Comparison of Stress and Learning Effects of Three Different ...

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Table 2.6 Behavioral elements of defensive threatening behavior developed from SCHENKEL (1947): (S), ZIMEN (1971): (Z), FEDDERSEN-PETERSEN u. OHL (1995): (F-O) and FEDDERSEN-PETERSEN (2004): (F), drawing on the example of ‘’Defensive-threat’’ from ZIMEN (1971) Facial Expression Signals Muzzle form long, pulled-back (Z) (F), poss. suddenly opening the mouth (Z) (F), at a sharp Corner of the mouth angle (F) Lips shape the lips being extremely drawn up or down (F), Nose bridge wrinkled (Z) Eyes/ Gaze direction Forehead baring the teeth (Z) (F)(S) Head posture lowered or lifted up against the opponent (Z) Ears position directed to forward (Z), the ear's root being pulled back or up (Z), lied back on the head (F), openings being plied together (F) Teeth bared all the way to the molars (F), Body Posture gingiva is visible (F) Signals Limbs/Joints crooked (Z) (F) Tail position tail drawn in (Z), With extreme body posture: tail pulled unto the belly (F) Tail activity stiff Hair piloerected on the back (Z) (F) Muscles Body posture hunch (Z), crouched (Z), slightly crouched (F) Other behavioral elements (Defensive-) snapping (S), uncompleted pouncing (S), pushing forward and biting (F), bite-clapping (S) (F), making oneself look small (F) Vocalizations silent (Z), hissing (Z), barking-growling (Z), growling-hissing (Z), growling (Z) (F), atonale barking (F-O) (F), squalling (F) - 32 -
2.2.4.3 Categorization of Aggressive Behavior FEDDERSEN-PETERSEN and OHL (1995) emphasized that the appearance of a behavior pattern depends on two factors, which are internal (internal dispositions and drives) and external (effective stimuli) factors and this rule is also applied to aggressive behavior. Considering this constant rule, many different authors classified aggressive behavior in a different manner as shown in table 2.7. In this section, however, only ‘’fear induced-, pain/shock induced- and redirected- aggression’’ will be discussed since these types of aggression are subjects of our interest for this study. a. Pain - or Shock Induced Aggression ULRICH and AZRIN (1962) demonstrated that aggressive attacks can be elicited in rats upon aversive - painful - stimuli. According to the ‘’damage-avoidance’’ principle introduced by TSCHANZ (1993), every handling that causes pain or discomfort can induce an aggressive reaction (LANDSBERG et al. 2003). TORTORA (1983) developed a theory about aggressive attacks in dogs and used the term ‘’avoidance-motivated aggression’’ in order to explain how previous experiences influence aggressive reactions against aversive stimulus. This study based on the experiment conducted by AZRIN et al., (1967), which showed that the animals can learn to avoid the aversive stimuli by performing aggressive display. Considering both studies, it can be suggested that the aggressive behavior can evoke as a response to previously experienced painful stimuli. In other words, the pain- or shock-induced aggression can progress to fear-induced aggression (OVERALL 1997). b. Fear Induced Aggression As previously mentioned, defensive attack may be evoked by fearful stimulation, especially in situations where the dog has no chance to withdraw or escape (LINDSAY 2001, KING et al., 2003). However, offensive aggression, which is the result of learning process in this context, can also be observed in dogs exposed to an aversive situation. - 33 -
Page 1 and 2: Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover
Page 3: III To My Father
Page 6 and 7: 2.3 Learning Theory 37 2.3.1 The Fo
Page 8 and 9: 4.3.3.6 Comparison of the Subgroups
Page 10 and 11: List of Tables and Figures Table 2.
