!, 

ulFk w4 cdi.d @t to €xeir. s,ndnd dif.mr study gbuF diff6cd in pdeolily 

lll

tyF!. On v.y ANOVA foUow.d by pct hoc eabsi8 w6 ued to cxploF difl6qc6 

of Fmn li.y rric ir difiaat 8dp. (r$L 4.5) 

OcMy .1NOv.l .o,tpnlinq patlicipatl etuupt 6 pMlit htu'. (N-222) 

ss t(s 

4.t6 

2,80 

5,0? 

4_50 

3.93 

2.18 

t.94 

2.41 

1.99 

2,31 

3.10 

t,67 

1,15 

14.11 

3,46 

0.02 

0,t7 

0,00 

0,m 

0,02 

rhe srudy gbup6 siificsdy difrald d pd!.oliry rlirr d*pr for 6e r"it of 

.sHbltus. Pon hoc ddFir w$ M !o dmine p@is diilstuo (Lbb 4.6). 

TabL 4.6 Pdt h@ @"tptrit@ olttudr gtuqt anzl p6@lit, taitt. 

PmDrliry FdN D?6i6 ocD 

4,49 

-0_43 

,0.45 

4.50 -0.96. 

0.15 0.4 

-0,63 -t.36. 

4.01 

4.,|3 

-0,19 

-0-5 

o02 

0,921 

ocD 

4,46 

031 

-0,?l 

1.71. 

||4

-ftc culrs showcd th.t pltidls wil|i ehieph@ir w@ sieliffmdy le 

.xtoven, le ooNiqtio|EMr dd noc n mtic lbo tun p.riql goup, wh.l6 they 

ihowed l6s nehticisb th6 p.rials with OCD. ?atidt! wilh depr6ivc iur6s 

show.d sigificDdy mG coMidtiod$ .!d l)€@ticilm thd ln. @dul mdd' 

Pdienls wnn OCD showed mre nemlr.hn the mlml cobuo,s. 

,1.6 R.ldo!.bip b.t*cn P.E.ived ErlrBBr Etutlon. &d P.dullty tu.to6 

P@on podud Corcldion d.lylis wa cdi.d oul to .xeift r.lationship 

betwd peMnrlity t aits od pdeiled exprc$d tution. Th€ culs @ given ir t ble 

Conelation b.twen perhvli,) traits and fttpoM tn PEE N-222). 

PEE Extove6ion As@bld6s CoMidtiousness N6uoticisn Opdrcss 

Coryliucc -.06 la.. .01 .,12. .,001 

ConlPmnir .002 04 .,02 -,lt ,t3 

.lt .22,r -,08 ,08 .t6' 

.17. .34.. -.18.' ,23.. .t0 

Tte sulll snow.d tn.t .g@bl4$ hs rignidcui positive @@htiotr vith 

contml c!.n* .nd coui.. GrbE, whiL n h6 3ignilicet rcsarirc @Rlalio witn 

eponss ol conpliece. Neuolicisb had sLong positivc adelalid wilh couter. Nhil. 

il hd n gltiv. coftlalion witb @n9lieco Thc cDei@rioe* hrdposinvc 

corelarion with @uler EsFtu.. Optuls hd p@itiv. @@latid wnh conrol 

]]5

It {a rl$ foud that $eE wa! a !.grtive comladon betw@ con4lioce 

6?oies dd ase$lqs rd nohticiln. AgMbld€s rc positively coftlrt d 

with @urcr Grose AFdrntly n s4B .rug. ro s llc pdMaliry tnns of 

.8HblclB ncerdrly @rc|.d wirh @rpli.G GFIF rndpo6itiE c@l.Iid 

wirh @ur.r €poE tIoM,

Atulr$is pqt inins to p.ridls wilh *hizophdia show€d a sieli8cdily lsiliv€ 

GhtioBhip b.hreen pm.lity tnii6 of agF.blqes .nd onsciflliouns lnd th. 

catcgory ofcouler croNs. The lrait of opn.$ hod ncsltive tl.donshiP with 

courr respotue dd positirely corldd with @nr$[ed 6po@, Ne@dcis show.d 

martiv. oftlalio with @tr4lid€ '61D@. 

Celrrion b.tt@n pqwlity traitt and of PEEhr pati.,E vitt d.pr.$td (.-51) 

PEE 

l17 

Exrov6i6 Age.blene$ Consci€nrioMes NeMticis Op.ms 

-.23 

-_24 

.2 

,26 

-_35. 

.15 

.28. 

-.24 

-.29. 

The ealtsi6 showed th.t in ce oflhe paddts wi$ depE$ior, thd€ *6 a 

sigDifitrt n g.tive FLtio!.hip b.iw6 r.it of ag.@bldes dd @npliee Bponse 

and . po3itivc @ftlrtiotr with t[c @u!.r Gpong. Morvd, a positive alsi.tioD 

wa al$ tound bctw@ tiir ofcoeidtiouiJB &d @qDnie and @!toll.d 

Gspoos. ft inpli6 th!1 i! ce of d€p6io4 .va t[. trzil of agl@bloe$ &6 nor 

hdp tn m lo .oftDly dier diticbo ed pdsoal i erfd6ce. On dle onrdy rh.y lcnd 

!o counrsr. LikNik, tn€ idividuah $odn8 hid on the &rn of oMialioulne$ arc 

16! corpbmidng hovws deir negaliv. ractios tmiD slf Btaired md th.y do 

,19 

-.23 

.16 

.03 

-.05

Conlrri,on betwa perhtulitr tant .nd PEEIt p4tierB ,ith OCD (n-5, 

PEE 

sub s..16 Ell:mim agahloE co@idtM l&dicim oFllffi 

,,t6 

,.05 

-.09 

.14 

_.35. 

.o2 

.29. 

Th! i.!1. d.picts il6r in c@ of OCD Fri.nc 

_10 

_03 

-.19 

".26 

-.35. 

.35. 

rh€ p.Mndity f!it5 of 

ry@bld* url mticis wft r.8.riv.ly @ftl.,t d wirh rhe E{oc€ 6 

@rplide r6poNe Wm. ag@blqB h.d poritivc FhioDship wirt 6rDll.d .td 

@Mr6 'rspon* I! ftir of 4Nticid hd n Sdiw eldionsbip wirb @ur.r 

F5poM.. Howcv.r, opm6s hld posiE cmhdo! q|h conDremise Bpotr*. 

Cot Ltid betv@pe otulit ttuitt atAPEEht Nml @rioh ("=60) 

PEE 

ll8 

.t7 

.t3. 

Exto6im AgebloB C@iatiM N.dicjo ODc'l6 

-.1I 

.01 

.13 

,28' 

.09 

,24. .12 

.ll 

.03 

-.t4 

-.ti 

.t9 

,25 

,05 

.t1 

-.05 

,10 

.15 

,20

In o6e oI norn l coftoh lgqbldoEs ir the ody tait which M Bicr'ificady 

corcl.rcd wirh &ee tt!$ of pdc.ircd .xpcs.d @rr@. wlil€ coqlie. b 0F 

only cpoe ..t€gory wbi6h doe nol db* ey 3ignindt tElr!@ with ay rrp. of 

p@n liry trai! alddtovdid bd sigrifiddy Gli|io6hip aitb @uter cpong 

a.t P.dd{d ErpB!€d tmttor |! dllt E errd.lr4 gruF 

In lhis p&r of enbsis difffi1 gDu!6 of peticipdts wft @nt&d on 

pdciv.d dpe6ed emtiom. Aslltb of vsi,Ic. foUowed by p.61 hoc dalyli! w.! 

cMicdout. I! H' s&givenin trbls 4,l2 & 4,13, 

One ltay ,tNovll @"EalinA panicipant groups a pautud apasezl motim 

(N=222) 

SJI/SFp 

BetcrmcrolF 60€6.!0 2024.16 

Widin Cmup6 80t57.75 369.53 5.19 0,O 

B.lwGrups 2447,U 8t5,94 

wirhinGoups 69171.35 !t7.30 2.57 O.OJ 

BdgmAmups | 120.96 !1!.65 

wirhincro,4c 95t8.36 0.33 0.45 

B.twcrdps J055.96 1635.12 

Wirhin CFuF 166917 75 765.67 2.2O 0,08 

l19

ADly6 Bal.d dd pcnicip.i! oftbc grorps drtrqEd 3i8ni66dy oi 

cdpliE@ .!d @nptwie E Eo|]6 Ib6tn@ .ulylis *a tricd our io tuiic tbc 

ptFi& dificlqg. Rolrs B4lGd rbr lh. Ftiar! 

wirh chizolhMi. g.w 

.igd66rly tle onplitt lr+odq th! rh.r ofrh. ocD whil. ocD prricnu r@ 

I@ @nglier t|re l|rlr of lh, dnd @eoh. wilc rhc p.ria& wio d.pBid 

rhow.d ligri66dt l* cdrpoEie !!@!c tbd rhr of lh. mmrt 6!ir L. 

Trblc 4.13 

Pott He Mpuktu qth. r.tpow @Eeedd in ttu It gtuups (N=222), 

No 

Pltidt 

DT.sid OCD 

Non N@ 

ocD P iar P.ridr 

CdlPfi'e 8.04 ll.3l+ -l.ll 3.2E -9.16 12.43. 

Conplmi* s-2 -.60 -4.1E -5.E0 -9.39. 3.58 

cofiol -3.E9 .5.a2 -5.28 .1.53 -1,39 .|]8 

coEt' -10.06 -ll.oa -2.1 -.96 1.16 8.74 

a, G.!&. dll.dq rd Lrclvd E!pra..t Eetlo.. 

Ind.pq|dat B.rpl. lrar ddFi! $r u!.d ro adi* gadd ditfo!rcq i! 

F..iv.d dpB.d aDti@ (t!bL 4.la). 

t20

I&.ttud &nrh t-bt thovbeetudftM t,paubdqad6odd 

(N=222) 

PEE Coda]|(SDtp 

itr. (!.ll5) 6469 2O.CI 

Fdl{F107) 5950 l&23 

r,|.l. (Fllt 63.52 l&3:l 

FdqFlo?) 55.95 l6E3 

Md. (Flls) 56J6 2nn 

F@qFlo7) ,a.16 &42 

rid. (Fll5) 62.0 27.9 

F@qFlqD 595? 2&24 

r.96 0r0 

323 0.21 

046 0.36 

0.75 0.98 

Ratlb rhow.d iLl lb.! w..! 6 8!.d.. ditrrc. i! Fldvcd dF.ad 

121

Irnzp.,datt SattlPL t-tdt thovit8 eada dtfu@ i.."tu6 to Dpe of war 

TrF of t!'fuio6 Cada M SD I p 

Df=220 

Md. 257,48 11,35 

Fdf. 2t5.n 64.51 

lvLd. 89.57 24.4 

Fdde 84,69 23,37 

Mi. 105.9 2al9 

F.drlc 9.U 25j4 

2,38 0,04 

t.52 0,16 

226 0.0a 

Ar lhc cdt shN ilft ld liCncel g6da diferwd ia PEE i! 6paifc 

$oEi6. I[c Mtc. erdl4iruyin rf..otdt of ditbi.D dd oE bvohtd 

6E fd.la b ce of tddlitylta!'6 b 8a

a.9 P.n lv.d Elpis*d Emtiotrr h r.l.do. to &Dogntlls .!d otha 

The Beehd ro .ddili6.al aralrli! io .xmine pwdv€d dp@.n @tiong 

ir El'rior 10 d.rFgnpbic .!d od6 chd!.rdir[c. only siifcan fldines @ 

Eponed hft in lablc 4.16 

CoRIdio^ betu PEE dd ddogqhic ond othq chamcQntLs (N=222) 

C!te3ui6 of p.Mrr€d erTGsed dolr@! 

Veiobld Conplidc. Conpronilc Cotol Couls 

Ag€ -,09 +.16. --16' -.16r 

Edeation ,10 .15. -05 --13" 

.2011 ,151 _01 .07 

Th@ ws a siglifcddy n g.tilc @FLri@t twa.g. of th. 'l.poflhrr Dd 

onponis, co.trol ed @utd r$potu6, Th@ wa ! positive od.latioh belwd 

.ducaionofth. cponddb ddcompromi€lnd @ rol6poN5, Edrcati@ showed 

m9tiv. mladon with c@ra 6po|B, Dultion of nrne wa F6itiv€ly @rcl.tcd 

with thc 6poM of ospliee dd @npomis. 

123

4lO R.lrrio$hlp b.trd tytB ot @!.ri6 rtrd d.nognDhtc clrncr.rinid 

Anorher floltri! w.s ru to exdin. El.ri@ship b.tw6 dmgrapnic 

choclerisriG ed difiqdt tt?e of sd&io!. R6ulr! @ given in lAbl€ 4.1? 

corelatiM b.te.a t p4 ol @i6 and d",osaphi. .harc14kNi6 (N=222) 

Cdriasm HGd'ry OKinvotl,tfur 

-.21.i -.t2 

.14' -.06 

07 .13. 

-.t6' 

Ttft ws ocgalive r.ladoNbip b.iwd .Ce ofr6poldcnt! ard 0E $c g!6 of 

*suos Le fjlicis4 hstilily, &d ovo i!rclvdar 1ll. number ot,ibli,gs a1e hd 

n S.tive corcllrioD vitn etuic of cdticjm\ hGliliry.rd ov.r jnvolvcmqr DuErj@ 

of illna had n€garive alrtdrhip with rhc aneio of !6riti!y. 

4.r! S!m@r' of t[.Itn.ltrgr 

L Principl. corpondt .ndlrjs ofpEE eal. hd€@d rhrcd rrctoB whjch w@ 

,,10 

nd€d is criti€bm hostiliry tud ovq invotveIMl. Tn Cbnb&h coeiliciql 

orpha for th. lnained tE f&bs laletej u to6tility, critictm dd ovs 

irvdv@nr es O_93, o.s5 .nd 0.37 rls?erircl, 

2. P.rceiv.d qpraj.d cmrio6 *@ his! in rhe co .i orcrilicis ed ovr 

irrclvcMl $deic. 

-05 

t24

L Conproni* responses ree signilicmlty nore lhd cou.!er, ed sun&r 

r€sponses weE signitcantly moE thon conrrot Fsponses. 

4, Conparison ofpanicipdnr eroups on then peenaliry t61ls evered rnal 

I. Th€ !6tienr wilb schizophrnie $ored significantty higheron neurcdcism 

comp{ed lo nofrat co.rols and showed t.sser neuroricisn conped ro 

pali€nb wirh OCD, On cxtrov.rsion ed consci.ntioNn6s patienG wilh 

schi2opbEnia od OCD eor€d significantt,lesser rhan.omal conrrcls. 

IL lhe p.ddrs -irh dcpcssive i|n6ssoEd sicnincdrty highq than rhe 

nomar @mrots on neurcdcism ed co.$ieniousnes eo rower on 

lll The parienrs virb OCD $oEd significdrty higher oo n€urcncsn rnan 

.om.t@ bts. 

5. Msle pldc.ls sred significandy higlr, on pEE in tc conr{ or qiricism ad 

ovd irvotv.hfl rne f.nal. courcr pans. 

6. Coop&i$r of paniciparb gbuF on pEE Evealed d.r 

L The pa e.ls wnh $hiaplftnia $or€d si$ifihrty n,gher oi ohptidc. 

4d @nprehi* Espons6 rh.n,oriffrs wirh ocD. 

II- The padenrs widr depEsive iltns soed sisniic&(y res, on Espon* 

category ofconponi* $fl rhal ofno@al contDls. 

I II. Tbe parinLs with OCD $oEd signiticdiy high€r un Espon* carcgory of 

compn&e tnen tn$ ofnomal @.tu1s 

IV. Ther w€r€ io significtut difeEne in sreups on conrot dd @uler 

7. The analyses of rhe retalionship b€rween p.Mhality rran and pr,r, ev€aled lhar 

t25

L Thc pcEo.alily t6it of newii.is had negdive corrctalion with 

compliee {d posiriv€ cod.lqrion wilh PEE @uter Espo.sas. 

IL Th. peBon liry dril of oFnjB w posirively @cl.t d wirl pEE 

@mprenis cpos. 

IIL TlF P.MEfty traiG of age.bt€n ss bad Fosiiivc @rcl.tior wiih @nol 

dd conplimce Bpones &d h.d oegalive corelatioo with pEE couter 

lV. Tnc p.Ndlily rair of @i$i.nriol|s|B had posirive @Ft.rion wirh 

ourcr Gponss 

8. Education hld positile relationship with conptuni* ed n.gariv€ codclarion 

qs couter r6pooe' 

9. Ag. of lhc Gpond€nls had n.grtirc Elalioship wnn omtremi*. @ndol ard 

@@r.rBPo|1s 

!0. Dmtion ofillncs showd p6iliv. El.lio6bip wilh @mpli!ft r.d @npDmi* 

espones, In the contexl of wn&i6 duration of itlnes ws positiv.ly corelard 

I l. PEE in thc concxr wirh oidcis sdios h.d neglrive etatidlhip wirh nMter 

Anq ihis d.rlilcd dscdprion of1h. rcsllt6, rhe G@he. *ill .ow incoDorare 

lhes findings wiih thc r€lard sludis don. in thk @mecrion &d dieu$ ihei, 

signifi@e in thc n.xr chlPrr. 

