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45 drier dimatic conditions (Pot2ger and Freizner 1948: 187) or may be due to a possible pathogen (Sanger at a/. 1977: 462). By c. 3400 B.P., there was another change in the profile. with an increase in inflUlC rates and percentages fO( hemkx:k and beech (Fagus). Between 3400 B.P. and 200 B.P., beech reaches its maximum values in percentage composition from pollen profiles. This has been interpreted as a period of closed, mesic. temperate hardwood-hemlock forests (Bradstreet and Davis 1975: 17; Sanger at al. 1977: 462). This change may indicate a period of more abundant moisture (Potzger and Friezner 1948: 187; Matt 1975: 75, Figure 5, 77 Figure 7). The climate may also have been milder than at present (Terrasmae 1973: 208, Figure 9; Bradstreet and Davis 1975: 17). A further change in vegetational history is evident c. 2000 B.P. This is manifested in a sharp ina-ease in spruce (Picea), alder (Alnus), and hazel (CoryIus) with a subsequent decrease in hemlock, beech, and birch (Betura) (Potzger and Friezner 1948: 189; Bradstreet and Davis 1975: 17; Matt 1975: 79; Bernabe and Webb 1977: 80, 82), This has been an interpreted as being due to increased environmental severity of an edaphic and/or climatic and/or anthropogenic nature (Potzger and Friezner 1948: 189; Bradstreet and Davis 1975: 17). According to Bradstreet and Davis (197S: 17) "the change at 2000 B.P. begins a record of environmental 'deterioration' which becomes increasingly evident upward in time, despite the fact that relative productivity is apparently increasing,"
46 Although palynological studies do have inherent problems which may confuse results, the consistency of profiles from the region does allow some statements about vegetational and climatic history. These must be tempered with the fact thai the entire region has not been tested and differences at the microscale and semj·microscale levels are probable in view of the diverse environments in the region. Based upon the palynological data, it appears that some climatic change took place c. 3400 B.P.• the approximate time of the decline of the Susquehanna Tradition. There appears to be a shift to a mild, more moist climate with reduced productivity. The closed forests may have restricted game movements in the area, limiting the carrying capacity and, subsequently, population levels. This condition persisted until the beginning of the Middle Ceramic Period, c. 2000 B.P. At this point, the climate became colder, or there was a shift in edaphic conditions, resulting in increased productivity despite more severe conditions. Maine and New Brunswick provided a diverse environment, rich in resources for at least part of the transition between the Archaic and Ceramic Periods. This was a time of possible climatic changes, reflected in the palynological record as occurring c. 3400 l:lP. The latter of these may have resulted in restricted game movements in the interior, with the possible consequence of a reduced carrying
Page 5 and 6:
THE ARCHAIC/CERAMIC PERIOD TRANSITI
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This project invol
Page 9 and 10: Bill Belcher, Doug Kellog, and Bria
Page 11 and 12: vii Chapter 3 - ENVIRONMENTAL CONTE
Page 13: LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Radiocarbon
Page 17 and 18: quence. The first of these was prop
Page 20: the Uttle Southwest Mlramichi River
Page 26: 11 CHAPTER 2 CULTURE HISTORICAL CON
Page 30 and 31: 15 anadromolJs fish would also have
Page 34 and 35: 19 between this and other Terminal
Page 37 and 38: 22 TABLE 2 RADIOCARBON OATES FROM S
Page 39 and 40: 24 The origin for this tool traditi
Page 41: 26 Maine seems, at this time, to re
Page 44 and 45: 29 The projectile point sequence fo
Page 46 and 47: 31 (B. Bourque 1988: personal commu
Page 48 and 49: 33 Middlesex pottery from the centr
Page 50 and 51: 35 Villette I, has also been recove
Page 53 and 54: 38 research has not been explicitly
Page 55 and 56: 40 Figure 3. Map showing physiograp
Page 58: 43 However, some of the shores of e
Page 63 and 64: 48 CHAPTER 4 ARTIFACT DESCRIPTIONS
Page 65 and 66: 50 Figure 5. Group 1B stemmed bifac
Page 67 and 68: 52 TABLE 5 GROUP 18 STEMMED BIFACES
Page 69 and 70: .. TABLE 6 MOOREHEAD PHASE STEMMED
Page 73 and 74: ,,-oup 4 Stemmed Sifaces (0 ... 4)
Page 76 and 77: TABLE ·' 8 t TEST FOR GROUP 18 AND
Page 78: 63 TABLE 10 MORPHOLOGICAL ATIRIBUTE
Page 82 and 83: " TABLE 12 RAW MATERIAL PERCENTAGES
Page 84: 59 from counterparts in the Shield
Page 87 and 88: 72 The question of a possible Susqu
Page 94 and 95: 79 Only two examples are known from
Page 96 and 97: 81 approximate 600 radiocarbon year
Page 98: 83 possible that MOOl'ehead Phase p
Page 101: .. or to land on highly tidal mud f
Page 104: 69 The Late Transitional Period als
Page 107 and 108: Allen, Patricia Marlene " REFERENCE
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Erskine. John S. 96 n.d. Memoirs on
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MOOf'ehead, Warren K. " 1922 A Repo
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Rutherford, Douglas E. 101 1989 Som
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103 Spiess, Arthur E., Bruce J. Bou
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107 Maraca penelope (European Anas
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