Page 13 and 14: 1. Introduction A bright orange sun
Page 15 and 16: 2. Literature review 2.1 Stress 2.1
Page 17 and 18: According to BREAZILE (1987), there
Page 19 and 20: 2.1.2 Stress and Distress Concepts
Page 21 and 22: CRF, which is a neurohormone synthe
Page 23 and 24: . Immune System Alterations in the
Page 25 and 26: He also formulated the obvious abno
Page 27 and 28: According to KOOLHAAS et al. (1999)
Page 29 and 30: They may vary depending on the indi
Page 31 and 32: d. Behavioral Indicators of Chronic
Page 33 and 34: 2.2 Ethogram of Dog Behavior Ethogr
Page 35 and 36: Jostling ZIMEN 1971, FEDDERSEN-PETE
Page 37 and 38: Table 2.2 Behavioral elements of al
Page 39 and 40: 2.2.4 Agonistic Behaviors Agonistic
Page 41 and 42: ZIMEN (1971) cited that non-station
Page 43: Table 2.5 Behavioral Elements of Of
Page 47 and 48: Table 2.7 Categorization of aggress
Page 49 and 50: 2.3 Learning Theory The term ‘’
Page 51 and 52: Using this implanted tubes, PAVLOV
Page 53 and 54: • Conditioned Emotional Responses
Page 55 and 56: d. Phenomena Associated with Operan
Page 57 and 58: In the study written by UHL and SHE
Page 59 and 60: In safety training, an aversive sti
Page 61 and 62: They also emphasized that there is
Page 63 and 64: 2.5 Mechanical Training Aids LANDSB
Page 65 and 66: The first section of the questionna
Page 67 and 68: Figure 3.1: Test area in Hannover F
Page 69 and 70: 3.5 Training Aids Each training met
Page 71 and 72: 3.6.1 Distribution of the Dogs into
Page 73 and 74: 3) The handler took the food piece
Page 75 and 76: 3.7.2.2 Main testing process Prior
Page 77 and 78: Alternative test session: In most c
Page 79 and 80: Table 3.1: Descriptions of bodily e
Page 81 and 82: Table 3.2: Scoring system of obedie
Page 83 and 84: Tail moving sidewards Wagging of th
Page 85 and 86: 4. Results The first part of this c
Page 87 and 88: 4.1.2 Comparison of the groups Grou
Page 89 and 90: 4.1.3 Comparison of the subgroups C
Page 91 and 92: Dogs Descriptions 1 The dog exhibit
Page 93 and 94: 10 The head and ear positions of th
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26 The dog exhibited ‘’neutral
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39 The head and ear positions of th
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4.3 Direct Reactions of the Dogs to
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4.3.2.2 Pinch collar: Considering t
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At the third test session, all of 1
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Table 4.8: Comparison of the subgro
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4.3.4.4 Comparison of the first tai
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4.3.5.2 Pinch Collar: Concerning th
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4.3.6 Vocalizations: In some cases,
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4.3.6.6 Comparison of the subgroups
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4.4 General Information: As mention
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5. Discussion This study aimed to a
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As previously mentioned, 22 dogs wh
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Reason of choosing ‘’pinch coll
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5.1.5 Test area The main test was c
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During the main test, following ins
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The ‘’trainer’’ and the ‘
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Since the quitting signal training
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To sum up, it can easily be said th
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The reasonable interpretation of th
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Overall, the results of this study
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A high learning effect of electroni
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Auch hinsichtlich des Lerneffektes
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8. References ABRANTES, R. (1997):
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BEERDA, B., SCHILDER, M.B.H., van H
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BREAZILE, J.E. (1987): Physiologic
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COOLS A.R., BRACHTEN R, HEEREN D, W
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DICKINSON, A. and M.F. DEARING (197
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FOX, M. W. (1971a): The comperative
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HANSEN, S. W. and B. M. DAMGAARD (1
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IMMELMANN, K. (1982): Wörterbuch d
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LAZARUS, R. S., (1993): From physio
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MATTERI, R.L, CARROLL, J. A., and C
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REISNER, I. R. (2003): Differential
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SCHÖNING, B. (2001): Hundeverhalte
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SUEN, H. K. and D. ARY (1984): Vari
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WARNOCK, F.F., and ALLEN, M. (2003)
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ZIMEN, E. (1971): Wölfe und König
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Table 3: Frequency table for learni
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Table 8: Kruskal-wallis test for le
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Table 10: Frequency table for first
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Valid Vocal E1 Frequency Percent -
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Table 18: Frequency Table for first
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im Zwinger im Haus sowohl als auch
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Problemverhalten: A: Übersprungsha
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Table 20: Frequency table-age Valid
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Table 23: Frequency table-housing V
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Table 27: Frequency table-gender Va
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Valid Confident_environment Frequen
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Acknowledgements This thesis could
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