126

DiFuslod 

'Ir1e pre6.ht study w.s coh.lured ro d.vclop a sold for a$esde.t ofpft€ived 

erPts€d @tio6. A l0 nd *ale ws devcloted for tht pupce dd n wa 

adnjnislered to a sanrpl€ oflb€ palienr3 wi$ shiDphEnia. OCD d@e$ion &d rcml 

conftls. This chapLr substantirtg saliftt f.rtG oflb. *al€ dd sisnificdl findin8s of 

rhe study wirh thc .d9fical $ppon froD cristir8 lit@rw. 

5.1 conrexturl .cp€cb of rhe qle 

fte rd@iv€d qpc!.d @tid *rlc (PEES) wa d.v.loDed to i@W rhe 

cxpesed oorios in rhe @orcxr of de p6p@rivc of lhc individul Nbo is di@dy 

flcing il. In5t !d ofcomalraling on $. expEsion of emtio6 obly, tne PEI ts.ls lo 

dircn ro $e cognitivc alpEisl or thc€ coMrs by th. slfdd of lhlt snuldor 

T1F exp6led dorims have trndirionally bd a6sc$cd $mugh CcmbeNeU 

fdily intepi4 (v!r8!4 & t ff, 1976). This inr@ia n@uG tn€ Lv.l of exp6s.d 

dotios 6 E[&r.d d@ush th. c{)@drs oa r fmily nmbe $o!i lhc p iml dui.8 

m irteoiw conduled by lll. prcfd.ioml pqsomel. Bhugn dd McKwi. (2003) 

Eporr€d l[e dddopr@r of Csbwdl Fdily Inlervid with Ff.I€M b il5 hi$onal 

bek8lobd d c tcch.ique b asess ! ru9. of c@liom md f@lin€s, qpcsed 

panic rly h th. pwiou mnoB ollbe rlar6! or os.l ol th. illns, Al&o!8h n ha 

anr&tcd ! lor oalwfth6, who wft i eGrrdtoinv6-1igrt the ftvircmbol 

$r6sos in tms of qpGsed mtions by th. f@ny membds, yel dotha gro'p 

qctioB th. .xclsion oflhe p.trdc Dq.Deriv. i rhis @nt xt 

Dui,B the whole poccdw of the Cmb.NeI fmily inletid ai dif@nl 

sr.ge oftaF Hordins ud tr$clipt Erinsr on veiou pdm.t€iq two lt!6 of 

t21

idomrtion d r.lo. It. objetivc infomtion i. alDlr th. adts md ciEml!!6 of 

th. bom md in tubjetive infomtior tn f€lilgi dd ltlnutlcs oflbe Ehtivcs ioved! 

th.potialsedhis illn€ss@ iofeled from th..nalt€is olth€ didsotdi 

(Bnngq & McK@ic 2003). SuDisinsly mugh rhe *tDl. @Dalntio. is m th€ 

judenqt of thc clati!6' dpG6.d mofion! .nd rc iryoian@ h6 bd givei hft to 

an.nd 10 lhe GpoN of tn @mmed F@r\ 

pMipir.rins th. ons.t of t6 or qoc€rnlting rh. sytrprom. 

which is fa m& spoBibla for 

Bhu8r6 dd McKtuic rtt aded 6. luation ol the b.haviorol soientist lo lhe 

l&rs llal EE tu mt a snryb uidir*tiord @nc.pt .nd rgir.d tbat it sho'rld not be ffi 

in ielari@ of illh$ of r fmily mmbe, H. qtc ed th. r.ladce ofdE subjetive 

f&!on siih r.fd.hce 10 m{y olha cdtur.l rd ils dsiar.d faotoF. Hovdd, he did 

nor ralt alout individu.l's om dlnuica m which .ll the f&tds &* togprhd. So n 

$uds mrc renable ro considd thlt wilh sp*ific f*lin8!, ehetio$ .nd .ninrd6, 

.&n individul b wh€nll. to p@eive nviomabl efrat! eith .ll th. !&i.tioN. 

The F!@ho 66s.d th. pqsomlity mits ol thc rdpord€nb oD lm ncm 

pasoMlity invdrory {TIPI) wilb rhe inlenlion to @rclalc .nd inve$isate qhcthd 

pceulity f*lo6 do bayc 6 innufuc 6 thc F@irtd ph@!|l@n of p@aved 

cxp6sed dotioB or not. RiSht in fie begiDing of tle hktory of p@nality 

speificatioft, Sullih ( 1953) d.fu€d n s r el.riEly qdui.8 p 

inr€e.Msl situtioN wnich ch@tcri& . huru lif.. alm3r lll rhe subsqur 

definjlions lill now sim 10 a@mpds the su. baic phcnom€non of m iodividual wqys 

ro gcning alo,8 wil[ i 4p@nd r.ldiotu. ld.Amrl Fl.rios md sill 

ini.@ri@! e silongly lirk d wiih the pdoraliiy ch@ldistic!. Ite doci.l $@nsts 

fomslly pEml.d it a tm!.ctional cy.le bc.w bo$ vaiablB rc eipredly 

t2a

d€tanin d. Wtil. individuds teld to idud. dld by tleir b€havior, ir llrn lhey 

ln.relv6 g.r.fet d by rberEqolg of oth6 s rcn. 

To sLtpon ihc 3.@ pn@ommon M{dla (1992) lssrri that ey situltion in $e 

flinme.t beomes sicr)ificdt only when it i! p@eived s pasotuUy @level for e 

irdividu.l. fi. furth.r onfrats thal poj.clion of slf into the sinatio, lcad! lhc ap-inc 

Elstio! ro th!r. H. dpl.i6 lhar dEoy.rts .nd int$vc.ls oalute th. p@plc nd thitr 

b€hNio6 !@rdine ro deir oM @soniw fr@ott lo e tne .v@k { purtuhin& 

lbFatcdns orj6t rcural. 

MoHvd, wnh Efdfice to €veryd.y lifc *cnts md @lioni lo liom, 

StrorsM (2003) comot3 dFt dlthouSh stinulB @86 UF sffi, lhc occaion i! 

uiqrc s it is b.ing *dut d ad.!pFi!cd rl@ug! th. Iqlcrio of ou pat md 

cl|lmr I|rmi6 .ssiarld io rh€ vdioc onpordts of thfi d6l. Tnu ExpEs.d 

Ehotios c inl'onut ed efi6tive oDly h lhc aituatioB wh@ iley e p.rccived a 

such by $e individqls on tne oths dd, 

h nh Evifl .nicle Kaye.Sn 0 992) ha p.int€d oul lhe n .d for th. 

d.v€lopmdt oa all.mtiv. ttr€3lc of EE. H. aryu6 thrt lhou8n C8'b.ddl Fmily 

Inbi@ (CFI) b wdl rroM for ils Elallishcd Eli.biliry dd nlidity, 1.5 ro 2 or !|@ 

noN @ ,lquiFd lor i$ adninbtration ed sri!8 p@edw F6pstiv.ly. Mor@ve d 

dltuiv€ tFinin8 h allo n€e

in|n.iringsumcic sinvity to ligl EE $Dc of th. IEUB hrvc povd io bc 

bidly sieniEcmr 6 tcm.tive nas6, 

BnM (1985) hs explained fiv. componols of dpr€$.d emotionq dotiond 

ovd involvm! cndc.l co!|llmrs, hostility, p6itive @k .nd e@lL with tll 

lhcir ndividud vdi.tiotu ir FeDl !!ilx od d.g@ of t?inin& .ll @tpomts @ too 

compLx fortn ce.rchs, !o be rat d €.sily dd &cuiely. Ap|n nom thal oI ofthm 

dc mlt likely ro vary els culhE- O.. .xpt$io& vhich k h.ld hidy mlio.tl in 

on culnE, is Iit€ly ro bc r mm in sdl orhd qnItrE. BnuSE Ud McKwic (2003) 

ale lupport d rhar . Flu fton rbe sjft culMal CroW bet m6uE expr€ssed 

mtios. hey 6sd1cd il tc' b. dimo br a res@h6 who i! nol fdilid wilb 

lugug€ md cultudl .rprsion of u intdid€ to nle my ollh. conpomts of 

cxp6lol dotion. Shc lunha suer€st d rh.t Mmm.nl i3 8ls deloddt or e 

8€lnent of $e InrFj.we s gedaal srllc ofootiobal expEsior. 

For tnc mhlion of this codicl thc @rrchs of tbe peseni dudy ha developcd I 

*dlc of pd@ired dpBr€d mti6 thd is suppos€d lo ng@ dicdy th. dpc!.d 

emrion s tley @ siacd ed p€MlaLd rhhugh $e cuhnl @Mrucr of lne i.djvidu.l 

{ho peeives n 6 0F qy hc ha bd tdcd io .xperim dd. This is lhe roin 

objetivc of the pEmt srudywheE tn @Nhs h6 tried to shifi thc.ttdtion fiom thc 

.lTdl! of thc his! qpcscd emtic io lh.n Frc@dc minly .ff*tira d. E poe 

ud b.hlvior of& individul- Tlu if. bebsvior is mt @sider.d a wm @6 

proreliv€, cntical, or hoslile in a particuld cultu@, it Mll not be mbinl.rpreted by e 

individul belonains to th. sme cuhu€. So it wiU b€ cbitrlcd diat ihk ttF or $dl. it 

SoinA !o be highly cdrw na .!d bbiacd rbde of |Nira thc hieh dpcs.d 

130

emii@s intqnFdi.ry f&b6 such 6 th. olc ofkttshjp sd altiturle of thc fmily 

Kav@gh ( 1992) hs ch.ll@eed thc prcdlctve .mci.my oI ExFsscd Enolid 

unlB! lhe CFI i5 adEiri.tqd b the Eu.l 'iMd. H€ n@tioB otnd cacbd !o 

r'pport rbal CFI i. ltr:r @itiv. b nigl Erp€s.d Eturbn driDs ! clrpe{BFm. 

Bdey, & wins,l9?2i Tmid, Bmwdough, PoFd:lu, &wari, 1988) ed ifapplied.t 

othq tim, it dy hrE ls .lility to F€dict nlape ( Mcc@diq Pnnlipr, Hn.y, 

\{al.lon, Stsan & BBid, l99l ), Tltis stirc oiii.is i6 hiSbly sugg.sliv. ofth€ n.d lo 

dtlblish 4 isrl1llMr whi.h mqrB a mF baic and rLble ospet of the Ex?Ess.d 

Emotion $mio by fcsins on how it i3 b.in8 FE.iv.d 

by the tarael Nbj*t. As 

Krvanagh tunhei co@ts thar the esmnt of EE inr€ryiew for a $lc dvircItlMl 

to h. 6led hieh in Expcs.d Emtion. Thi is brs€d o thc autpti@ tb.t criricis or 

overrricction fton one nnbs oflhe ovnomdl is slfncicht to incr..F risk of 

Ehpe. Ev{ vhd thd€ @ oth6 ofl@ EiF6s€d Eftdon lh@ js e@ cvidnc. 

thit app.m to .uppon lhis pbposition. wl6 de patient liv.d in a two paEnls fmjly 

tut studi6 rhkuppod.{t ExpEs€d Emdon s a F€dictoi s@ io h.v. itrLfli€vld 

bolh penE in !r l.!$ 757df c6- On th. oUa hand ir thc studid by Dulz ml Heds 

( 1986) ed by MlcMillaq cold, sd crow ( l98r) most CFI 6se3s'Mb included only 

w Elotive. olni$i@ ofsft rclalic vith hig! ExpBi.d Etutioo rldtdd my h.vc 

cohnibuted to $. eldivev nigh rl.ps de for low Exp@ed Emtion, Io th6e d{di.s 

rhc rut[or pleed this iss s d inport nl 6rc@t .i@ n sugg€s€d thr UE plts.@ of 

lo* Expcel Emtion nln onc pd$! ir th. dvire'ffil tuy oftd bc ibsufiicienl b 

nodera& $e irlp.ct of niSh ExF.ssl Emlior frcm doth.. Ps$n. 

l3l

Howcvcr, ifw. shin ou atrendon Io th. Fte?tion of.I lbe ErF*scd Emtioa 

ald conce mrc only on the wly how it refl.ct b&t 10 lhe intmal dd exLf.l 

envimmr thqe re chec6 to l!@in ftc fom oll Oe .bov. matiored. cmbeem 

imluid or dduion ditqi. of lb. Elaliv€ Mrh hid or low ExDGs.d Emtion 

liLsi6e jusl by d*uins thc pcrceived Bxpe$ed Emtion it bmomes etsi.r io p'edicl 

emelhins about ih. snbjdts al qlla. .ist vbicn olnwi& ltfuis . pi.dictivc fdw 

if rhe crphsh l€miN onty on !)@Eirs hilll or lw ExPtts.d Emtim in dE 

enviomenl .mphmizing on Flatives orly, 

Sinildy, D6nis (2001) iniqll.cd p.rc.ttim 6 6c rn6ii6n ol th. n cds, 

aninrd€s. qpdtfi1on5 b.lic$ rd vdB ofihc p@eive.. H. idcntifi€d Dey Bitutions 

in which tlc phoonmon of 'Fcelnr:l .xP..iocy L.dr h individul lo pcrc.ive in a 

speinc w.),i illBid (fue io psy.hological flctoc md $gg6lioN c orc of $m Th€ 

autnor cicd a study by ldg.i ed Abel$h ( I9?4) in which t rcvi. of e inl.ryiew ws 

shom to . nmbs ofpsycnothcdlrsls. B.foG lhowing lh. mvie the s.rc F&n b€ing 

iftnielrd ws inlrodwed $ cpp€rine lor ! job !o oft Ctoup dd a s ! potidl for r 

pslrhilhic inifliq lo the other 8rcup, InteE!fingly dough ih. folrm greuP l6teled 

thfl s slistk, sin.ft Nri pl@r wbil. lhc ht r lMlcd h@ a itefdtiv., 

d@ftdlble sd inpulsivc. 

To Nes a simile noiioo of tulioml int @lion Woo, Goldstio, Md 

N.rchr.rl€in (19?) f@us.d @ thc diEsdc6 i! saity md tom ofth. piticnat 

synpbmlology bas€d or cuoic.l ntinc! of p.rnothmpy in p.1i4.5. In th.ir stldy e 

ilteBcrion b.lw.d patid ed lhe fdily wa d.vcloped .n r iou lo 6Yc v€k 6f 

nclital djeh!r9.. Tb6€ inlF&tios w@ c.d.d fo. sub cli.idl sigs of 

psychQatholoSy exp6s.d by lhe patidi iom low .td hiSb Exp6sed Enolioo 

132

fdilies, Just to con€fltrale on th. dalution ofp.tial'! Fe.ption &d pasp€tirc of 

d. fmili.l Erpess€d Emtion, dtring ach j ersrion e issE idendfid 6 a probld 

M dieuss.d Mlh o coucrlaleed ord.! on !obl@ ws eodrcd by th. fmily 

.n

aserBsive way olp@bl@ slving with lh! pcs. Tb. 3hrdy ws rl6igled to find 

chn.t6's .bility !o solve their sial pobld md to s the cometion b.twm peds, 

chil.lrd ud p&mli Esporoes low.r& sochl pobles, obviouly it wa not polsibl€ 

live situtiss pul lhe participmr in liv. 6i$!rions, for thc sakc of r€6pons ob3flation. 

So in thal c.e lls they .mihcd lhcil rclpones lo th. hr?o$eical edtuios (Dl!M, 

The Pmeived Expdsd Emrion Scllc povid6 tlc $pondeni wirh fou 

optim of lhe posible EspoB6 Mjfdtiog thc tle ed extsl of e@tionrl @t@ 

10 dE pqcAtion of|he siail& l)!. of snutm. Simihly S*ilivig b cnlicisn 

$r1." is mthd .ssslmI ME d4.lop.d by Ads ( 1994) which is rl$ drtised 

olthirty hlF|}erical * iG olqiliql MhE. Thc rsponddl5 e rEquired to l@t 

$edegebwhicn6.ywouldt t thc siution s cdtical ard 10 l[. dLni6.y fel 

nut for 6.iry criticiz.d udd tinil& ryp 

ofsituatior on a sva poin Rni4 s:1.. 

Th* two di@i@ h.v! ba id.nti6.d 6 Frc.ptul mritiviry ald €mdoml 

ssitivity. The internal consistacy rnd t6t-Ft sf.lidbiliiy ofdre lest h6 b€D r€ll 

For the administration of Perc.iv.d ElPB.d Enofion S.ol€ the spondenls d€ 

r€qu*led lo mk dE oplio.s lhat .odqpond lo lheir speific wy on a 5 poinl RalDS 

Scale, In |he nnal phe of lh. ploj*t the s.lc qs adninkter€d lo a emple of pllint! 

wilh shizopnMio, d€pr.sioh, OCD dd nomal coDLol!. Sinil{ melhodology ws 

adopt d by Snoith $d coudSu6 (SEirh, Hmilbo, Morl.y, Humyd! Hdg@ve4 & 

Tri8vell, 195) while lhey d,*elopcd . rc.lc for lhc essJMr of hedodc iore, rte 

'SeitlFHdinon ll6w S.dc", Sinil&ly l|)cy .

a list of al I.!51 nve lituti@s in which U.y i.L pledw, The purpos. of dE study va 

dMdy dplaiDed ro $cd Th€y wft i6rst d to give lh. 9€@i@ ion lle ttomiN 

of sial instruotion of Msory cxtqidc., food .nd drinks, ehidcno& sd paslin6. 

