Geha Foods Evaluation of Irrigation for Processed Tomatoes

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Multiple Crops …………………………………………………………….. 22 Organization ……………………………………………………………….. 23 Managerial Flexibility ……………………………………………………... 23 Drip Irrigation for Tomatoes ……………………………………………………… 23 Overview …………………………………………………………………… 23 Primary Use ………………………………………………………………… 24 Secondary Uses …………………………………………………………….. 24 What is drip Irrigation? …………………………………………………….. 24 Emitters …………………………………………………………….. 24 Management concerns ……………………………………………… 27 Chemigation ………………………………………………………... 28 Service Life ………………………………………………………… 28 Buried Drip …………………………………………………………. 28 Drip Layout ………………………………………………………… 28 Recommendation ……………………………………………………29 Agriculture Support Services ……………………………………………………….29 Basic Tractor ………………………………………………………………. 29 Transplanters ………………………………………………………………. 30 Organizationally …………………………………………………………… 30 Production Practices ……………………………………………………………….. 31 Local Crop Husbandry ……………………………………………………... 31 Nutrient soup ………………………………………………………………. 32 Soil Test ……………………………………………………………………. 32 Fertilizer Sources …………………………………………………………… 33 Collaboration & Facilitation …………………………………………………35 Recruiting Staff …………………………………………………………………….. 35 Summary and Conclusions ………………………………………………………… 36 Appendix Annoted Itinerary ………………………………………………………………… A-1 Correspondes on ET computations …………………………………………… A-4 Correspondance on Center Pivots for Processed Tomatoes……………… A-6 Land Grant Universities………………………………………………………. A-12 iii
List of Figures 1. Geha Foods Tomato Processing Facility under Construction. ………………………………. 1 2. Aerial View of Central Luzon Philippines where farms can be 1 km x 10 m to allow individual access to both the irrigation canal and drain………………………………………………… 4 3. Small Child pressed to work bringing fodder home as part of arduous lifestyle of rural Tajikistan ……………………………………………………………………………………. 5 4. Wheat Cut, Windrowed, and stacked waiting to be threshed by portable thresher. Extremely labor intensive, but not necessarily labor productive and most likely resulting in deeply entrenched poverty…………………………………………………………………….. 6 5. With limited water only a few furrows could be irrigated at any one time. Note pieces of plastic at each furrow entrance to reduce erosion ………………………………………….. 8 6. Irrigation going directly down slopes of 3% with high erosion potential. Also, field has one or two benches in them that further hinder flow. ……………………………………………… 8 7. Very limited discharge available for irrigation furrow, resulting in excessive water applied and frequent irrigation stalling. Also note the bench in the middle of the field that will slow the flow before proceeding to the end of the furrow. ………………………………………….. 9 8. Snow melt coming from below the remaining snow pack in a branch of the Varzob Gorge, near the Ushtur Tunnel and headed for the irrigation system……………………………. 10 9. Typical river hydrograph for snowmelt with peak flows in May and June and rapidly declining flows in July, August and September. Example is from Platte River in Colorado………… 10 10. Improvised check/drop structure made of some riprap used to attempt to control canal water. ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 11 11. A similar improvised control structure to divert water, but with considerable leaking occurring. …………………………………………………………………………………… 11 12. Water coming from a cut into the canal down a bank to get to the very small head ditch…. 12 13. Small head ditch with plastic drop structures to assist water getting to the furrows..12 14. Schematic crop production function to applied water……………………………... 15 15. Gated pipe used for surface irrigation in USA, with a discharge exceeding 1 l/s/furrow….. 17 16. Laser guided scraper with laser target mounted on scraper automatically controlled by the tractors hydraulic system……………………………………………………………… 18 17. Prefabricated canals commonly used in Tajikistan for moving surface water that have the potential to be used for gated head ditches by installing ports near the top of the section. The example is approximately 60 cm across the top as shown by the individual hand being at 1 m. ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 19 18. Aerial View of Center Pivot Irrigation in San Luis Valley of Colorado. Each circle represents 50 irrigated ha. in a 72 ha square ……………………………………………….. 21 19. Center Pivot Irrigation unit covering 50 ha in 24 hours……………………………………. 21 20. Water spouting from a simple hole in a hose with no means for pressure compensation…. 25 21. Behind the clearly visible hole is a torturous track pressure compensator in a typical drip emitter………………………………………………………………………………………. 25 22. Alternative emitter manufactured in Zambia with the pressure controlled by simply tightening the loop………………………………………………………………………….. 26 23. Bank of sand filters for filtering water for commercial large scale drip system, even when using well water with limited suspended particulate material……………………… 26 24. Drip demonstration in Zambia showing the complexity of drip lines that need to be weeded around………………………………………………………………………………………. 27 25. Drip demonstration at Geha Factory that also will require extra time and effort to work around, adding an indirect cost to drip irrigation ………………………………………….. 27 26. Cigarette accidentally discarded against my home drip line melted a 6 mm hole in the line.28 iv
Page 1 and 2: ACDI/VOCA - Winrock International F
Page 3: Table of Contents Declaimer……
Page 7 and 8: List of Acronyms ACDI/VOCA American
Page 9 and 10: 1. Replacing all the improvised con
Page 11 and 12: decisions. Although, they need to b
Page 13 and 14: across individual designated holdin
Page 15 and 16: Fig. 4. Wheat Cut, Windrowed, and s
Page 17 and 18: application rate at least for those
Page 19 and 20: expansion from Denver. Using waste
Page 21 and 22: Fig. 12. Water coming from a cut in
Page 23 and 24: plant. The evaporation has a coolin
Page 25 and 26: Options for Improving Irrigation Wh
Page 27 and 28: einforced concrete or other permane
Page 29 and 30: Collaboration With Farm Chairmen: T
Page 31 and 32: Chemigation Center pivots have also
Page 33 and 34: educing the plant transpiration. Wi
Page 35 and 36: Fig. 22. Alternative emitter manufa
Page 37 and 38: Fig. 26. Cigarette accidentally dis
Page 39 and 40: these because they are what I see a
Page 41 and 42: Fig. 29. Weeds laid on top of tomat
Page 43 and 44: GEHA Foods COOPERATIVE EXTENSION SE
Page 45 and 46: Geha Foods is building a tomato pro
Page 47 and 48: Annoted Itinerary Appendix Correspo
Page 49 and 50: Field size was substantial with a t
Page 51 and 52: managers’ jobs at stake for not m
Page 53 and 54: ----- Original Message ----- From:
Page 55 and 56:
Correspondance on Use of Center Piv
Page 57 and 58:
A MULTI (4-5) YEAR COMMITMENT REQUI
Page 59 and 60:
where we are currently managing thr
Page 61 and 62:
Subject: FW: Center Pivot use on Pr
Page 63 and 64:
Alabama A&M University Normal, AL A
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Geha Foods Evaluation of Irrigation for Processed Tomatoes

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