Example: Modulo-4 Counter

A-59
Example: Modulo-4 Counter
Appendix A: Digital Logic
• Counter has a clock input (CLK) and a RESET input.
• Counter has two output lines, which take on values of 00, 01, 10,
and 11 on subsequent clock cycles.
Time (t)
4 3 2 1 0 4 3 2 1 0 Time (t)
0 0 0 0 1 RESET q0 0 1 1 0 0
3-bit
Synchronous
Counter
q1 s0 0 1 0 1 0
D
CLK
Principles of Computer Architecture by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 1999 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
s 1
D
s 1
Q
Q
s 0
Q
Q

A-60
State
Transition
Diagram for
Mod-4
Counter
RESET
Output 00
state
1/00
q1q0 1/00
Output 10
state
A B
Appendix A: Digital Logic
Principles of Computer Architecture by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 1999 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
0/10
0/01
1/00
C D
0/11
0/00
1/00
Output 01
state
Output 11
state

A-61
Appendix A: Digital Logic
State Table for Mod-4 Counter
Present state
Input RESET
0 1
A B/01 A/00
B C/10 A/00
C D/11 A/00
D A/00 A/00
Next state Output
Principles of Computer Architecture by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 1999 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring

A-62
Appendix A: Digital Logic
State Assignment for Mod-4 Counter
Present
state (S t)
Input RESET
0 1
A:00 01/01 00/00
B:01 10/10 00/00
C:10 11/11 00/00
D:11 00/00 00/00
Principles of Computer Architecture by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 1999 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring

A-63
RESET
r(t)
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
Appendix A: Digital Logic
Truth Table for Mod-4 Counter
s 1(t) s 0(t)
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
s 1s 0(t+1)
01
10
11
00
00
00
00
00
q 1q 0(t+1)
01
10
11
00
00
00
00
00
s 0(t+1) = r(t)s 1(t)s 0(t) + r(t)s 1(t)s 0(t)
s 1(t+1) = r(t)s 1(t)s 0(t) + r(t)s 1(t)s 0(t)
q 0(t+1) = r(t)s 1(t)s 0(t) + r(t)s 1(t)s 0(t)
q 1(t+1) = r(t)s 1(t)s 0(t) + r(t)s 1(t)s 0(t)
Principles of Computer Architecture by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 1999 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring

A-64
RESET
CLK
Appendix A: Digital Logic
Logic Design for Mod-4 Counter
D
D
s 1
s 0
Q
Q
Q
Q
Principles of Computer Architecture by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 1999 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
q 1
q 0

A-65
Appendix A: Digital Logic
Example: A Sequence Detector
• Example: Design a machine that outputs a 1 when exactly two of
the last three inputs are 1.
• e.g. input sequence of 011011100 produces an output sequence
of 001111010.
• Assume input is a 1-bit serial line.
• Use D flip-flops and 8-to-1 Multiplexers.
• Start by constructing a state transition diagram (next slide).
Principles of Computer Architecture by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 1999 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring

A-66
Appendix A: Digital Logic
Sequence Detector State Transition
• Design a machine that
outputs a 1 when exactly
two of the last
three inputs are 1.
A
Diagram
0/0
1/0
Principles of Computer Architecture by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 1999 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
B
C
0/0
1/0
0/0
1/0
1/1
0/0
D
E
F
G
1/0
1/0
0/0
0/1
0/0
1/1

A-67
Appendix A: Digital Logic
Sequence Detector State Table
Present state
X
0 1
A B/0 C/0
B
C
D
E
Input
D/0 E/0
F/0 G/0
D/0 E/0
F/0 G/1
F D/0 E/1
G F/1 G/0
Principles of Computer Architecture by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 1999 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring

A-68
Appendix A: Digital Logic
Sequence Detector State Assignment
Present state
Input
X
0 1
S 2 S 1 S 0 S 2 S 1 S 0 Z S 2 S 1 S 0 Z
A: 000 001/0 010/0
B: 001
C: 010
D: 011
E: 100
011/0 100/0
101/0 110/0
011/0 100/0
101/0 110/1
F: 101 011/0 100/1
G: 110 101/1 110/0
(a)
Input and
state at
time t
Principles of Computer Architecture by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 1999 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
s 2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
s 1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
s 0 x
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
Next state
and output at
time t+1
(b)
s 2
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
d
d
s 1
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
d
d
s 0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
d
d
z
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
d
d

A-69
0
x
1
x
1
x
1
0
CLK
Appendix A: Digital Logic
Sequence Detector Logic Diagram
000
001
010
011
100
101
110
111
D
Q
S2
Q
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
0
000
001
010
011
100
101
110
111
D
Q
S1
Q
Principles of Computer Architecture by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 1999 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
0
000
001
010
011
100
101
110
111
D
Q
S0
Q
0
0
0
0
x
x
x
0
000
001
010
011
100
101
110
111
Z

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Example: A Vending Machine
Controller
Appendix A: Digital Logic
• Example: Design a finite state machine for a vending machine
controller that accepts nickels (5 cents each), dimes (10 cents
each), and quarters (25 cents each). When the value of the money
inserted equals or exceeds twenty cents, the machine vends the
item and returns change if any, and waits for next transaction.
• Implement with PLA and D flip-flops.
Principles of Computer Architecture by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 1999 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring

A-71
Appendix A: Digital Logic
Vending Machine State Transition
Q/110
A dime is
inserted
Diagram
N/100 D/110
A
0 ¢
N/000
Q/101
B
5 ¢
D/000
Q/111
D
15 ¢
Q/111
D/100
1/0 = Dispense/Do not
dispense merchandise
D/000 N/000
C
10 ¢
1/0 = Return/Do not return
a nickel in change
1/0 = Return/Do not
return a dime in change
N/000
N = Nickel
D = Dime
Q = Quarter
Principles of Computer Architecture by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 1999 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring

A-72
Appendix A: Digital Logic
Vending Machine State Table and
P.S.
Input
N D
00 01
A B/000 C/000
B
C
D
C/000 D/000
D/000 A/100
A/100 A/110
(a)
State Assignment
Q
10
A/110
A/101
A/111
B/111
Input
P.S.
N
x1x0 00
D
x1x0 01
Q
x1x0 10
s1s0 s1s0 /
z2z1z0 A:00 01/000 10/000 00/110
B:01 10/000 11/000 00/101
C:10 11/000 00/100 00/111
D:11 00/100 00/110 01/111
Principles of Computer Architecture by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 1999 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
(b)

A-73
Appendix A: Digital Logic
PLA Vending Machine Controller
x 1
x 0
(a)
Base 10
equivalent
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Present
state Coin
s 1 s 0 x 1 x 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
5 × 5
PLA
D
Q s0
D
Q s1
0 0
1 1
0 0
1 d
0 1
1 1
0 0
1 d
0 1
1 0
0 0
1 d
0 0
1 0
0 0
1 d
(b)
Dispense
Next Return nickel
state Return dime
s 1 s 0 z 2 z 1 z 0
1
0
0
d
0
1
0
d
1
0
0
d
0
0
1
d
0
0
1
d
0
0
1
d
0
1
1
d
1
1
1
d
0
0
1
d
0
0
0
d
0
0
1
d
0
1
1
d
0
0
0
d
0
0
1
d
0
0
1
d
0
0
1
d
z 2
z 1
z 0
CLK
s 1 s 0 x 1 x 0
s 1 s 0 z 2 z 1 z 0
Principles of Computer Architecture by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 1999 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
(c)
0
1
2
4
5
6
8
9
10
12
13
14