Th.Glordnt M. .15o irsrELd lo EL dt dcct€ ol6en pl6@ or ! fou-point 

scale. Tte f&e validiiy, contenl validrly sd crnerion validjly h4 bed detdmined by 

ltrini3t .ing rd. sal. on g@fl| population lDd a!.lyzing its dal! '@dirSly. 

5J P.tulvd EtpFs-d Etudos .mtr! the D.d.nE rill S.hlrophmL, 

DepBlor, OCD .nd Notmrl Controlt 

Amns lhe plnicipdt gor4's, lhe PEE of tD p.tidts wirh $hiDphMir 

ruinally b€lonecd to cotrlplide ud conpbmis.. rstienb with shtophMh ws€ 

siifcetly n@ @dplilm lhd OCD, who in ffn q4 mE @hplidl lh. rhar of 

lhc nomol mtol.. Howwerj *h6 it cm. io the ldel ol coDpbmile which r.qune a 

se of 3nudond judg@l tb€ nomll conllk s'!d hish6r oi lh,! vn.@ rhe 

paliot3ofdetrsiongovelowcai conponjse r€spou6. tts.@ s ifth€ n g ivetriad 

oflhe pali.nt! ofdcp6ioD did nor alow lhd ro fel {rirf.d ut tilt rbe $!tu of 

conlronjsc with the imhetirl. .oviDm.nt. M@v.r 6@he6 hdye comeried on 

rh. nysr.ry ofubiny of lle pali.nt wirh schizopbmis to p@iv. @rioo in otn rs, s 

a @nsider$I. d€bat to be dpldld 6 ycr. (ScazuJca, Klipern dd Mdez.sr 2001) 

Th. pariai wi$ chiaphMia dd OCD borh g.r€ simil& Lv.l ofconprcmise 

r6poes. The fom.E pbbably being mbl. to jndg. th. sinution @rly lo the 

extdt of nEring . @nponis. an

5l P.@iv.d EtprBlcd f,mlioo dd t m..lir' lnlL 

Co@ladon .nalls b.twd caleeorica ofPEE 4d p@nalrty tlits of tn 

F pondenB d.rl€d thal ihc p.@mlrty lr.ils of as@bloc$ ta posilivc coftlation 

wi0 @irol .rd eul.I r@oic dd hd , !.8atire corclation wirn otrpliee. Ilt 

p€Eonality lrait of n€mticim had n€godve corelston wilh conpli@ dd pcniv€ 

@lation wirh couler c.tcgory of PEE. 1l!. FmDli9 rrn of opm43 wc 

posnively @rclal.d with @dproni* cor€gory ofPEE. 

Diffderr t p€s ola3pones wilh difld. p6$@li1y ttlits re suggelive ofllle 

f.cr rh.r Feolity cb.tnei i6 of a individul play & impotut olc in de 

p.rception oflh. dpEss€d €dolior Stonernm (1990) seds aboul $e int grol mtu. 

ofmtiosi .retiryhoth*i1h!p€M. sdiflerdtspeBof ps$nllityed 

cdil1md dd n cd b6 u!&61@d lhreu8h thcif i q*ti@ only. 

Many thorisls agEc lhal in 6pite of $e f&i that @Snitid ce be ob@ed 

objdtively, n qn b. tl@ic.!, chrgod, rbdifi.d i! l[e sm MrE 6 Ihe ob@oble 

bchrvioE. Bet ( lt6), lh. msl innrcdial @Fitire $dtul h clinic.l psrrholoSy, 

d.pal€d fton the pwdlinS vis of dep6lion $ a di$rds of mod Md dgled $at 

d.'l6ior n r di$dd of doudlt 6$ff thd mtior Thi! div4ion of inc rhory 

supports th. fin.lines of th. pr.!@l 3nrdy whdc u. ffiNbd lddr io 6l.bl!n de 

nod@ lh.l hiSb expBc.d @tions in the cnvibnneit {tilin their lielifics@ by ihe 

eipidr3 w.y ofFro€pdon.nd thc lwltiDg intcrprebtion onlt ConDa.nd Corlib 

(2005) very rptly q@les Bud&o lo siv. tn€ hislodcal prcspadve of th€ sisnifice€ of 

lhis dep.n@ by tis eying 'dl lbal w. dc, ris wnh ou thoudts, with oE ItougbB 

wc m,lG ou wftl

l|r Ih.t individd d€Elop.d trcs.tivc ehd. Bel (19?6) ha teii.d il a n ediv. 

@e.itive tiad for d.pr*ion wnich iugaBll thrt p.ridr wil[ dcplEiv€ illns havc r 

neeaiive vid of thmlv.s, thcn wdld ed thcir tutuE. So if the tudividuls @gnitile 

structre is FQoBible io pqccjvc ud intlrpr.l deii dpdi@.s, lhe SEvity oflhe 

poblen sho d be ass.d fom rh.i. own pdsp@ijvc Elhtr ths thrt of th€ o1h4. 

Thus i.slead ofcondulins a cudbdome finily intcdew md $en tnalyzing n by 

hishly filine{t pbfslionah, it seem fn mG rugge$ive !o directly 6ss ils elleL on 

tn perc€ption ofthe pe6on who h b.ing.flected by it. 

Tne mtrpsison of study soupd on p@n.liry E ils H4led 1h!1p.tidl soups 

w€a signincddy ld *!ov€i$ thD rh. mmd @n[ols, No! Prti@i ontoli eord 

sigjli@rly hiebd on @Miodou.tB $s th. pdd6l. of$hi@ptra6 ,.d l* the 

tur of deprsiB. How€vd o n@ricilm almlr evqy erow @rd .r a sigdilicetly 

vdimt l*1. Ltiars wirh *hizphmi! sod 16 thd ihal of OCD, wno in nm 

sored siglficudy ni8nd lhm rhr nolmt @n!ol' Tb. p€iidts witn OCD Mra 

lows $m lhe patidts of depGsivc illn6s, N.@ticilh is ! tnn ofpdsomlily wnich is 

sflmUy evalut€d 6 one ofthe prcdisposing faciots for thc cm€rgd€e olpsFhiotric 

illi66 md hs bm foDd lto,gly echt d wnh depF$ioi (K.,ng, D8vidlon, Nsle. 

& Johlso4 2007). Krine et d. rcponed wcral longludioal studi6 thal seponed de 

tdddcy of 0E Fens 

wid! ne@tic tlit to dd up in deprersive illn6s, Hwqs, 6 

d. otrel ofFy€hosis clmulllg.s its .xp6sion, lh. p.ticnt! wirh &hiaph@ria 

showed ls rcmticifl thu othd study lrolps ofprti@L. Howdd lhs fndings 

wmt lne rced of mE lwh io .xploa th* fenn6. Cma.Iy n is noric.d $nl 

vith thc ons.t ofFr.hotic fanG, ll|c padot l@s isi€ll ir pssoml 6 wI 6 

dviremdLl afraiE. Subs€cudy the p.M dc et lhow ..@iic FaiB which e 

lal

6ic.lly ruil61e1 in coven or oven dxiay sta16 dle lo .pFeh@ions Elat d !o ltr. 

ni$alcoldios abod rhc peMd Dd oviFmdlll afrliB. ThB the d.@ in 

neNlic traia h psycnodc illns lit *himphEnia in the pr.sni 6iudy my bej$dfied 

by tb. phcmnmn ol dd.cnnal nm reality in dis tt?e ol illn ss. Morovd, Cmi5r 

ct .1. (2005) sbdi€d the p@Mlity clEr.rqisdc ofshizophenic disorda a @nrp...d 

b pdonalny .li$rd€6 rcltEd to shiephFni4 They cmlud.d lhll padars wilh 

shimphMi! $c low.r on tn. tEt ofneNiido and 6ocial withdrawal dd 

mladjstent whilc r hjgher sre on @rictum w6 a signincdl chara.lqistic of tlE 

patiqrs ofehizophrdia s?cEu F&Blily dtordd Edd rho $hizophMir ildf 

5,'l P.(lvd E+r.s.rt EmrioD lb rcl.do! r. Irhs rcld.d chrtut rlrd6 

Dodt4nd t6 

Th. esdls of lhe prcMl sludy show.d that patienls with lhe lhe 

psyctopalholos'B udr stldy (D€pcsion, S.hizDpiMia ad OCD) hlve bm rcpon d 

in tbc mec of @e to filc y.s duntio of illn6. Mo@s, th. n@ba of p.ricn6 

de6d gr.dully wilh thc iftF,!.d ddrion ofpstrlilric illncs, !r is 10 he nord 

tnrt mejority oI tn€ s@pb of Ut dtldy v6 bld fen ihe sovel]1lMt hospnab, whee 

tutly niddle clN visi6 lor lhc t@iDn! .rd it i w.ll docmt.d thal in pogBtive 

couliB like Potisim in 8d@1, md in n! niddle cla in p.niculr, the Flcnidric 

iunq$ indEe a loi of fmily budd wilh ils chroricity, Mild bighlighring l,he budct 

ofc.c of paridrs *irh sd@ psychiatic illn ss, radde.. Babbinglor'. a Kuip6 

(1987) nrivat b fal).a il! inFd.t or d.ir imcdi.re fasily l:mh6 Tn y dplo'r

halrh. Consqudrly lbey e nor foUo*.d rP tnq {* tq6, &d th6 $e n6bd of 

consultalio.s d.crees witb lhe 9a.!age of lift, 

How.ver within thj3 vEiable ofdMtio! ofilns, .mbd oflhe pltidr3 with 

$hircphFni! b @nDdtivdy gFter thd tlDt of thc r6t ot th. wlPl€ Thb nub.r 

le€N b gei incMed bs.!* oflhe f..t thil, rh€ pa!@& h Oc erlp 

139 

of stiDphrnia 

wm Etuir.d 6!n th€ ts nid*Ey boB lite i4dnna i .. Foubin bow !d 

Rcnalilirafioncotr€ ofPujlb Insri e ofM.nitl Holth. Th@ e th€ ifttitlica, *tt@ 

lhe parimt! kep on sainS for t€ds {d yts togethd. Mo@ver b€.66e of lhc 

ddilitatjns Md ieq&iLting hlz.tds Mi.t.d wilh l[. chrenicrtv of lbe ehizoPhMic 

iunes at tind ih. fuily hs io t*p on contulting for n dic.tion for a longd p.nod 

Ihs in $e lroup ofmE the lft t€d of dsalion th€ nmb.r of lhis tt?e of paliats 

gds aln$t doublc h thc gi6 enpl€. HiSl idtt.g d. baefil! of fdilv luptort 

syste4 Nul.y {1988) refds io I hunber of Indio pltthi.lrilB who have di&uls€d c 

b€nd pogrcis ir 16 d4lop.d omtriq thd i! n@ indalriali4l @tioN On€ 

expl@ti@ in flvou ofrhis 6Ddir8 i! lh. gtald dlete of rtl,.lrBt 4d c@ in th€ 

foilies of the p.tidls of thb p.rtiolar cdn!.. H. nn*.r tpon3 thal heru$ of betFr 

uiat suwon in pogmsir ofotho FFhi.tnc ilr66 is d$ muh b.[d in India Ar 

Plkislanj dd Irde fmjly cy d and sio cuhml vdu.! @ cosid€r.d a sinile, 

ftese finding! my €sily be corela&d with 0t above nstion d findineF jn ihh 

In coDrcxt wi$ thc D!. of*edio, llc dEdm of illn6 ws pGil'v.ly 

codelrt€d with hostihn and wid lhc PdcePlio! of @tios, th€ duliion of illnd wa 

F6itiv.ly @cLtcd vilh conDli@ aDd @mptmiF. Rtu., Kuip6e, &d 

BebbilgroD. (2004) eshblth.d thc chnn ofde poliiive coEl ion ofp6d*

erpF$.d mtioos wi6 $e scvdily md dution of ilh.s, This study .lso suppon6 lh. 

ft.ding oam ienifi.@e of dpts€d @tioB in lhe fili cpieod. of ps$h6b and lhc 

NMba ol.pttu t\a 

ft n*6mEi .rding$.tFtbddshavingth..!i$deof @isimsrnd 

rebp&s, mjonly ofth. paialc fron all $e th.cc P3 thi6nic gloup8 reponei b hnvc 

ba @ntirDEly suffqing fM thcir illns, !t ffi tuinly beE. of th. 

po$ibility inal $e fmiliq belonSile to mid

ddmiofi! of $htopnmi. .!d tc *6.d q@ l[. hig! vuh.dlility for t[. d4l 

of shjDphmia h lh. blmd Ebt d ldily 'lmb6.In 6c of OCD !o evidae of 

diff@nc€ codd be d.l@l.d by Alh€4 Main., Rrvizz!, dd Blgalo (2002) in non 

fmjlial ard don f.milial c'c- Erd.l €t. .l-(r003) als @uld mt nnd dy al$iatio! of 

sddic f&ros in OCD. gowd6 tbe eflct of @vi!D!!tMr.l 3116 &d bodeling i! a 

bdrd expl@tior for &c cM foud h O. lmily l)mb€6 of thc pr!@t sbdt 

It ha bd obsfl.d in rhe sludy lhar in corparison to orhd snldy CroW6, drrc3r 

dolbl. !E$6 of rpoB of tlc d@Be.d p.ri@b wa r.ton d to hr. a F fhi.ttic 

iufts, It ffi bele ofde prsEiliDg @tan cultw in tn. couEi6 lit€ Plkietd 

that in this Elationship lhe pdsm who i! di@lly rlr@t€d by tti. d€pesed mood dd 

n.8ativ. iiad of coAnitior oftne dc?Es€d p.li@l ix lhe spoe. So n is mE lik ly !o 

ind@ |b€ srrDton ofd?Biotr ir e imn di.te fanily ndnba, Gddalx 

€veryehde! dd panicul&ly ir & 6t m culN. lile Patisld, 1hrt sigificart othd is 

thc spow. Galbald ed ollcaells (Calb.u4 Blo.d, NwsnF4 & B@0uo}( 1998) 

nudi.d in Cdada 519 p.ir! ofspou.€{ @ of which inindly elEtcd $.ouen ! sddd 

sMilg of r I.tg€ Fpuldi@ swey. Thct fould 6i rhe pl!g@ of d. srnplon ot . 

lp@ilic p€Fhialric ltmplomltoloCJ wa qdtc co@n f..turc i. the spou* of tne 

prtiarchavi4eyd.finit !6rrhialri. ill&$, Horga a siificdr .ssiliio of 

!frctivc disdn, a mgc of FeEliry di$dc6 ad arltictj@ dilodas I obcdcd 

in thc Aoes. fte F64h6 of ile p@nt !t!dy lugelsis !o inv6tiSal. the simjld tyF 

ofph.nom in Prti6r.n, whq€ pa'ticllely wiin bne lm illn6s6, th. spo@ ac 

intaicD.nde nor only for sid a6iB hut for 0E p€rMl dd cr&ri@.|mtr6 a 

w.ll, 

l4l

55 P.dle.d E!pr..!.d EmrioN tr Eltdd lo d.boanptic ch.nd.n.ri6 

AlonS wirh ldministdilg th. $.lc ! r-.sy a@ml of ln. dmgnPhic d.lt 

N6 de ea$.Ed fton fiepdticipe|!, J&klo'\ Sn r dd Mccotry (1990).hpidcallv 

dbblished thc ib[delive ole ofdemgraPhic sd iures Elat€d vdiabld .fteti.8 the 

oulcom of a particuh slndy. It beo@s rrs when it 6n6 io de lt3.@h6 stdying 

lh. veisble $Lly dcp@denl @ tn€ Nifd.rio6 ol individu*' +dific 

ch,fuhistics likc intelligEca mtiv.tion sd ddon. So in rhlt cm41i6 vdi6bl6 

*ith dly 5ignificdl findiDg re disued b.low. 

