Comparison of Stress and Learning Effects of Three Different ...

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2.1.3 Assessment of Stress The central nervous system (CNS) is the key to stress response, since the perceiving and interpreting of the stressor and, consequently, the activation of neuroendocrine, autonomic, immunologic and behavioral responses are coordinated by this system. In this part two different indicators of stress, namely physiological and behavioral stress indicators, will be discussed in detail. 2.1.3.1 Physiological Indicators of Stress As mentioned above the main physiological systems evaluated as stress indicators are neuroendocrine, autonomic and immunologic systems. a. Neuroendocrine System The important function of the neuroendocrine system during the stress response was first demonstrated by SELYE (1977) who showed that several noxious agents such as heat, cold or muscular exercise etc. are capable of activating this system. MASON (1968), on the other hand, emphasized that psychological stimuli are also capable of regulating the hypotalamus- pituitary-adrenocortical axis (HPA). Later studies showed that, although the pituitary-adrenal system is an essential and the best known regulator of stress response, many other neuroendocrine systems such as the systems involved in reproduction (i.e., follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin (PRL), testosterone), in metabolism (i.e., growth hormone (GH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), insuline, oxytocin), as well as a number of peptides including beta endorphin, the enkephalins and substance P are involved in eliciting stress (ROSE 1984, MATTERI et al. 2000, WIEPKEMA and KOOLHAAS 1993). To sum up, today it is evident that stress response is stress-specific. ‘’Many of the responses, however, particularly the pituitary adrenocortical responses, are common to a large number of stressful stimuli’’ (GANONG 1984). Therefore in this study, we will generally focus on the HPA response to the stress. Stimulating of CNS through a number of different stressors causes the interleukin 1β stimulated secretion of corticotropin releasing factor or hormone (CRF or CRH) from the hypothalamus. - 8 -
CRF, which is a neurohormone synthesized by neurons in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus, reaches the pituitary by a series of portal-hypophysial vessels and initiates the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) (GANONG 1984, MATTERI et al. 2000, HARBUZ and LIGHTMAN 1992, BROOM and JOHNSON 1993). The production of ACTH is regulated partly by hypophysiotropic hormones and partly by feedback of target organ hormones, i.e., glucocorticoids. Althogh CRF is the major regulatory factor inducing ACTH secretion, other hormones such as vasopressin, oxytocin and the catecholamines can also initiate ACTH secretion (AXELROD and REISINE 1984, MATTERI et al. 2000). Finally, an increase in plasma concentration of ACTH stimulates the secretion of glucocorticoids (cortisol and corticosterone), mineralocorticoids and androgens from the adrenal cortex. MATTERI et al. (2000) stated that the stress response at the level of the adrenal gland is at least as complicated as at the level of the pituitary and the other upper mechanisms. Even though ACTH is the predominant hormone regulating glucocorticoid secretion, CRH and VP may also initiate glucocorticoid production and secretion by the paracrine way within the adrenal gland (MATTERI et al. 2000). BREAZILE (1987) pointed out that the increased level of glucocorticoids is a well- recognized component of distress response and, also, that the increase of glucocorticoid hormones affects the bodily functions such as metabolism, inflammatory and immunity. Increased secretion of glucocorticoids leads to metabolic disorders such as ketosis, hyperlipemia, and metabolic acidosis due to the enhancement of hepatic gluconeogenesis, resulting in hyperglycemia, and also, the enhancement of lipid and protein catabolism and inhibition of glucose uptake in nonhepatic tissues. Glucocorticoid hormones are also responsible for the production of lipocortins which are active in the migration of reactive cells into tissues, the activation of inflammation, the limiting of the phospholipase A-2 activation, thus limiting the activation of prostoglandins, thromboxanes and leucotrienes. Therefore the increased level of lipocortins results in enhanced susceptibility to infections. - 9 -
Page 1 and 2: Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover
Page 3: III To My Father
Page 6 and 7: 2.3 Learning Theory 37 2.3.1 The Fo
Page 8 and 9: 4.3.3.6 Comparison of the Subgroups
Page 10 and 11: List of Tables and Figures Table 2.
