Comparison of Stress and Learning Effects of Three Different ...

Table 2.4 Acustic and optic signals of non-stationary offensive aggressive behavior developed from EISFELD (1966): (E),
ZIMEN (1971): (Z) and VOTH (1988): (V), drawing on the example of ‘’Attack-behavior’’ from EISFELD (1966)
Facial Expression Signals
Corner of the mouth pushed forward (E)
Muzzle form slightly opened (E)
Lips shape
Nose bridge
Eyes
Gaze direction stared directly to the opponent (Z)
Forehead
Head posture slightly lowered (Z), held straight forward (Z), held up (Z)
Ears position flattened (E)
Teeth
Body Posture Signals
Limbs/Joints slightly crooked (Z)
Tail position held horizantally backwards (Z), held in normal position (E)
Tail activity wagging of one-third of the tail(E)
Hair light piloerection on the back (Z)
Muscles
Other behavioral elements all facial structures addressed forward/ to the target
Vocalizations Signals
2.2.4.2 Threatening Behavior
(Z), no threatening mimic (Z)
growling, barking, squalling (V)
EWER (1968) described ‘threat’ as follows: '’A threat may be defined as a signal denoting
that, contingent upon some act or failure to act on the part of the recipient of the signal,
hostile action will be taken’. He further explained the function of threat as ‘’to deter the
opponent; to drive him away in the first case, to prevent him from making an attack in the
second. ‘’
Behavioral Signals of Offensive- and Defensive-Threatening Behavior are given in table 2.5
and table 2.6 respectively:
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