,.{g. of th. rcspondent had negaliv. elatioNhiP with €omponjse contol and 

.o6ler e.IM56. Rufis, GiIq, &d ltlg.ll ( 1998) obwed lhal wirh thc Srowing rge 

p€lle @ infl*nc.

inpondt b €oDsidd dd ddddtand individual doiio.ll Eslons wjth r.IiMce lo 

individul difdtue ir @tioDal qpEsion ed Eedadon. (Conps, & Codib, 

2005).Tnis is rhe tuin objetivc of in€ prc!.nt study wh.rc thc 6dhct hG ujed !o 

shin lb. anendoo fton tn€ e{f.ctr of tne hiSh .xp6ed mlions lo th€it p.rccplid5 

minly !fi4lins l|lc 6po@ ..d b.bavior ol d individul 

!o rhi6 cst gory mjoriiy ollhe palieok with schizophtnia dd OCD w@ fodd 

in @np.ntiv.ly yo@gq aAc eoup whiL rojodty ofthc P.ti@ts ofd.Pmivc il!* 

wer. in lhe niddlc 6g. goup, Thc !@e patt m hG bed d.!fib.d os lh. srli4t featurc 

ol th6c ilhes in DSM- ry TR (2005). Naqvi, Khaa 6nd Faizi (2005) tepoited fiom. 

stldy in Pakislar $e hd ue ofoh!€t in schibpbmj! 6 21.96 t€6 

in fcmal* ad 

24. 13 16 in tuld. Ih. ag€ ofonsel is slill .alier ifd. Patienls had a f.oly bisbry of 

In $it of6c flcr lhrl imid@ of shibphrdia it.qutl i! both *xB (DSM- 

IV rR (A P A, 2005)). In lhe smple of th. pl.ot ttudy th. .!tio of halc atd femle i5 

almost 2: I (61.7r 38.3). A5 $€ &rl bs b€o hken fton th. hostitals, lh. double trmb.r 

of cosuLarior fof tnrl6 nieht bc d@ 10 ft. cultual inclintion ofh.ving mE concen 

abou mal6 n$.r thd fnales, Mo@vd s th. msles @ lh. min bre.d wimd of $e 

famili.s, dy prcblh which hnde6 th.n srk is being @lic.d md dcnd.d !@ 

pompily. ln r @ton dudy in uK, F.ee dd Gemy, Madaha, .lohnson, and 

Bclbin8on (2007) gav€ a sihjlt d.1,. abod 6. g€.dq dissiburid of$.n sqb 

Among t 208 psti.nk wi$ *hibphrcnia rhcy r@oned 64.6 %, 69.4 y' dd 63'/r n LB 

lrom UK F@ce !d O.my G!€ctiY€ly. 

t43

he twh showcd th.l lh@ w@ significDt eEitdq ditr.M€ in PEE id 

sp@ilic $ddo5. ll ws ob@ed dBl th. trul6 E@Ied tMitully in th. ort xl of 

criricio and ovd involvdenl the th€ fdals. Schohm (2007) Fpod.d $€ looM 

plE oftnotr of €mtional p@i,g inp.itrMls in tbe p.tiol! with $hizopbmi! 

Th. in4dffit hs v.ry l!!dy tm @i.lcd wiih lh. derss.d sitl interotion 

Tddng de suppon of caiabusned fict eglrding fmal€ lupm.cy iD ecid stills, 

€mtion r@gnnion &d cmpld.tic cap.bihi6, the estrher ltudi.d thc abov€ said 

clpabilitiG witn Ef.tqe io estdq dif.m6 ir p.liat' of *hizophrcnia S-te foud 

thit rb* rairs Emin.d b.nd pr*ncd in ih. f.nal6 thd thtt of th! btld. Tn* 

findirys ale suppon bet.. co6e &d odcomcd of femole padent! wi$ eni@pltr@is 

tnln that of rh€if mlc couit rpdts. 

Nuba oltitlttE 

NMb6 ofdiblinS! had n%etiv€ claliotuhip pith ligh t@.ivcd ExpBsed 

Emotions lo th€ 6cflsios of cndcim Ag.if, it sm quild oonviming lhal widr the 

nmbd of siblinss ir r fdily houd oult@ in P.tiitatr orc l..ru 10 she, tolmL, dd 

ov.rl@k hividl @mnt! !d diiicim rnd b@@ mE lit ly !o @t in a 

Tn€ minm nmh.r of rnc p€rid! who 'lmin dl|tl|Mi.dor8prdivm. 

ws aood in thc sbup of lhe Doti€nts wirh $hizophMia. Maglieo .1 .1. (2002) EpoiLd 

in his 6ludy tnal Drjo.ily of his shiaphrcDio p.tidts nevd nmicd o. had oy childFn. 

Th.y did F1 wfl ndc ftidd! or sicl oontact5. Mlhdjh. Kodn8!, and Eah@lal 

(2006) Mtion d !bo!r rhc i4id.fte of lh. GLt d cb@rqisric in ehiaDbmia in 

lndia. Tn y foud thl1 in rtu pariots Md lchibphMia the nMb.r oluMied mlcs 

144

ed fml6 is considdbly hiShd rhe thrt oft[c otnq goups of Frrhiltric illBs. 

riing dd Chue (2000) rponcd the s@ $rr 6 corpd.d io Ssnenl popul.tioh, msl of 

the yougcr eb|.p6 of lh. pdliats with ehaptmra e rct Ddid or eq do. r hwe 

ey illalioB 10 n"ry in tulw. . li dorhd siudy in China, Phillips, Li, Sdoup, rnd Xir 

(2006) co.ductcd r qulit tivc ddysis lo seh lhe caual m.bh of shiapbr€.ia liom 

|he pq$erivc offamily mmb.B. TlEy dplocd rhat lbc r!3polden|s i& ifcd .lmsl 

30ol.of thccauestoint€rpasoMledpstlholoSic.lprebl@3. b Japd6csrudy 

Tdohito, Trke. sd K'zijJrN (2006) studied 84 patiot! with ehtophMi! wilh 

cf€IlN ro drcir @i|.l ed dDlornal rrltu. About rh. tMital st ru $ey found thar 

mong |nd only 26% wee lMie

w.! lcss in alnst .very ld.l of psydialric prcbls thc rhbs oI dployed ml* 

dc..d.d ttd $c nu''bs ol fdrl4 

In a cohon study on 1206 panicip&k fron U.K, Froc. ed G.lmy, M.Nahq 

Joh@D. and B.bbiqton (2007) Elorled rh. ovd.I 6G of.mployb.nt a 2l .5% 

Howevd n difrdcd @hFy wi* a 12,9/. in U.K I Lsolo iD Frue md 30,3% in 

Gemmy. Howevd, Euepdd Comi$ion 2002 r.poned $is Ele oI nPloynenl a 

1l,Wr, a2ao 8d 651% in U.L Fl!@ sd Omy Gp€tivelt Srlkda, Slad., 

md Hopki6 (2003) q@red hdy r*mn d iion pstrhifiic @habililatioD lil@tue 

who had dau|Mt d th€ f&loE coftfturinalo tbeDroblm llrc shi&ph@ic patidts 

had 10 frce iD di ainins thcir dcruding jobs. Tbe indjot d pbbl€m w@ Elon ds 

l..k ofcomalr.lion for lhe wort sneddq spEdicr.hl€ naifedlrion of syrPtom, 

sidc cf6ts of thc nEdicin6 ard d& lw sE6 roleme. 

ft6 dar' rcguding ed@anon $aiu ofth. p€rticip.rG ws qt gorizd ir fiv. 

difl.dl ldels. Il wa aoud lhat in spite ofbclongng to difldat pittniad. grcnp6 &d 

a goup ol gadrl population th@ ws m siSnificdr diff@ of€d@dior i! all th. 

peiicipull ofl|.)c sndy.Itva intcrEtiratolot ibal in tlE c.Lgory ofmEiculalion 

l.v.l tne paliml! ol snizoptMb snowed thc nid€sl fr.quency. Fisrly it sem becacd 

of U. w.[ &cmr.d f.d dr a1 pr @rbid 5t!gc th@ *a tu difrfficc of rhe 

nomal distibution of IQ level in the prtien$ of$haoplucni. frm 1n€ g..dl 

popuhion. h b .geh d inrcrsling phtuftno! tnrt .t rim6 tn y t nd !o pllgl m 

rbovc avmsa Ffo'rmce 

ponioulely in rc.dadc ehia@@b (Adrn N.vigal6, 

.loc 2008), Whih snrdyig thc n gativd efial on 6g!iliv. fuctiodnS in $hizopbr.nia 

Eb.rh,!d Rn.x lxl Is.Dd.r (2003) c,lcuht d llc preMbid @gitiv. sc@ fron 

t4

shool sFd6. 'ftcy foud inat .lno$ 6fty pclqt of rhf, @hed !o @llce. l4l o. 

nich6 gFd6 ..d ilc ovaall !6fotuc. ii dE eh@l Cade 6 rbolc rvalgc. 

Seoordly rhs .vdge rye oloD&l of tlrir irlc of illn s is mund pub.ny, lt j6 0!. .ee 

whs mjority shi.v6 thd ldel of dEi.ulrtion dd e do the patidls of ehiephEnia. 

Gok 5t.in, AU.n, D&i€|, dd (ma (l99E) !tudi€d thlt lle P8timls wirh &hizopbrdja 

hrd nd rcmd ldcl of @gdtirc ir4qimr. Th.y !dd.d thfi d* p.tiab r[N.d 

a?pmnmt ly rh. s.m ldcl of €. clir.d @Fitivc irpaimdt. As flr a thc 

psfolfuc. oi g6sal losts of lde Fri.nr! of OCD b coll.4ed Tdvidi (2006) dportcd 

ihar lheir g.n ral intelligdc€ ond lmguge abilitiB @ quite nonnal, 

It wa ds obwed in lhe study thar cducatior ld.l ofrhe re5ponddt ws 

!.8adv€ly @lar.d Mtn lhe @Erd GF@. A! will rhe imlle ld.l of .dEario! 

th. .ee ot D ildividu.l abo imlllg. lt ha .!ady b@ e9ported by diffffir .l!di6 

t'at ldjulability ifttte wnh rt. i@ing ag. (Rutr.r, ciU6, & Hrga, | 998i 

Bhsker, & RudrDlM, 2006; C.rdoson, & Tulq 1988), So thc posiliv. @@l.tion 

b€twe.D €duc.tion ed ind6erl adjNrability &@ d m added adverisc ro ied. 

Ed.&ttnn Led oltu 10&6 oflh. pzd.br"rs 

It hlr b6 tuticcd rhfi lne @jdity ollhc @th6 ofpsychi.Eic Ftiot5 wa. 

epon dly illir.itc, It @uld b. be.@ oflhc fet 1h.t 6 ml[6 ofth. p.nhitui! of 

twaiy io rixty ,!s ofag€ fron nid{I. .ls! cultuG of Paldsre, belorgod 10 d @ 

whd edurtiod offemales w not very comon, Pdlisld cdsN ( 197- 1998) epoded 

lhal th. m6t dividilg line is betw.m rhc go&6...wnft n re lter&y h .houl 60% 

and f@1. lit cy k @ly 3602." N€vcr[.lar l!. inporrdc of l[. ldel oa.dk.rion 

of thc mthd i. thc AFwd 

.nd minrcm. of ph)6icd .!d ML1 nalh o mt bc 

d6ied. Rrhi, Kumva! Cd& & Singh (2005) obracd rh€ demsahic coftlrtd of 

t41

FFhi.tric d.od6 i! . s$ eti@.| stu

tnis way lbde e chee! ld lh. rd@hs dd clinicis! to f..l Ge fion aI lne 

cMbersoft, incluion or .xcluion qit rion p@edre of high or low ExPre$ed 

Emrion Flatic. Sinitrly jsl by @uing thc l@iv.d ExpGs.d Emtior n 

beom6 e6ier lo pEdlct somethinE about 0E palimb who de at exlrm. n* of rcl.ps. 

Orhcei-, f d. .nph6is is on n6uilr hiSh or low ExPrEs€d Emtion i. tr!. 

avibnmmt or elaives onu it rcmins r pr.dioliv€ faihre, 

Cdbesell frmily i diw is quit dtu and mncy 6smha ud above dl 

ne€ds pof€sionrlly r.!'ned od skilled pdMcl to adminis|d il, Thc il hd beq ! 

mnq oamjor h.ndiep for th. aeehdr od cli.jci$, who sm how, cjmt Act 

preF hinil8 lo &hiwe ltenpof*io l goak in int co e ThcPftcived 

€xpre$.d moli@ sale ompns* of simpl. s€odi6 !o b. RDond.d ot lhe gYcn 

po$ibb cnoic6. Ths it is apered lhll dis s.l. is going 10 slv. th. cxistiDs pobld 

of olmenling $e srdts of hi8h expBed dotio8. thc lludy !o devclop p€reived 

extes€d mtio.s .ia to qploE the G.toE {ar n€di.t p.liats .mrioml ed 

cosnitive Bponsd bcnvd e iodividul s cnotioml ond cognniv€ espoes. Rrth.r 

$r srdotypically .mpbsizins on tbe EE 6 if il €r-t! .qully on all individuds 

Esadl6! olrheir colrlilive fr@ wdli, 

Pcarly in rh€ m.8ddt of mriodlly distlrb.d individuals, it is 

dphsiz.d lo sujdc th€ sisDjfiot ol[d lo coret 1h.t cxpl*ion of hotios. Tho.y 

b€hind tn€ dflelopmt of lhe pdoeived exprcsed mtion dG ai shining lhn 

€npnsis ro l[. diddt of lhe hidr qpls.d mtio.s a w.ll. Co$quddy, in thi6 

wax the peson wiih pbbld or &e patid becom6 .quauy inpo'ta in the couscling 

drkr'rrrpbStlltre. 

149

Itrc dev€lop|mt of ascaffir bol for lhc Feivcd cmtis al$ dG at 

cuceling o(1 lbe Doblm of wi.tio8 of th. cf@G of .xFt$.d mtiotu it ditr@t 

cultus. The resloBes of rh. @ipi4t will b. rccordiry 10 deir om @io{uln[al, 

Ecill. *ononic, edertional, sd g.nder dc!.miml' Thu lhe acquitd $os vil 

Efld tne shte of tne respodofs owD cognirilc ft@ of r.f@n€, along wiln il6 

culhml md individul veirtioos, 

In slile ofthc besl enddvo*, si.Dlific atldics, paniculrly ofb.hrviorrl 

sim€i alwatr leav€ lofre en for inpol€lml3 lor lhc innirenl cedch6. 

Folowirg e ee linilatioB of $. pr6dr ltudy, along wilh fw t@'ma&tioB for 

then medy. HoEqd lbe E.@hd will highly rpp@iat od wel@c mylw ida 

6ning frm orhr shols ro. 

5.7 LiritrrioD rd R{om|Md.dod 

The evaldion of tlr cpds on th. ffii6, ald th@ tt irlDlicaliotr ofrh€ 

rcporiot 6p.n$ on lo lhe ul ddll hs dw.)$ bd @ @voiddlc ed ac.F.d 

limit tion ir tn stlrdis wh@ it is h2lrdos io cstc u &iu.l sinDdonjat for the soke 

of eiqtific obswolims. Huitrm (2006) dpF$cd th* b@aBe of it inpr&ticdny 

&d ethical issues, dolions ce'l b. crc.tcd rnilici.lly. Thus fo. r€s@h puQoss &e 

enolion.l 6pons6 are judg€d wnh $c hclp of nemries which e ston8ly .f{ted by 

fie iddividul *pdidc€s. n*ds and p.r$nsl iDlerFotation. 

Dqnis, Ctristopnn, ed D.vid (2001) dieBed thc limilalioc in de @stnction of 

psrrhomlricdly valid t6t b!.d upon airg Sduin mtio6, nft e ! lor of ethic.l 

ises inrclve.l 6r€idly ir .licitina n grtiv. .mlioN in th. pa.liciparls. TiB &. 

subsidiry arrosmt for $n ryF of pobld k done by lh. fonnulatiotr of sch 

$eEic. Whne pr€sting lhe sai6 th. subjd ir ukcd b @d dc t?. of 

150

E poro. (or emtiotr in otis cae) it uually .licils ir tn t plniclld sft'Drion. Ahough 

uc PEES h^ . hieh CD.bDlh @ficiol .lph. (0.87), for My petical liniutio6 lhe 

PEE erl! could be ldminhtacd on . limitcd nwber oI smplc bclonging lo a limiid 

rMbd ofpsychopathologid ed 8pne6l pop'rhlion. rurth.i elcene! @ 

eoemrd.d ro illEer| PEES o a l..gd nhba of uDl6 on . wi&r tug. of 

p6ychiltric ilh6s ed gddl porulalion s weU. 

Anothd limjtation was th.t witll lhe cornpeatively smlld nmbq of sdpl€ the 

d!bli!he61of its nofu ws mt posibl€. Th.EfoE n b sugg*t d to dDirislr th€ 

$al. on a laepr slplc Ep|lMijlg rhc broado $per of lopuhtion s thd ddniL 

nom codd be dlblbhcd for fudq up p.nicularly fd @eh purp$4. 

MorcoE 6rd6 lludid @ als @omrcded io erabush coryqsdl v.lidiry 

of this srlc by findina oll ir. cml.ti@ wilh lhc ensdns erl6 of Englisb leguSe 

like lc@ived 

sn€s scllc by Coha (2006). It MI al$ b€ iniddting to fnd lhe 

coftl.tioB of s6 oo p.@ived qp@.d morion sales wiltr $e evalution of 

Cmb.Ncll 6mily intdia by the @mdcd decrG. 

The nmbd of sdple of Ihe snrdy wd llkq Aom $. palicnts visitiq 

govmeot hospitds of L.Ior orly. Majorily oflhe patienb who vilit lh* hospitals 

bclonS lo the niddl€ cb$. Ar th€ lmiv.d ErpGs€d Emrid S.rl€ (PEES) minly 

aitu rt thc subj6tive t rc.ptid ofth. E p.nd.nt, irs validity @ins i lcr only ifrhe 

intmal consi ocy ftnains higb. Howder, it vill be mre intd. ing to s€l lhc ddrA 

nom ldad sdple siz of difiddt sio cultunl .$er5 and compd. th.n sc on 

PEES. 