Page 13 and 14: 1. Introduction A bright orange sun
Page 15 and 16: 2. Literature review 2.1 Stress 2.1
Page 17 and 18: According to BREAZILE (1987), there
Page 19: 2.1.2 Stress and Distress Concepts
Page 23 and 24: . Immune System Alterations in the
Page 25 and 26: He also formulated the obvious abno
Page 27 and 28: According to KOOLHAAS et al. (1999)
Page 29 and 30: They may vary depending on the indi
Page 31 and 32: d. Behavioral Indicators of Chronic
Page 33 and 34: 2.2 Ethogram of Dog Behavior Ethogr
Page 35 and 36: Jostling ZIMEN 1971, FEDDERSEN-PETE
Page 37 and 38: Table 2.2 Behavioral elements of al
Page 39 and 40: 2.2.4 Agonistic Behaviors Agonistic
Page 41 and 42: ZIMEN (1971) cited that non-station
Page 43 and 44: Table 2.5 Behavioral Elements of Of
Page 45 and 46: 2.2.4.3 Categorization of Aggressiv
Page 47 and 48: Table 2.7 Categorization of aggress
Page 49 and 50: 2.3 Learning Theory The term ‘’
Page 51 and 52: Using this implanted tubes, PAVLOV
Page 53 and 54: • Conditioned Emotional Responses
Page 55 and 56: d. Phenomena Associated with Operan
Page 57 and 58: In the study written by UHL and SHE
Page 59 and 60: In safety training, an aversive sti
Page 61 and 62: They also emphasized that there is
Page 63 and 64: 2.5 Mechanical Training Aids LANDSB
Page 65 and 66: The first section of the questionna
Page 67 and 68: Figure 3.1: Test area in Hannover F
Page 69 and 70: 3.5 Training Aids Each training met
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3.6.1 Distribution of the Dogs into
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3) The handler took the food piece
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3.7.2.2 Main testing process Prior
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Alternative test session: In most c
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Table 3.1: Descriptions of bodily e
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Table 3.2: Scoring system of obedie
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Tail moving sidewards Wagging of th
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4. Results The first part of this c
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4.1.2 Comparison of the groups Grou
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4.1.3 Comparison of the subgroups C
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Dogs Descriptions 1 The dog exhibit
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10 The head and ear positions of th
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26 The dog exhibited ‘’neutral
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39 The head and ear positions of th
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4.3 Direct Reactions of the Dogs to
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4.3.2.2 Pinch collar: Considering t
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At the third test session, all of 1
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Table 4.8: Comparison of the subgro
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4.3.4.4 Comparison of the first tai
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4.3.5.2 Pinch Collar: Concerning th
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4.3.6 Vocalizations: In some cases,
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4.3.6.6 Comparison of the subgroups
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4.4 General Information: As mention
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5. Discussion This study aimed to a
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As previously mentioned, 22 dogs wh
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Reason of choosing ‘’pinch coll
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5.1.5 Test area The main test was c
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During the main test, following ins
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The ‘’trainer’’ and the ‘
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Since the quitting signal training
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To sum up, it can easily be said th
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The reasonable interpretation of th
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Overall, the results of this study
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A high learning effect of electroni
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Auch hinsichtlich des Lerneffektes
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8. References ABRANTES, R. (1997):
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BEERDA, B., SCHILDER, M.B.H., van H
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BREAZILE, J.E. (1987): Physiologic
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COOLS A.R., BRACHTEN R, HEEREN D, W
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DICKINSON, A. and M.F. DEARING (197
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FOX, M. W. (1971a): The comperative
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HANSEN, S. W. and B. M. DAMGAARD (1
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IMMELMANN, K. (1982): Wörterbuch d
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LAZARUS, R. S., (1993): From physio
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MATTERI, R.L, CARROLL, J. A., and C
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REISNER, I. R. (2003): Differential
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SCHÖNING, B. (2001): Hundeverhalte
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SUEN, H. K. and D. ARY (1984): Vari
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WARNOCK, F.F., and ALLEN, M. (2003)
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ZIMEN, E. (1971): Wölfe und König
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Table 3: Frequency table for learni
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Table 8: Kruskal-wallis test for le
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Table 10: Frequency table for first
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Valid Vocal E1 Frequency Percent -
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Table 18: Frequency Table for first
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im Zwinger im Haus sowohl als auch
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Problemverhalten: A: Übersprungsha
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Table 20: Frequency table-age Valid
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Table 23: Frequency table-housing V
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Table 27: Frequency table-gender Va
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Valid Confident_environment Frequen
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Acknowledgements This thesis could
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