P6cldy th€ PEES M! developed by esr€dting sodio! fDn ibe eftple of 

@1., ioo.l., edrale4 uncde.lc4 'Midd, Mi.4 wortjns Nd mFeltirg 

l5l

pa.ldie Alb{hil|b tulF*lt qt do ofrb.cdd.. rs dtlql ed 

.trcc[!sr ?.r. ei! tb Eb.bD!.rhE! sr..a[r.ddF$del 

'r. 

n n $$!3.d to &tda ded 6io. odtti. nb fadiffdd ord.arir of O. 

popoldd. lDo6.[ 6. €nr llrer {. (c} d Vqdl'q ^tld.c.d Vrio dd 

Adut V'titr), !od. (D.L trd4 dd. vadol .d nln.l rdr (Eio br 

llri.d d oD-tho.! nidly t!(,td. 

15',

Refererces 

aokeIIM, B.1., Ab., J. A., & Izrd, C. E. (1998). Difa.rdti.l emtional th@ry ed 

cmliml devclopnot mirdfll of r.dutrlory. In M. M&olo & S. 6ftn {Eds.), 

Vh.t.lNlopt k edotiual d*lopq.,r2 (!p.85-106). Nq YoiL Piam 

Adm Navirdor. (Jue 2008) lw.adm.@n. 

Alb.r! U., Mlina C., Ravia, L., & Bog€no, F. (2002). An Eipbdory study on 

Ob.s*ivecltlpubive Di$ihr wilh and without . Imili.l co4on Are |hft 

ony pheoomdological difiemEcl lhkrnotioNl Jotmal oI Dquqbe 

Exps ine nbt P t, c topd tologt. Ph e,o n e n o I og a nd P s tt h igh. D i agno s it, 3 5, 

8,t6 

An nco Psychiardc A$ocirtioa. e005} Diag,odk and Stat*tial Manul of Mdtal 

Dir'ds (4s.d) Tdt Rwision (pp. 312-122). Wshingon, 

AmtdM.B.0960).t a,rb,r 4 peB@altrt: Psrcholosi.al etPdt (vol 1) NN 

York Colmbio Univ€Fity PBr 

Anslasi, A., Ulnin!, S. (l9?). Pqrloi,si@/ a6!,tg (/ ed ) S.8aPo€. ?e@r 

Anold, M. B. (1970). Bmin fuctiotu in motioB: A Phdmcnolosrcll 

6al)sir' Ir P. 

Rl{k tU.'). P^Jsrtlogiet Cot lar6 o/rnot o, N.w Yort: Aoadoi. Pl*. 

Anildel, \t. A., Etursltadg, P. M. G., MoME, a, & Bnln !, E (r9$)- Ite ole of 

p@divcd pde.lal Ming p@lic6 ir tne edolo$/ ofPhobh dlsidds: a contolled 

stti,J. Bthkh Joumol of Pstxhidtry, t 43, 187- ta1 

As.mw, 

'. 

l5l 

R., Toflp$q M., We, S., & Cdt*d, D. P. (2004) ls ErPis€d md@ . 

speific risk f&lor for d.presiot or a ton lPecific coftlal. ofpslrhopatholog/ 

Jumal ol lbomol Ptyc,otost,2g (6), 57t-5a3

4116, c, D, 0 994), Scosniviq, to criricisbr 6 new fteaw ofElponl6 10 evotday 

dnntsB, J@tul o! Pr.to.trrcatiu Awn@tt, | 2,241{53. 

Avsill, J. A. (1980). A comrrctivist vid ofmdon, In R Plutchik & H. Kcllcrld 

(Eds.), Ehdiot:Ir@rf ftMr.I ad dp4ide:vol L1r@ri6 oI@otiu.lJax 

York Academio Press. 

Avdit\, L N.(942r. Atg* atd agE.@iqi ,rn 6ra, or .r,rr'e Nd YorL SFirgd- 

B.tq, B., H.Iro. E-, & (,aix, S. S. 0984). Plll lrd PlMl 

p@ciwd dnude of 

ahi@phrenia in rclarion to rc-hNpit^liÛ6. Britith Jomal of Ptttliatry, 144, 

26)-269. 

B!kd, B,, & (reiN, €. (198?). Pcrceived .nnud.s of $himptr.nic in prticnt! in 

Elaiiof, !o Ehospir.liz.rio. .lrurzl ofc@ltkg od Cli.i.al Pttcholoa/, 5t, Tt5" 

Balle*, A. S.. Mtrq, lC T., !Vad., J., s.tm, S., & Mori&!, R. L. 0992)- It. abilily 

of scnidDludics to p@i!. .nd @pe iitt ^.gîee allqL British Joumal o! 

Psrchia,ty, I 60, 41 3440. 

Bftt! L c,, & corp$, ,. .,. (198?), Pdspstive or .futioml ddclopnnt IIr A 

nmn@d alp'reh io lmtioB. tn t. D. O$BW Gtu.), Ea,A b@t q i,hnl 

drylopnat12* Ed. pp555-51ar. Nry Yolt Wley-lntdscinc.. 

B6L. A.'t. (1976). D.p@sior: Cli,ical, d?.rine"al 4nd tâdi&l asp$. t:l@ 

B.nrall, R. P- eml )- S@ial @sDitim ald &l6io!.1 b.li.G. In P. w. codige & D. L 

PmG,ngJ, So.ial.osnilion i, tcrr,//.d wahineto4 DCr AlMioe 

PsFhologic.l A@trtid- 

154

B.n Zd.!, I\.lz'Oq. me Sbneq o/ru,r'bre. Cmbndgq MA: MIT PHs 

Bhsklr, R., & Ru&m. (2007). a stldy on 1ne Elltiotship b€tw@ t8! of 

@r@tion bd adjustunr paa@ of adoleat gi.ls in MtsE city. ./o!ru, ,/ 

Hutun E@lop, 2 I ( l ), 27-25. 

Anngn, D-, McKtuic, K. (2001). ExFe$€d €rctiod &o$ .ultuss ,Adw,c€t ,, 

Ps!.iianic Trcotd.bt, 9, 34-348. 

Biffi, K. L, \2sJq. Per rcJectid: DevlopMbt ProN a.d intmntb, 

Jtdr.8's. U.s-A Gilhrd Inc. 

Bledin, K. D., Maccdlhx B., Kup6, L, & Woo&, P. T (1990) D.nght G ofp@plc 

wi$ demnria expHsed emlion, sFain &d @ping a.rk, J,r,ot oJ Psr.htdrt, 

157,221-221 , 

Blclld,E. lrgrl) Dnqti4 ptud ot the soup oI thizoph4its (Endt$ diri6 

1950). N. Y. Intemtronil Ud6ny ft* 

Booq J. C.. & Madig!4 u. K, (2OOO). Ne@Ptvchologv & emotioh md emtion l 

di$rda: An ov.ryieN dd t€qsh dn4rion ln J C Bomd (Eds ), N.ttubiolog of 

?zorb, (pp. 3-28). Nw Yo*: Oxadd Univdity P6. 

Bre\E G- (19J9). Exp.n@ ofdi*hds.d chmtic &nizo?hHic lmirl horyiltl 

porids ir vdiou ttles ol livira gntq. Mtlbt* ltaotal Fund Stdnenr, 37 

105-131. 

BeM, O. (1985). Itc disv..y or dPr*cd e@tum: lnduclion or deductio? In J 

r2iI & Vdghn (Ed!,) Err'B,,/ tnolb6 D Fdn,?t6 (7-25) Ncw Ydlc Citford 

Bom, C., Bicly, J., & Wins, J. L (1972) lnllumc. of f|nlv lifc on tne coLN of 

*bibphEnia di6ordes: A eplic 

î@ 

15, 

Bitith J@nal of Pstchiatrv 12 t 24r'258

BbM, G., MonL E M., &cGtriE G M. (1962)- r.nrac. orfmilv lif. or tb' 

colN of $hiapnMic ifln*. atrB h Jdrul oJ Pwntar@ at ! S4ial 

Cmiso, A. M. B@l6dds, M. A" Lrtat€r. P , R&, L" Blmd, C A , C/Domell B F 

(2005). Pmoi.lity Eai|s in &himphmii ed r.laled peFdolnv di6odcm 

Ps!.hian, Rd.arch. 113(rJ 23-33. 

Cmpbell, M. L. C., & Moriso4 A P (2OO?) Itd psvchologjel consqeo@s of 

comb.l expos: Th. inPon&. of alPrdlal5 ud posl_tanmiic 5trs dierdd 

sFplonatorogy in lhe @ume of d€luiodl lil. irte{ at"r' Jomal oJCIini'aI 

Pst.holog/, 16, lA7.2or ' 

Cd|e$.i, L. L., & TElq s T (1988) Emlior b in lhc 2d tlroflif' c@@t 

Dire.tioa in Prtl,dosi$l 'ci.M, 7,14+149 

Cneng A. T. ,4, (2002). Expt ss€d anorior A coss{dnlallv vtlid cneg'n Tt' Antbh 

Jotnal a! Psr.hiotry, | 8l , 466461 

ChiU. S. P,, & Foa, E. B (2005) Adielv Di!od€6: Cogtitiv' BchavoEl Th@pv ln B' 

.,.Sad@k&V.A Sodek (Ed!.) KoPlan & Sado'k\ ConpftheNlee fat A@kal 

Psrhrnry 8h .d lJ'P Oa8 -fi99) U S A , Lippotuot Williffi sd wiltiN 

Chns, F,. & Comjc, c. ( t95) Psvchotic di$rdfl: S'hizophdia, strdtiv' FvclDs 

i.dpatuir.In A. A ljz@&A M. Col€ru(Bds) 4"ota'Pgtit'?'&t Na 

York LoDet d hrblidntS 

Cloe, C. L. (1994). why dli@ wrv in inltsiry In P Et|lfl tnd R' J Dlidson 

(Etu), m. notote of .ndiN: Ju ldnc'lal 9ldtbd 

Oxford Unive6itY PGs, hc 

(ep 33G393) Nd York: 

t56

ClorE, c. L, sd Ononr A. (l988). Seditic uil'€b of th. .fietiv€ lqi@, ln v. 

Hmjhon,, G, BoNd., & N. Frijda, (E&,), CoEttiti'e tciû penptti|e d .ndid 

a nolitutib ltD.36;7-398). annrldtri: M.rtinu Niihor. 

Cohe!, s., (,fuL T., dd Mcmlslein, R, ( 1988)- A globrl llBr of pftcived 

sRE,. Journrl al Hpahh anr! Sraal A?rawo4 21. 385-396. 

cohe\ s. (2006). Pft.nrd rrBr rale (!p. I -3)- Pinsbu4h: Fn€nds Natjod Reec 

Colliro. N., & Re.4 S. (1994), Cogritiv. a?re!@laiion of.nrchmd: Tn $rctuE ud 

tuetion of mrting redcls. ln K. B!nhdo!|@ & D. PalM (Edr). ,/dcrne,, 

Pmes h aduknooa: ,4tlwrcd in pesMl relationship, (yol,5, W. ,-m). 

Cole, t. D., & K.aiaa S. S. (1983). Th. l.rcl of eeGs.d md@ $alq A nd 

n6u€s of expEsFd omotion. "r,@t of Pt chiatt,44.192-391. 

conb6, D. R, M,chrel, C. O., &Pcia D. L. (2006). Pmia Dd mtion Frc.ptior 

.dN th. ertirum,rtt Ja!ru/ of Clinicol Psttholop, 45, 19-31. 

Conrp6, B., Gorlib, I. H. (2005), htrcdrctid to cli\ktl pt .hologr kitue 4td pra.ri.e 

(lsr El.). Nw Yo*: McCBw-Hi[ In , 

Comeliu. R,R. ( l9l) GDsorio MMor's two iactor Tho.y of emtion. Poonaliry 

and Seial Psycnobey Bullcli4 l7( D, 65.69. 

Cffi, P., Bow.a J-, & O N.ill, M. (l92} S.hizophMie.nd sial ldjutMt qny 

do ehiepbHics 8er il wlg? a/n sh Joumol ofPsfchian , 160. 481-441 , 

Cl.lmq. P., w*gD.A M., & O N€il, M. (1989). s.htoplu.nia md ln. p.rcoptior oI 

@rioN how sud.ly & shi&pbFni$ judg. rh. @do.il sr.t.3 oaolhd? 

Bitish Jotmal of Ptyctiah!, I 55, 225-228. 

t51

Crespo' Facoe, 8,, Poradis, S., Alderc.sn, N,C. (2001), Neul Mheism of 

atnedonia io shibphmi!. J,!ru? ofllntriM Medici,e As@iati6,286, 427- 

Cutring, L.P., A!ta, J-M., & Do.h€nx N. M, (2006). S.btopbroic p!!iab, 

paceptioa of slr$s, expr€sFd etution, dd sminvity lo oiliciM, ,tc/x:,pt "iz 

Bulletin, 3 2 (4 ), 743-7 50. 

Deiels, D., & Plomin, R. 0985} Diff@rhl qFitu of sibtiry! i! ftc tu EDny- 

DevelopMtal Ptttholog, 2 1. 1 47 -160, 

Danidson, R. J. ( 193), PNinS atr-tivd sp&.: P.Bpetiv6 ton ncuro!6y.holo$/ dd 

$ychophrsiolory. Newopsyc,olog), 7, 4.64-41 5. 

Davidso., R. J. ( | 994) Hmuiig Biology in rh! My ofAfretivc Siyt., h p.Et nm & 

R J. Dlvidloi (Eds). 71," tar@ 4 Enoti@. F aAa@bl q6tiM, Nq yotu: 

Oxford U.iv.Eity PE$, Ino. 

Davidson, R. J. (2000). Awed for lhe diBtinluish sidrific coniriburion ,{a.ri.a, 

Psttrolqktt, 5 5, | 193-r 196. 

DavidsoD, R J., Mchrll, ,. R, Tomn a A- ,., & Ediquen J. B. (2OOO). wlile a 

phobic vlirs: R.gjoMl bnin el@lric.t ed .uiorcnic activity i! silt phobic duiog 

panicipation of public spqtirg. diotogidl Pqthiatr!, 17, 85-95. 

Davjs, P. J.. & Giben, M. c. (2000)_ R4opition ofpos€d ed glnuinc feial 

expBioN of ootid in p€Emid ed notr pmoid ehizophEni.. ./@,at ara 

Abml Prtholog), | 09. 445450- 

Danjs, c. {2@l). Intrcdrctid to psrchatos): Cate ray to nind & b.h4yiq (pp.2'). 

U,S.A: Tho@n !€hine Inc. 

158

Demis R. C., Cltrislophq, O. M,. & David, L P, {2006). Pdmda dd €molion pwcplion 

a'ss tn @nrinuM, ,nltrrrr Jatul of Clihicdl Ptt hologL 45, l9-ll. 

Dosr.Id, D R, Ni@I, A. R., Sr€tcn D. D-, & RrjtN., S. .t- ( 1994} A snrdy of 

expr.s.d dotioi pimry c.@ of adoledts wirh inlellenul iupailrME. 

Jotnrl bltht.llutuat Ditability RseMh. 

Dulz, 8., a Hdd!, l. (1986). shor,len ElaD6c in rluns $hi@phrni.s: Cd ii be 

pEiicr.d ald aoaled by ldily (cFI), p jdl dd rat@r v&j!bl6? An 

€xpaiMtd sludy. I. M. ,, coldsllin, L H.ndn & L Hrhtw.S G&.), Lerd ,/ 

khizo?h@it: Fanilt an ! asesn.nt ard t .Nntid lW. 59-75), Balin: SprineeF 

Dur&, S.. & M.!goli4 C. (2@7). P@r! .gg6sive innu.l@ ud chjld,q s 

ags6iv. p@bld slution wirh r4s. J@mt of Clihial Chikt and klotmt 

Psyc,olog, 36, 42-55. 

Eblqline, R. A. (2002). k rcpo d bappin* five ),6 .8o conpaabl. to lcst 

bappins? A cauriooaryDor€. J@mal 4: Happi6s Sarlid, 2( r, t-2. 

EM',n( J. Riley, F., & L.v!Dda, S. (2003). Pmortid Ie .!d shi&pbtuis: 

h.@ing egtitirc Edrctio by episod6. Eu.opw Arcni@ o! psrctidty and 

Aihi.dl Ndrct i.n.es, 253, 84-A8, 

Ehles, A., & Clslq D, M. (2OOO), A cogniiivc no&l of post-iralmtc str6 dj$r.td. 

sehariu R.larch t"d IhmD,. 38, 319-345. 

E*rEa p. (19?3). C@{dnral snldie of f&i.t €xplwio!. In p. Ekrm (E

ab@t 4pty.hdkropr: Ir@ty ddprddte (!p.123139). N* YorL Orfod 

Ellswonn, P. C. (1991) Som i[pliqtioN of cogitive .pprai&l nr@d€s of Enolios 

Ptrhiary, 32,88)06 

Enmling, B- J., & Chdis, C. (2001). Emriotrd i cUiS@ ud thc @up'riodl 

.hoic. pr@e*. J@ml doetpationol Ailssnat, 1 1, l5t-r67. 

Erd.l, M. E., Tot, S., Y&ici, K., Ydici, /.,, Hak !, It., Erdo, p., ,, 4r (2003). L&k of 

.swi.rion of carehol+@ihytEx.fde e@. Fttm|Phim jr ot6*ivc 

@dpursivc dirdda. ,Mz,idal /,rrtra of Ealti, I8(1). 4145. 

EJ6dk, M. V., & Ked., M. T. (2005). Cognilive p!trholo$/: A Studdts Hddbook. 

6s ed) Nq Yo*. Tylor & Fmcis inc. 

F!d&., G., Babbirgtdl P,, & KuiFs, L(198?). ft. &rd@ ofce: T1E iDp@t of 

fietional psrhiarric illn* on rhe p6ndtr's fmity. me Biti,h JeM! oJ 

P rt h iot.y 1 50 : 28 5 -292, 

Fel ngbr@, T. (1977). D.v.loplhr ofT.s ilvalory ofgi.f. /1@icu Jtunal 

oI PstcrifiJt, I J6(6), 696498. 

F!*hingbaH, T. (1987). It. Tex6 Eyir.d ihveniory of eri€r h S. Zisook (Ed.) 

BiopsFhcwial &3por! of b@vcftnr (!p. I I l-t 24). W{hingtoa DC: A@ricd 

F..ncy, B. C., & Ceridy, J, (2m3) Rtuoro1rctive Itr!@ry ftlrr.d to ntolsoal-p.@t 

conflict inlera.tioos : The irflMc ofrh.hndnt Elot€d r.lGenlltim on 

imn diare pqr.PtioF ad .r,.ne6 ia Pdc.fljifu Nq tjtu. toml of pqe,ztity 

ad Seial Psrtholo&), 85,266-274. 

160

cinb.rg, T. E., Riltin, A., Schr.fd, C., W ka, E.(1986) F&ial disnnimtion add 

lmn@d t@gnitid il $hiaplr6i. aid ^fr6.nre di&lda- .,lchiM of Gen@l 

Prchiatrt, 4 3 (3) 216-279. 

Feuisr€in, R. (r 9?9). fte ryro' ic A*.sn nt oJ R.taftled pe{otueB. BaltituE 

Univ6ny, P{lpe$, 

Fielll. A. l20o9, Disowri"s Statktict 6irg SPSS, tlndotr, Sagc Pulliellion l,rIt. 

Flnt\ L. 

^. 

(1993). CtiAh@A Imt@ I eNN (CIl-MadLU* adninishation u.l 

r@i,& Unpubliln d IMul. 

Fint, L., Blmteio. D. P., HedeklM, Foot , J., & t vejo, M, (195). tnnial rcli.bjliry 

ud valdny of0F .hndnood trlw ini.oiew: A rq ndtidimtujml ne6m of 

chil.lhood inIcrFeMf lzljm. ,{ neri@n Jotut of ps$niaiy, lS2, tj2g-t335. 

Fogl6, ,, M., To@tr M. c-, Sr€tdrc, C., & HotEna S. C. (2007)_ hn@c. of 

Exp6$d Eetion dd PBeivlved Cnticisn 6 Cognilive Bch.vjo. Thcnpy for 

Sacizl Phobi^, Jddol of Aehavid Ratuch and m*dpr,4j,2, 

Fosrs, J. (2001). Ibc p@€ived €xpr.!s.d cmdoo in srofrs eal.. Jd mal of prrct iatty 

Mqtal H.aIh NuB6t .4:s@iatid. !0 ( 1), t@-tt7. 

Fdcy, & c., Davit, K. E. & Sbnvd, P. R ( 198). Disjsing .rcid!@ ud $e 

dcfosiv. orgeizltior of@rio4 cognition .nd b.h.vior In J.A. Sinp&n & w.S. 

Pno s (Ed!). Akacrnet thery and CBSE /ebtiushirs (w.249- 279), N.w ydk 

Fral., R. C., Crffi, J. P., & Sh.va, P. R_ (2mO). Adulr .na.hml .nd thc d.f@ive 

E8'Iati@ of rtralid ud M.y: Trjc Dlt of Pl!.qdr€ r'd posr .npdrc 

rw*Joumal oIP^nnality at.l s.ctal Ptt.notos),79 3rc326. 

l6t

FllilM, D., O@ty, P. A., Kuip€rs! !., Foqler,, & BebbirClo!, P, E, (2002), A 

coirive md.l of p64u1ory del6i6, A kh Jouul bfcllniel Ptychotost,4!, 

331341. 

Fndeooa G. ( 198), Deoding off&i.lly .xpEs.d doiioB in p.tidb wit! 

psrh@@ric ganroinr.srinrl dftdda, Jounal of Behaior Modiietion, 22(2), 

184-191. 

Frijd.. N H. 0986). ?ri, e'or,id. cd ndg.: Cmbndae Univ6ily prs. 

Fnjda N. H., (1993).'nF ple of !p!ni{l h .mri@. Cosnttd a,.l Etuid.7,357- 

333. 

Frjjd!, N. H. (1994). Emtior Equi@s @Sniiios, ad if sinpls onc!, In p, Ehm 

G.I), nE Mu/. ofenotiM: Fua.ta ."tolgsrrd(!p. |9?-|98).Nayo*: 

Oxftrd Univ6ny Asq b.. 

Frjjda N. H., Kuilm, P., & Sohm, E. ( 1989). Rehrion lmng cmotion, .ppEjsrl dnd 

enononsr a.tion r.odin6!. J@mal oJ Petohotity and 9xid Ptr.halogj, 57, 2r2 - 

228. 

Fnjd.. N. H., & M6quita B. { 198)- Thc ulylb of @dos: Dindios of vdi,rion. 

In M. F. M&oro & S. c.imn G&.), what .ldebps k motiMt Mopndt? (w. 

273-295). Ncw Yoik Plem. 

G.il,S., Jndy,L.,DiM.,L.,ThoD,: L., & Chdt6,E. (2OO?). Etfct! of F..ive

G&i.-Mont a .t. M., Cans6, A., P@-Alv...z, M-, Filalep, A M. & Gutierz. o- 

em6). Thc Dle of nd.egoitior Dd dbusht connol tabniqB ir $. 

pEdkpqition to visul. ,n7t$ Jounal oI Ptttîdtr!. 15,309-311 

cor.l, P. A,, & F@M, D. (1999). Cog4itiv. spp@h6 ro d.luionl A criticd Eview 

of thdi.s sd .vidnce. ,r,t r, Ja,re I of Clinidt Pq.hologt, 38, ll3-154. 

G.l4 T,, & Sch.M, rc R 0988). Rcl.rirg sirrstiotr dalutid ,o @rion 

dift@drtion: NoDn*ic ..rlysir of cl*cdtud qu6iioMn d!r.. In K. R 

scnct t (Ed.), Focet' ofenotid: x,r&rc, (pp. 6l-78). Hirsd.l., NJ: r,awncs 

cersea K. J., & Cdsea M. (1988). Neativ. ed lh. sll s @larion hip. In L. 

Barlwirz. (U.), Adw6 i" etperia.ttal s@iat psychotost, (vor.2t, pp.r7-s6). 

Nd Yo*r Acrddic Prs. 

Gdku, C., v& D$ Lubb€, P.M., & vs Nicw€nnuizd. c. {1992). retoi ddysis of 

th€ l.v.l of cxpr€lsld emtior !cal€: A qu*domire inlended ro l)@@ Frceived 

expr.s.d.mdon.,/tn ./aMal oJPsycht4try, I6q 3a5-3a9. 

Gi4 T,8,, Col., RE-, wlnn€, L.C. (1985), A hGtitity nuw lor @ in fhjty 

coarqt' Pstth i at ry R6.!EA, | 5: 205 -210. 

Gillies, S.C., & ao*q, O. E. (1984), Cognidv. co.$qude of mtion.l @u.t, In 

C. Izd4 J. Krse, & C. zajonic @d5r, E@tioE, cosnitid a,n b.^diot. Nd yotk: 

Cmbridge UnivssilyPr€!d, 

Gilhooly, M. L. M., Wnftdct, J, E. (1989). ErpBled mrior in crcgiv@ of dc 

ddanins.ldaiy. Bnti:th J@tut of Med Ptycholost- 62 (3)265-272, 

163

GlyD4 S. M-, Rd&lph, E, L, Eth, S., P.a O. G., Log, C. B., & shIm, A. L.,.r4l 

( 190), Patidr psrrlDpdologl' .!d dpr63!d @tion io *hiapbMia, tnrir, 

Jaurul ofPst htdtry, I 57, 877-aA0. 

Cold, J, M., & Crer'. M. F. (2005). SchtiphMi!: Coidon. In B. t. Srd@k & V. A. 

Sadock (E

Hdl*.g, K., Col&rciq M. J., & Nu*htalcin, I( H. (1989). Exp66.d miid &d 

prriml-Elariv. i @rior in fd i6 of @nr or*r shiaphmie../dual a/ 

Co,tultiry and Clki.al hrcrolog), 57, ll-78, 

Hmilion, M. ( 1967), D.y.lopnal of a ding eal. fd priruty depBive i[@!. 

Brnkn Jom.l oI Sdill ed Clinic.l Prleholog/, 4 278 - 296, 

H@, R. (Ed.). (r 986). Ir, ,tadr a8tetid oJ Enotidt. Oxf6d| BteLv.rL 

He, R,, & Pmlt, W. G. (1996)- ?,re raororn t ndo( Slgc Publiqriom. 

H.yn6l H-, Co.p.r, 2,, P!*el, E. S., Vc.mts, S., & R l@. R (1997). Ex9!6s.d 

mtions ed d.pEsion: A longinrdbal Sr y,BritishJMIoJWhitny, t7t, 

439 - 443. 

HclG. J. E., & ItDp.. C. L (2005), l,trcdrcti* to cliticol pty.holop, {i@, 

prttire, md dlna lW rra - 37 9), bdir Shct Priror n P.ct Lt\C. 

Hcisc, D. R, & O' Briq J. (1993). Emtion sd Bxprssion ii coups. rn M. Lewi!, & 

J. M. Haviland (Ed!.), sodr,or o/drr,o4 (!p.41t949E). N@ yo* Guitford 

H@&o-Levy, U.. Orccohd& D., & D8bdg, H. (1990)_ Fdily dpcs.d @tionl 

conccpr rlil@ .!xl Istuefi pd4e$w, bneti Jtu@t of psrehi^r! ann Rehbd 

s.ih$, 2?, 20+2t5, 

Hool.y, ,. M. (1985), Exps*d tutio.: . Biew f rbe djricrl tit Enft. C/r,j.a/ 

Ptttholo&) Rd ier, 5, I lrr39. 

H@I.y, J. M' resdrl., J, D (1989). P..dicloB ofEtrp6c ir uipole dalsiv6: 

.xpE&ed .mrioli lEir.r disrrGq ^na twi\r4niticin Jtut .t of lbamd 

P str t os). 9 I ( 3), 229-3 5. 

ô 

t65

Hufim, K. (2006). r,v,g prrlola&r'. U.S.A: Johr Willey & Sos, Inc. 

lifaq,K. {20ot) Pda,talExpBseA Endid of S.hizoptleni'.U!4]tj6ndE4 N@n 

R.pori aor Advec.d Diplotu in Clinisl Psydolos/, Univftity ofth. Pujrb, 

Ia!d, C. E. ( 193)- Fow sFtch fd @do &tiv.tid: Coglitivc ..d non @gnniv. 

pt@4t6. Pttrôloaidl Rdifu, I000(!), @-90. 

Izard, C, 8.. & Mald6t!, C. (l987). Pdsp@tiv6 on mlioul &velopndt I: 

Difldrid @iioB rh@ry of @ly @tionat .t veloprMr. tn J. D Osfsky (Eds), 

Hsndbotofr d da.topman (2d Ed, pp,49!-554). Nd YorL John Wit.y & 

Jeten, H. J., Snith. N., & Mccorry, P. (1990). Reladotuhjp b.rw@ exFesd 

cmotion od fmily burdh ir Fy.hotic di$rdd: d cxptodory $udy. ,,t.ra 

Psr.htdtica S.andt"aei.a, 82 (3), 243-249, 

.,a@bsn, A., Ricberd$n, B. (198?). &eutt qpdid@ of IOO pry.hiaric-iDp.ii6r3_ 

€vi&trc. of the ned for rcldne iquiry, lnetiun Jdmat of pstchiaty, 1a4(z), 

908.913. 

.lord&, P- L, Ast*asy, N. M' ttan t, C, E. J,. & gooFr, O.S,2002. Workgrcup 

.nbrionrl iDt€llig.@4 Sc.le d.vdol{Mr ed relario..hip b r@ p|r]6 

.ffFtivoes dd god focu. 

'le 

tu R6owe MMemqt RqiN, | 2: tg5-2t4. 

Kalq, J., ttrb, H, R,, & Loep.r, C. (1987) ExpFssld ehoioD in tmili6: a cniicd 

diry. Ecrit l ud Comity Pslrhi.Ey, JA 37+380, 

K.pld, R. M., & S&cua, D. P. (2001). ktrnologi.al rstin& Fircipt6, applic.riotu 

.nd i$ues (p. 2o). U.S.A: wadslont ThotuoD Lqmin8. 

166

KNt. R, (1994) Cosniti|e apqaiwl: Co?ka an ! psttholosiel adj$tnqt olthote 

,ho tufd papl.|'tth phrsical r'irrt t, Un$blilhcddelonldissbtion, 

D?lnnnl of AttholoS,, Univftny of Surcy, U. K, 

Kavonagh, D. J. ( 1992), R*nt d€velopm€nb in qpGsed €molioh ed shi@phmia. 

R I I I It h Jo z ru I oI P tN It it I rt, I 6q 60) 420, 

K,zdd r{,E., Rods6, A-, & Colbus D. (1986).Itr hoFl.sd $ale for chitd,!tr: 

psychonetic chmctcrisiics dd qcw.nt atJidity, Jownal olconsultine ond 

Cli.icol Pswholop, 54, 241t45. 

Ke, W-, HoE! J., wy.n, J., Mirta M-, & Cta. 0987)- Ar dstysis of clcgoricd 

pcrc.ption of fo.ial cnotion in &\1,6ptveni^, Schizophrentd RMrch, EZ( t-r, 228- 

237. 

Kcrry, G, A. ( 1955). r1t r'ychotos, qfpeBoaat @Nata (Vot. l-2). Nq yort: 

Kenpq, T. D. ( 1987). How My @rioB @ lb@? W.dding th. sial ard .uloDonic 

@n9o@c. lr@i@n seioloaiat RdiN, 93,261-289, 

Kmdy- MooE, E., W.ror. C. J., & Safre, J. D. ( 1999), Erplss ks Enotion: Mrtht, 

Ralitiet a l merupdti. Sttutegi*_ Nd yod{, cuilford prcs. 

KN.\ U. r. (990) Pstchologi.al Ri* Fd^ i, ne ldiotog ofDq4,id. 

Unpublbhed Disscrt rion, Uriv6ny of UlGh! N€rhdlhd,. 

Klir.dinst, N. J., Cldk, P. C,. Bleba S., & Wolf, S. L. (2OO?). Congrue of 

D@.eirc S]@ton Alpoisrt Bdeq PG|$s With Srot dd ft.n Cegiv6. 

Re ra b il i I a I i o n Pst. ho I os) 5 2 (2), 2t 5 -225, 

Koai$b.rg H. W, & Handlcx R (t 986), ExpGrd ootion: Fom pr€dicliv. indcx to 

ct'riql @i*1ta1 AMrica, J@rnzl of ptt hiatrr, h3, u6t_1j73. 

r67

Koehii. S. J. (200a). Modd clinicd psycholocJ. kincipl€s of inG enlion in tn€ clinic 

and comuity. N.w D.lhi: CBS P$lilnm & DlEibuto$, 

keplir.E. (1919). D.nettia pru.eu atut Potaphrcrta. Ctu n Livjls'iotu, 

&linbug, 

Kcimarr D. E., Sil)1lr@, S. t, & Joy, V, D, (19?9) R.j&tin8 lhc Palid't pouninary 

vdidatio! of a *ftEpon s.1.. Sciiaph@ii atllti,, 5,22G222. 

Kri!8, A. M. Davi@n, G. C., N..1., J. M., & JohMn S. L. (2007), ,{r,orrol 

/rldolosy, 0 06 Ed. F.35+355). U.S.A: Joh! Wilcy & So4. 

KuiF6, L. (1992). ExpGsd emotion $@h in Ewpc. dirl .Ioumal af Clinicol 

PstEholog, 31, 429443. 

Kuipp6, L., & Bebbingor! P. ( 1988). ExpEled €fudon eedch ih ehiaph&dia: 

th@etical .nd cfiniol ineficat@ - Pttcholosi.tl Medi.ine, 16, 493-9!,. 

Lu, D., Gils, A., & t vandq, A. (2003), CEcB' exp@d dolio., apPrasl of 

Maviord pou@ od srr&s ir chi\dr6 attadiÊ&h@l' Journol ofl^te|e.twl 

Dsabiliq Aesar.h, 47, 456-465. 

Lrrci, F., & V& Dq Lid.lr M. (2005). Mcit @enitioM i! pono6 lowd6 

hdluinrtiom 6d .Lluio$. ,.ratiN ieuct atn memp' 43, 1425-1441. 

Le:.j'm, R. S. (f 934). Or rbe pnn cy ol @Eninoa. Adorte^ Psttroloaitt, 39(2). 12+ 

t29_ 

r,m, R. S. (l9l). Pro86s on I cognitive@tivltionrhlationtl tlrory of tulior. 

'lnenca. 

Pt rdoAist, 46, al9- 14. 

L!2,fu, R. S. (l9qt). I.dividud diffcqoe in Emrion. In P. Ekmd & R. J. Davidsd 

@d.). n Natue af Endid: Funaadental|@iM, Nd fot]{: Orford Univ*ity 

r68

tibeu, M. B., M{dd, s, R,, Minra J., Minia L. L, Torps4 M., wiEhing, w, .l al 

0 993). Paticnf s FrcAlo of fejly mlional clibate dd out om n 

*hizx'pn&nit. Btitith Jouml ofPsrcholog. t 62,15l-15a. 

L€Dou, J. E. ( l9t). Emtio4 mmry dd lhe bRin, S.r?"r/i. ,{uqim l'{yn{i.s of 

the Mind, Sp.ial kfue, 7(1),6A-75. 

LlIi J, & vaugh., C. (1985). n'c cxpBcd @tionlcales.In L ldf & c. vaushn 

(1985 j. Exp6'ed tuotid iiladili6: IE tis,iftutq @bt rnrar {pp. 17.63). 

New York The Cuilford PIK. 

t houx, P. M., & Howe, N. (2007), Ptr.iv€d nd-shdcd dvibn|Mi pcMmlity Frits, 

rdily f&!06 dd

tEi.m , !. J. \2@t). SelJ.@cii,s. How to h@l @i.tt dnd depBs,.n. U.S.A| John 

Lura c,, & Mrit , c. M, 0 986). Tte elruopology ol tuliotu. .4nnual Raiew of 

A"thropolog, ! 5, 405416. 

Lylrd, D., Clik!@lnihrly! M, (200r). glppin€$|ek with whar rlo ve got? 

PsrEroloea. I I(9), 410'412, 

Ma.l.o4 C. M. ( l99l). H.lf ! 6nuy of lge! o rb. d@p .tr6tj An im*ndve 

int Niew. PttNholoAlcal Br|.td, I09.163-03. 

MsMillca i. 1., Gol4 A,, & Crew, T, ,. ( 198?). Thc Nonlwick pd* study of fiftr 

.pisde of ehibphmi.. rv. Er$elj.n.trcrlon ad rclrry. Brilitt JMI of 

P s tc hiah!, | 48, 1 33- | 43. 

MeQli4 J. R, & shuhra, S. R (200t Mood Di$d6r Pry.hod@ry. ID B. J. 

S&ret & V, A, S.doct (Eds). f4pla, & Sado.I t Conleh.Ni€ t , BooL of 

Pqcriatrr. f ed. (t/p,ll\1 -l1l?). U.S,A,, LippoMn Willim dd Wilkins. 

M.sea, A- B., Goldsci4 J., M. (!m, M., Mitiowitz, D. J. t .liu, t., & Fall@r I. R 

(1986). A bd.f mthod for desilg qprBsed emli@ rel.lives of Pslrtiaric 

PnIi6ts. Ptwhiai! Raarch, 17, 13) 203-212. 

Maglim, L., M!req C., Fiorilio, A., Mllugor€, C., Cl|ffi, M., & M.j, M. (2002)- 

Th. inpd of prcf€ssional ed locial n€t wort lupport d th. budo of lmili6 of 

pari.nc wid $ltoph.aia in l|rly, Ada PsNhittri.o Sn^4.aria. 106,291-29A. 

Mdidjh, H. D., Ko.irs!, M., & B$ooLl, N. S- (2006). cod.r sd dndc di{dcr6 

i. !$e ml ll6i coniact &hi6phFni! outpdie r in Finidld. Xaid o, 

EaircMnbl Healt. 2l, 6119, 

1?0

MMdlr,C. llg84). Mlrd ond bodyt lhe ptrth.log ofdotioa ann r!/cn. Nw YorL 

Mdd6. G. (1992)- Emtiotu, erdanid &d agsBiotr nyda dd @njettri6. ln K. 

'r. Sr@gnn (U.), lnkmatiMl Hid of stt lia a mtiM, Nol,2. 14'91-116). 

UK: John Wley & S06. 

Mduo4 C. (1924). Conribution a" lcMe I rction @liv. de^ 1^ a dr.noline. Rcn€ 

Fmcais d End6riD., 2l^ 301'125. 

Me*, S.L., & Rips, L, (1979). Conditioul R.@ni!g- Jam, olwbal l@mina ai 

!eftol behavibw. 18, t99-224. 

Manin, J, A.. Pm, D. L. (2001). AtEib ional style i! ehiaptE ia: An invBdgation in 

ouFaiiot wiih dd wirhout p€eutfy d.l6iont, S.itzoPh.dia Bulletion, 28, 131- 

t42. 

Mw!h., S., ,ohr$4 S-, & B.hbiq4oll! P. (2007). RalB ed @rtlar6 of .qloFal 

in ,spl€ 

with $hibpbreni! in $.UK-Fr@e s\d Cffiy. Th. alnth JotNI of 

Pslctiatr!, I 9 I, 30-11. 

MMlo, M. F,, Harkins, D., Heakal, T. (1999). Tb. d}Idic @n6rucd@ of motion: 

vri.ri6 ir ees. In M. D. rdit &L etuic (Ed..), Ehotion, delopnqt, 6d 

self- oeariutid: Dy0ni. tysten opp@ch4 ta motiqsl de@lo,hat To@rc,: 

Cubndee Ulivdity PEs. 

Matin, M,, w., (1999). Psrr,iosr fJ. td.,) U. S. A., Hoicoun BDs Colle8e 

May€r, D, G. (200r). Psldal,Av (66 Ed). Nd Yo*: Wonn Puui!h4- 

l7l

MrF, J. D., $lorcy, P., & C.ruq D. (2000)- Modrls of .mtionAl intcllisac.. h R, 

Sr^bqzGA.), Eandb@k ofHtrur /nt /!:se,.e (!F.39920} Nd vdk: 

Cmbridse UniYdily PI*. 

Mccraty, R., & Totusino, D. (2006) EmtioDsl Str€$, Positive Emtio6, ed 

Psrhophrsiological coheHce, In B.B. Anetz & R Bk]fu, (Edr .) Str.$ in @rh 

ardDtrease, wiley"vcH Vetjas CmbH & Co. KcaA 

Mccredic, R C,, Pbiuip6, L Hdey, L A., wal

Mont@, L, OoM-B.G'ro, M., Ru4 1., Puhc E., & Adaq A- (I92). Ti. iinuem 

of fa@ly .xplsed mlim on lhe come of $hi@phmi. in . smple of Spanst 

p.ria|l: A twcxr follow-rp study. Bntith JouMl otPty.hi4b!, I6l ,2r1 - 222. 

Moos, R. H., & Mo6, B,S. (1981). fmjly ftviblnMl sale @u.1, Palo Alto. 

Califomir: Cosdting Psrnobsists Pe' 

MonisoaA.P.,(200r). TrEirGiprcl4ionpf htruiontinDqdosis: Ani .grative 

cogniiivc Appr@h io p3,lhotic a\nproG. Eehdiowal d,n Cagttiw 

Pttrhoth.,opt, 29, 251 -21 6. 

Monison, A, P,, Imq !,, & Ldki4 W (2001). Itel.tioDship botwq trrum ed 

Frrhsi' A qiw ed irlcgdtior amitt JMI olQhical Prrholog, 4 2,331- 

353. 

Moris4 R. L. M., B.ll&lq A. S., & BaLoF, T. L 0988). Emtior FE 

@.g &hi4pbrdica patidB, Jounal o/ Pt rhopatdop and Behattotul 

Assmut, 10. (4J 319-332. 

ption still 

Mos.Mnt, R,, w€itr[!! l, Pcrii., K J., Hon6, R., C.l'@n, L. D., & Buic\ D. 

(2002). Thc disd illness p.rc.ltio qu61iomirc {lP+R) Prr}olog and Hea|h, 

17, t-16. 

Muba6t, A.R, (2006). EdploF.nl sl.tu, pychiolric disdlilily rnd qulity oflife: 

cmpetuo. of IM !d wom wilh ebiaphmir in Mal.r6i.. /,,mtb,ai 

Jomal als@ial tl.fare. I 5(t 21L246. 

Nlqvi, H., Khd, M. M., & F!in, A @005) Codd difi.@6 ir age ar oub.r of 

..hizoptnit JoM.l 4 Colqe oJPhrti.iN .n l tlrs@N Pa'dnan.l t,345-344 

N6lcy, M, ( 1988). Th. involv€Ml of fanilid in Indie tslEhirfy. C!/tun, M,r'r'dr€ 

and Pstthiat , 22,311-1s3. 

l?3

Odey. k. ( 1993). Sei.l @utrucfion in mtion, ln M, L,wis & J, M. Havildd. {E{b.) 

Ha"db@l4E6otioB,GD, 341-352). N.w York Cujlford Pcs. 

Oadey, K., & nDns-kiid. P. (l98?). Towlrds a cognirive th6ry of hotioh, 

cog,ition u.l EDbti@, l, 5l-58. 

O'Hallor&, P., l

P{kben, B, (199?). U.ungli.g rh. atpFiol mrion cod*tior. Pqtddtity .".t 

SEial prrholos Reriet 1(l),6249, 

Pakislan Ctu6N, ( 197- 1998), 'Lir€@y: The gls h halftull, rebidcd from 

9w.Palisr&.coi!4!.Dsl04 I 3001.[rnl. 

Payt l, L S. ( 1985). ft. Clinical intervjw for dlprcsion: Dcv.lQ@! rclialitity 6d 

rzlidity. Jo"mal o fed . Ditod6,9,85-%, 

Pmis, C., t@bs4 L., Lirdironl H, Vo(rorire" L., & ptris, H. ( | 9SO). Dcp!n|@t 

of a n4 inlcniory for 6ssin! mmrica ofpdht l @ins behavior.,,1.,a 

Ptrthiah.a Scatditutia, 6 t, 265-214. 

Pelem4 C., Stuel, A., B.eyq, C.v., Ab'mA Ly., Mct bkxc.t' & 

Selignan. M.E.( 1982) The A riburionat Style euestionn.ie Cog, tt e metuw and 

Reemh 6, (3)237-299. 

Phillippol, P. B.cy4, C., Dodti.a C., & FMcan, B, (200a), Coitivc R.g arjon oI 

Etutionsr Applica on ro Cljnicll Diedc6. L p, phillippol & R.S. Fetdnd (E

Pirtlo[, 4., P.n4 D., Pc*jM, D,, & UetsrE4 r @001), I@licatio$ lor th€ DNd 

b6is of sid oition for df stuly ol *bimdnnii .lndiur Jomol oI 

prythi4t y, I 60, a15-8U, 

Pollal. (2002). Expdie@ dt6 how p@plc pdetud .@iioN' rdricv.d fim 

nnpr/uilci.con/s!o.i6200?061 325.ntd. 

Prinrz, L.,., Fo er, S. L., Kmt R. N., & O't ay, K. D. ( t 9'79). Ad-lirc 

connuicatid dif.mc6 b.rw6 dila*€d tud tundirtts€d @rhd{dol*al 

dy ds. Joumdl of,lpplie.t Behaeiq A6lttit, 12, 69t-100. 

Pstrhofqg Nwr em8, Juc 23 ) C@t dltwt A"ottNit oI E 

''se.t Enotiw 

Cawttud h Fanilies oJ Schbophrenic PatienB: DevetopMt of Cahumt Nms ani 

CodellinA gtuteAia, ReEiewrl Aon hh,/hw.gcu.cd!,pK?sy Nw!. hra 

tuhi, M., Xwvrg A. P,, cd& S., Sitrsl', M. M. (2m5). S.ciojmgrehic CGELr6 

ofpsy{hiairic dierdd6, ?t" 1"/&, jour&! ol pedhtris, 72,395-399, 

RrthE, S. A. (2004)- Prrroio&r @tuepg tu l @nnutin8, e6 E,IW.JQ _ 164) 

U.S.A.: Thotuon le4ilg Inc. 

R.uc, D., KuipeE, E., & Bcbbingrolr p, E. (2004). Exp6s.d dotio! at liEt-epilode 

Ftch6i!: invdiSalilg r c'E @prsislnAa. ariti,h Jatut 6f p,lctiat , tB1, 

321 i26. 

R&q. A, S.11985). Di.lioury of Pst tobg (t'p,246). V.S: Haz.l W 5on & Vircy 

R.qe l- M. (2005). Utule6tdhdi"e hoiwnon aad doroh, (1D.293-304) U. S. A. ioh! 

t76

R.itr, 2., P.rd!c.a F., Cul, F., JemEl P,, Fm.iaa J., & Coddq N. (2006)- 

Exp6sd miioB dd .l|ogia rd@ th. v.lidltio of lhe ce b. w.ll fmily 

inediew. Iht.natiml Jo*nal of Eatine Diturde^. 39(3), 211-23. 

R.is€@ii, R., & Hoftu!4 T. ( 1990). tu ilv6lenion of diMiG ol @ilive 

appBisl in .notid 6io8 ihe epqbry grid t6hniqu.. ,,|1orar,oi dhd Ehotio., 14, 

t-26 

Ristindi, ,. H,, Wilim, N. L., & Kldc, M- {2002). E paiftol nel|)od fd studyirg 

cosDrion. In R. O. Fst & R. Slel?ne

Salkdd, D.S., Sbde, E, P., & HoptiB, J. (2001)- Eqloyndr Ft nrion bv pdea eit! 

enidphtnia enploycd in mFsisrd jobs me Jounal afR.habilitotion 69 

Scazufca, M., KuiPc6, E., & Ma.a, P. R, (2001) rer@ior of nee ive@riom in 

close relarivo by Pltinrs witb eniDlndni' Btitith Jounal otclini@l Pslcholog 

40(2).t61-1s. 

Sch&htd, S, ( 1964). Ilic int E fion of coCritiw dd pstlhologcal detoninalions of 

cmrional stats. In L. Bqkovilz (Ed. ), ldwn@t in sp.Ane'tal eridl Pttthotog' 

(Vol. l, pp.49-80). Nd York A.ad@ic Pl* 

S.hqs, K. R. ( 193). $uditg tb€ @troFdl4.dan tpPdiel pttl*: an d!'n 

3ytfem aPp@h- CoStulid @r' Eôtiot 3/4, 325'X55- 

S.hss. K. R. (1994) An mtion @ltlrtrc de?'nds on th' €l€vec of n evqr lo 

$e oryeis goavn..d hi@hv ln P EchnD & R-, t , Davids (E

shrvd, P., s.hwanz, J., KiFl! D., & o'com., c, ( 1987), E@tioa Kmwl.dg.: 

Funhd .xplorarioh of. porottle awtuach, J@fial ofP*saalit, dfu! So.lol 

Pq.holog, S 2, 10611086. 

Shiclds C, G., Fr&lq P., H&p, t, J.. McDei.l, S- H.. & C.npbel, T, L, (l92), 

D€velopmal of the fmily mrionrr involvddt &d cnlicisn eal. (FEICS): A 

Frf-Epot $.1. ro t.@e ei'r6scd dtbti@, Jouml olMuitol an l Fanily 

Iherupr, 1 8(4), 395-407. 

sh*edd, R, A. ( 193). Evcrrahing you evd wint€d to know aboul copilive apphi6al 

tnory widour beils |jl:NiG ol it hr.hol.Eiul tnquiry, 1, 322-)26. 

Sin!6orl J, A-. Rhol6, w.S. & Philli!6, D. (l996). Contrict in cloe r.lriio8hip6: An 

!ft4hmdt psp..tive,./o@d/ o/ Pqsdati, a Social Pttrholaet 7t,899-914. 

Sing6, t. A., & S.lovey, P, { 1988). Mood dd !|rmry cvdl@tilg ihe ftt wort thory of 

.fi6r. cliniul Ptycholoat R@itu, 8, 211-251. 

Slimer, H.A., Sleinhau, P.D., & Sel.-Bdb.F, J. (1995) F.nlyAst6sMl 

Mgclll nD!,l- N. Tomw.rd!, NY: Murn_hqll! SlErd6 

SnitL C, .4., & Elllwon\ P. C. (1985). Patcru ofo8ltrtiw lppBiel i. mlion 

J@ ol ol PeAonalit, ana Social Pttthologt. 48, al3-434, 

Sni6 T- W., Calto, L. C,, & &!ia M. .1. (2003). Tdrd a si.l F doPhFiolory of 

.a.diovscuhr Rdctivity Interra&Ml @mepls erd tuthod. in th. shrdv of tlrs 

&d @oMry di!@e.In L Suls, & k A-Nalkto \Elj6.),Sbiol prttoloslcdl 

Ionlatio8 oJ t@hh aad iIMs (!p. 335-360. U.S.A Bl..,ls.ll PublsnirS Ltd 

r19

Sndih R. P., Hmiltd, M,, Morl.y, A,, Hdgravos, D,, & TdSwell, P. (199t). A $al. 

ao. lne s.$ndl ofh.dodc lonq The si$-nmihon plcas@ 8cal. ,,?,s, 

Jownal oJ Ptrhiatry. 167. 99-103, 

sri.gel, D., wissld, t,, (1986). Flhily dvircnnetl s . p'€dictot of F thioric 

hospilAlimrif. Anei@n JMnal ol Psr.ftiaq, 143 5G59 

Snvda!., S. (2006). rt@lti,g the Di9 Fiv. Pqsonalit, FEtoB Rcri.v.d on I 5-l l ' 

2006. frlm ht9://w.uoEgon edu@jrylbidv. httl 

Slrrhope. V., & Solotu{ P. ( 2OO7). Bridging thc g!p: U5i4 midoldiological $arv 

lo ud.6rond ho* dpGsed .mnon prcdicb clitric.l outom6. Psr4'i'tnt 

OdEn\78(2), tt1-t28 

sriliry,.1,, TdlunqD,, Tho@i, P, N4t'v,D., Mo .suc, L, Rins 't d (!9l) 

ExpBe

Suhail, K., (2006, April 20). trt lnd @ Fahily Enotions held ot 6 C tl Daily TiG 

Retri€ved Ju€2008 ftomhti/hwJailytin6,cm.PK 

Sullive, H. S, ( 1953). 7r. tr,?.rso"al theory oJ ptychktry Nq york: Norron 

TMio, N . B.mwclougli, C,, PoE.ld! K, & watt, S ( 1988) The alesmdt of p6voho 

pb'siological rceiivity io ihe .xp6ed .notion oI $e relatives of scbiDplftoic 

pî.nts. Rritish Joumal of Prehidtr!, t 52, 618-624 

Tdrid, N., Yusupoff, L, Kmcy'C, Mccanhv, E ' Gledhill' A, Haddocb G, d'r 

( 1998). Rridoniscd @trolled tial of inktuiv. @SDtive bctoviou dldlpv ror 

pari.nts 'ith cnredc ehi@phmi z. Brititt M.dical Joun' J t 7 t03'301 

Trluhiko,T.,Tatao, O., & r'zu,D6u. W.(2006) R@ogilion 4 tn€ discle8q mntll 

srotus dd .trployDdr HLoeli M.dical JoMi 57 (2J4) ?l -78' 

Tn {ed. P. (2Ot)6). Hot ndsht: Mqhtnitrc .tuI tldicotiM oIEnotiMl CnSltition 

Cmbridsc, MA: Mn Pts 

ThaF, E. Robat. ( | 996). t '€ ,t glt ofMDdav noo.h: MaMsiiC ene's/' t%ion atA 

r,f6r N* Yo*: O{otd Univdity Pr4, Ilc 

Thorq$4 J. (. c{$nn. J, Fowld B & Fbn6 E 0995) ft' Pdcptio' of T6ing 

s.als A Evnion and €xi.nsion oflhc pnvsicil aPF4lce El'led 161in8 &31' 

Jtumal 4 Pnrctulit, As6s^41, 65, 14+151 

Tootcon, M. C., cold.lein, M J, labcl,M B.,MinlaL I,&M{dd,sR (1979) 

Relatives Exp6se{t Emoion (EE) Vs P.ti@ls P6p4livc ol niSh EEr WLicn is a 

bde! PEdicloi of Cow? ScIr,plB id Resfut.h.g 213 

Trividi, J, K. (2006), Cogniliv€ deficit in Fv.liadc disrdqsr Curcnt shlls 'Ldu' 

Joulnal of Psyc|iatry, 48, ro-20. 

t8l

Vaushn, C-, & Lefi, J. (19?6). Th. trrlmdt of 4F*cd @olion in ile famili6 of 

F fhi.tic pati.nE- drr, Jo,zu, oIs6io! otul Cliri@t Pt .holag, 15(2), 157' 

165. 

Wmr, R, & A*iMA M. ( 1988). Th. rclotiob.nip het*.@ $hizophrdic p.rid|!' 

pdcplioN of lhcn pdi@tr ud lhe co@ ol $.ir illn.s. attir, Jo!ru/ o/ 

Psr. hidt, r s1, 344-153. 

NenE\B, (1986). An alnbutianal thzory of dotitation antl tuotion NN yorL: 

Weis, S, t. (2005). Malnd st{c of mind dd .xpr.!sd enotion: Inpacl ofmotncF 

mmal haltb, st 6s ed fdjly eri)Efz.rion Jdmol oJ the Anencd PslEltiatic 

Nunes As@iotid, I 1(J), t)5-143 

V.ira, w. (2001). Pqtloloat /'ed 4 w,ar,.n (5d Ed ). U.SA: wartswo'rh' 

ThoM lading, Inc 

\tells, A., & M.ths, C (l99r) Att^tiq 4n l e6otid: I clinical pe4p'ctiw 

Eills&L, NJi LrumccE lbruA.siar6 

whittict, J. E. ( l9s?) Eip6s.d mtion md coping lshniqG .lM8 c@s or lhc 

.lehdnted .ld€rly. U.p$lbh.d p.p.r PE@t d io ine Amul co @c' o{ 

Psycholologi$ Sp4isl Inl€rst Ctoup in lhe Elddlv 

Wildp.

wotrd H€.Ih Orgdiatid 0994). Lt tutthal A6tf@1io^ {Dtw- (IcDto) 

G.Bq Switzql.nd, WHO, 

Wdght L C- Rrba H6t.iI, S., W@&{ r W. & (2000). R.gidd boin fiBnr in 

$ti-ptmir ! rEil.rrlFir of \ohEfrn l@J .r!,Jia A64lat Jdnal 4 

PsNhiatry,151, 16-25, 

Y.sq, J., & Odin, M, J.(2005). Clidcsl nulifotdid ofPsy.bhric Diotd6. tn B. J. 

s{bct & n a" So&d( (Ed!). xapro, & &.lo.t't Conl.t@ttw Tat Book 4 

Prtiti@r- F d ljP96+ftmr. U.S.A., Lilpord v/inird &d wiLis. 

zljotu, RB. (1980). Feliag ddrlinsl8. Alfaa6 r€drc intdcM@.. /Mi@ 

PadoloAitt, t 5, | 51-175. 

zoj@, R B. (1984). On Firy of.fet lD K R Scbsu & P. Er ! (Ed,), 

lw@da to .notton Ga.25r27o, Hi[.dd., NJ: Ind€ Brlb@ 

t83

App.rdir - A 

Appendixes 

lraLr of PerDidor 

D€,|rRTTTA|T OF PAYC}IOIOoY ITPFUE F€YCTiOrcgY 

r.frlr4rrYoFn€ F ,rul| (rlrD.etz.r. 

e Nlc Nitd n e qtJd h D sde r o.r.tur d ptydeey .d 

.'otdRFho|4, 

ke.d.bllddE4.d 

$'fhbb'o.FJb.doco'udib'uFfudh.ule''d 

***i 

t84

l\lenhl Heilth Sc'eenjllg qleitu'trnue 

-.: J.: -.?t.t=!-;.t:j-n+:.:i j+L r--a,'"!ri 

el":e,+.dre1-;,r'!.rtu,i+l; ...:. t-. ;L \\. :'.r-tu!l 

-Lru JF L ; )taF i L,, :z.-r r. ::{ 

.:.,1bJ.i; at,. =! J 

185

Appcodir-E: u 

MHSQ Conrent Form lEtrslLb Tnnrlrtio!) 

A quclrioNic si@ otr Ht p.ge hrs b€n fonD.d to lsg the ese6l bellh 

of s individul. Kirdly { hek a8liNt $. option ( y.s' or 'no') th.l is appbpri.tc ro 

you Mdirion. Tb. iDFncd i.fonnalid vill b. lcpl Mfi&nlial lrd G.d for r*d[ 

Tht|t. for ytu 6pq!rio. 

.€.. ...... .. . .. 

186

App.ldtr- D I 

Rcqo6t for Sccurio Gcocnlior 

Urdr vrrdor 

J" -',,,., ] tJt t) i -t' I "c, 

od L J;; ,7 ;,, ;.u 

2.i il a' /, .r,t, t L, \\t \J! a.t L etv a,E \,t L.)' ii 

:rt -+g rt .1t!, L,lr,! e".f ,' ,r +' i * f, -. (' 1 ; 

LP \+i L 7t i J,t'e,'. 4 ,,, J a, J'71 ! + j':! - 

." J ,;. ,J t a .>tf- ";' 1t,i J =t | *,| e\ I tu._ -,.t* ,.r 

App.trdir- D U 

Request for Sc€nario G€nerrtion 

Englbh Tr.d.tior 

In our butine $cial intacrionn a1 lim.s. e com. &rc3s wirh peopl. who cnh.r 

diricia E dnEdy or @rm..rs o. ou goent !f.i6 in s[ r wy s if s! @ lor.Iy 

wonl sn(yor liable 10 follow tho, Kindty .eDon $n. of the likc airuarions thar you 

h.rc 46 qFi.nc€d o otEdvrd in you outinc ,.rivni* (\M'rcvd you inp€n in 

this Eg.r4 *iU b. lcpt coifidmiid ed utili2ld ror rc*rFh purpoe only). 

I-I wr to wlch T,v bur hy sis&r c.lls ft ldhrgic &d imisrs io eo oul for a w.lt. 

I90

App.dix- E I 

Requcaa for R$ponse GeneElion 

'l,tl /e4 ert.t utt JLtL t-g,e ff,lz"b 

?t)tt)p/c: - 

urWJvF',J - 

u'WFl- 

t9t

Apperdir- E II 

Request for Response Gcnerrtior 

Engli.t Tnnslstion 

civm b€lo* is a lin or$m. of dE s.fuic of ev.ry .by lif. in which tou 

siifiol oilEB bry sc.h io incrfa! vilh you o|iirc man6 dlerly. Ev..y 

individlal @y Fact to rh.h ditr qtly al .dolioml tcvcl, Kirdty jot doM rh. d€bik of 

@ d mc @tio6 d@ e ltTicrl of tlu i. rEl situ rim 

> lf Dy fdily n@b.B Epr@h r u u, of oy mic.r. or ue6ad b.tBvi6 

I-l lccl mbariscd------ 

2.1 shout bel----------- 

ll s|,in aying------ 

192

Appendir- H lI 

Demogr|pbic Drar Form 

220 

Conrad No.:-------* - 

I have b€cr intud.d abom fi. d!:tail! of $is |!snh. I m villitrgly lgEiig !o 

bc a prft of n, Monovd I haw tull nght b withdFw tom rhk pbj€d at any sr.gc, 

Nh.:____-_____ 

Ag.:-------------------- 

No. of loid sibliigr:---------- 

R4ido@!----------------.- 

Mo bly itElN:--------- 

-k frlt6.liE?-----_ 

k mothq aliv.?----------"-- 

f.rlEls .ducdin:--- 

Morhd's cdMtionr----------. 

Silnaa4 of tlr aspond€d:--- 

Gord.f:------- 

Edu.ltioni----------------- 

Binn odc.---------------, 

@up.lion:---.---__ 

No. of fdily mmbesi------- 

Tolal &nily in@ns*------- 

Ifrot, wh6 died/ pdiod:------ 

Ifnor, wh.n died periodF----- 

FadFt @up.lid:----- 

Moth.is oeupdion:------- --

Diagn6kr---''.'.-.------- 

Dlr'tion of illnes:-------- 

Tolal No. of Flaps.s:-- 

Is th€t dy psycni{ric potidl in fdnily:----------- 

lf y6, whlts rhe elatio.ship with pstienr:----------- 

Diag.osb of $a1 paiicfl:---- 

Dwlion of birtEr llln$:---- 

221

Appendh-A 

Appendixes 

Letter of Permb.ior 

oEAnEfiofPsYc}b[odY. 

u[r/ER3.w oF rHE PUrt! a,qi D€{z\ric rua.t^HoRE 

M! bni. Na,*b s : '.obbd tu.D. s.hdi tn se c@tumr d Pstshdb$ .nd 

A..r.c Prydddly \)iv.6iy or h. Puil.b. L,h@ H& r$..d Fol*r r b 

d.v!h'l&.bldPa6lv.dExFa€l 

s.h'qnHi.'e4$idedocD.uic'm..u@il6'dIh.unddgnd. 

ftttubb€l-rhturdbirnF erd Dr.tur/Md 

t*!.. Dr. .eED xru..4 

'SS*ffi 

tE4

\lenlal HeaI[ ScreeNrg (\terhorhne 

lE5

ApFrdL-& U 

MHSQ Colr.ot Foro (8.!sTdbda) 

A 4*@#r d6oo FdFtr bt oton d to.$..r rE sog.l talti 

of D idivi.ftd. Kidly t mlr.h,th otdon ('F a'[o') dd b qrror.i& io 

your.ondftlod Tt iDFriGd iDfooldo wtll b. t ti coddrdid d '!€d brrlsdlt 

'Il'rnk3 for yod coop.$rion. 

at ---.--.---.-.--. 

186

AIp.dn- D I 

Jte"t, 

t:'i 

-P!+ 

'!J,i'6 

R.qlart for S..o.do Gcrcr.tiotr 

Uidr v.fdor 

It9 

"v 1 1J ,fi 4 e,sn ,/' & ovn L,!n o7 n su 

,/ ;, 'V'( L" 4, "r -4 L erv c'u t; L.i Ji 

4 ctv L,*'J,!,i.',;,:-.; *si ',-f 1i 

i Lot s js' -,y i ai Lls,=t f +i";.- 

;', 4 -r}. ,)' 1t') J vt )'*i- tt| F tV -,,* ,j 

t-t u*J J*'{.'E P i.. 

a r L" { --.t !.l.,lt J,,t* &, ui' i, vt & L it 4" 

','r'4Li-v 

-+ 9: 

Lla

Appetrdit- D II 

Request for Scenrrio GeneEtion 

Englbh Tran!l!tiotr 

In oui rcutire s@ial inteE€tio.s, * rims. we con. @cs with p@d€ who €nhd 

criiici4 u d'@tly or @mftnts on or g€nerrl affli6 in such a *dy a ifw e tomtly 

rrcn8 {'{Vor li.bL to follow then. Kiodly Epon ed€ of th€ lil€ sit!,'tioN thfl you 

hsvc aq expai.nced or obwcd ii you @uriie !cdvni$. (wutcvci you inp6n in 

this EgBn(L will be k pl con6dcndll and utiliz.d fo. Es.eh pnrpo$ only). 

l-l wr ro mtch T.v but my sisld cdls G Lrh8rgic dd iNists 10 8p out for . $dk. 

2-------------------- 

190

AIIcdir- E I 

Reque for R6pon!€ Gllcraalotr 

,t' jv e- )ar j' {, *}t !:r,a;t !;; q n { =,t 1: 

.t *7.*- ,i / s, =t -t V, +" !" tl+s "n .:,/ c. .! +. 

J ,t, + c* ,.c ,),r',r Jl a, J', E "1; e- i, t, T, t nt .f s 

-r.$ -i " -,,:. { J ; ,5, €, 'J Lt J! 

U/qrdtgtotrtLr,l.nqledtif .b 

fin,lrit- 

|.r'ryi*dd - 

u,ryFl- 

t9t

ApFndL- E II 

Requ€3t for R$ponsc Gencrttion 

Eoglbh Trrml.tiotr 

ciEn b.low is a lisl of $G of dE sMi6 of .v.ry &y liae h whjch you 

sigrilicant oih.u nay een to int rler€ *i1h you. roulihe @lt 6 dir€ctly. Ev.ry 

individud my @r ro drm difrddy al mrion l lqel. Kindly jor down th. &bils of 

@ or mE tutom rh@ N typical of you in such siluliotrs. 

> lf my fhily mmbeu cp|@h m @ ey ot my nis|'t o uMld b.hlvioB 

I-l fel mbld$td------- 

2-l shorr back-----------. 

ll sr.n crying------------ 

t92

AppcDdix- H II 

Demographic Dat4 Form 

Id.ndiclti@ Ndr------ 

220 

Contact No,:-------....- 

I h!rc ben infomed about thc ddaib of this FeaFh. I m williDgly as@ins ro 

b. r p6n of it, Momvd I hare tull dSht ro withdnw non rhis Foj@t , ey sl'g!, 

N@:-------------- 

Agc:------------------- 

No. of ro$l 3iblinss:-------- 

M{ilal sLt6r-------------- 

R6idene:------_---_ 

Monil y in@n.i------------- 

-ls fatho rliw?-------------- 

k motha.livc?------------ 

Frdst €d!cdion:---- 

Moth€is cdrcarion.--------.-- 

Signaw ol|hc Bpod.nt:--- 

G.nd.r:--------- 

Edlcaiion:----------..----- 

Banh odc.-------'--- 

Oeupaion:--------------- 

No. of fmily mmbds:------ 

Toi.l family in om.r--.-------- 

If m! sh6 died Fdod:------ 

Ifnot, whcn died/ p.iod:------ 

Flln as @ryrion:------- 

MorhcCs occup.tioni---..---- --

Diagnosisr-.-....--------- 

Dur.don ol illn6s:------- 

Toral No, of elapsca:------ 

Is thec ey Fychi.tric patienl in lmily:--.-'.'.,----lf 

)ei. $hab fie Elalionshrp qirh pari€nr.--.--.. .---- 

Dia€noeis of that pdricir:---- 

Dmlion of his/hcr Iunes:---- 

)21

Its lllustration on the P.ti€nts with Schizophreria, OCD rnd Mohilnr Mirz!

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?