evaluation of tseories of distance teaceing leari\ing process

EVALUATION OF TSEORIES OF DISTANCE 

EDUCATION AIYD Tf,EIR IMPACT ON 

TEACEING LEARI\ING PROCESS 

MI'f,AMMAD MANZOOR MALIK 

ROLL NO: R{42109 

Dtr'IANCf,.NO!.-I'ONM LINDCONIIM'INGEDUCATIOIII'EP TTMENT 

tac0t Tv ot tDUcA[oN 

tIIJIlt|A IQEAL OPIN UMVINITY, TSIJIiI EAD 

2alo

EVALUATION OF TIIEORIES OF DISTANCE 

EDUCATION AND THEIR IMPACT ON 

TEACEING LEARI\TNG PROCESS 

MIJf, AMMN) MANZ(X)R MALIX 

ROII NO: R{,121(D 

sltot&d ir Frrb| ftlflbar of ah! nqltaab t' ll. D.gE otlrocb, of 

PbirdoEb h Edudo (Se.ddt alo! h Diire .!d No..Fodrl 

Fnlo6o!} .a iL D.p.rrbda olDLt !.., No!-Fom.l ud Corah.iig 

Eduq.io4 r.cufty orFnuedo!, AUrn. tqb.l ODa Ultv.rdry, LLubrd 

2010

A'TKINT DI.I,ANAIX)NS 

DriE ft pd.doafi qtdof hfftirtui. E co&.ad 

tL .ft. hr !d t- rilald h ry d! .c|*ni| d a 

fn o&il b.U.d h fir dFdd/H n Di t .tr e$oibd 

etol,ly d ia p.rr &r q' |a.d6j. p,rd c qudli.dd oOE t,l thd to 

Pnic[ n i' low rtuibd. 

B$Gg. rh! c.irrlD..hort td ir tD 6, tbr ed! i!..d |b 

digid GsrLoftb d!. 

frx

APPROVAL SIIEf,T 

Ev.lu.li@ of nbnc! of DiilG Ed@tion and Th.ir lrnp&r on 

Tdhing ttuilg P@.s 

Muhlmld Merco. Malik 

Ae.flcd by th. Fmnry of Edu.lrioa Alt@a tqbot OFn 

p,nid tulfiUndt of rL FquiM.d3 for rh. D.gE of Docror of 

Edu.did wit[ 3Fci.liz.lid in Dtlrle .d NoNforml EoU@oL 

PDt Dr. sbluhr AliSiddiqui 

Mdbq, vi@-V@ Comire 

Mtub€r, vicve Comire 

//i'^".- ""41*J 

Dea F&ulty of Edrca,tiod 

Alla@ lqb.l OFn Unimity 

Dar€d: 3qE&to 

u!&had lbElim Knalid

ACXNOWLf,DCEMENTS 

No 0e i! lift d sHy @DdLh a singlc Foicr OE hs atqar! lo t 

indiga$ to ihe S'qd. Pow- vdy M.rcitul Aqilir.y, Hk bcaro$€d Nir{E &d 

plot.ri@ is did@ by a nmb.r of bgiblc &d ilairgibL $l|@. SdtajG, 

6&y or tbee 5our6 dage ro h. !@onue playin8 $il! ro a.tiE prn i! dE 

@nplction of a penicutd tarL I .D v.ry iholdrl 10 A lt ah Aldighry, Iho pbvid.d 

@thi! @oft&ity, @ne. ed alility, 

ft. E .a$a ogts4 ni3 higb grdrd. b Ins spqvilc PDt Dr. rlrul@!.d 

lhlhin loElid fd prcviding odinl@ ojd.nc., sist nc! ed €@urg.n !r to 

mpLr.lbe lh6b, gis schohrly d&wlrbvdd.E d.tt!bd(!6ue 

Tbe rlgftL.r ir sle lh.lrftl b PDt D.. Rc!@ Mtu, Daq F-t!9 of 

Etlucltion, AIOU, lslsrubad fd hir surain d @utsedncm duing ny snldiB and 

thb tlsarchmrl ir D{tiold. 

It Bert r is i.{Lbr.d lo Dr. Muhlrird J.v.d lqbal, Cbrjn$a Dr. 

A[rul grf4z, Dr. MublEoat Ajblt ed Ms. N.il. Na$6, De?arhc of 

DNICq whos rynpathctic suidane rlwlts tuin d . swc of insptarion fm 

I d al$ rh&kftl to aI srafl trobds of thc D.p.rr&trr of Dne., Non 

fomd F&calion ad Co iNing Eluaioa *lo Edqd @pc6rid duing ih sndy. 

All dbdi fi6d! !d @llag'-s $to @!rihd

I d 6ls v€ry tbdldll ro t4r. Sohait Arju *,bo h.lpcd h thc poes of 

lLt4M

fide 

AD{ITRACT 

Eltlualid of'meo!i.! of DkiiM Edu.rlion .!d rh.n lllplcr otr 

T@hi.g tei!€ ft.clr! 

l9E 

Re(nc Mu!@adMdoo.Mdit 

Sr+dvis PFd Dr.I'tu[EDDAd Eilhie Xlblid 

u.n6itJa A!r@ Iqtdl ola thiEiy, &ld.hd 

SubjedA@ Dlbn !, N@-Fot@l rld Codieing Eduelid 

Thdie play e inpor.d DIG i! th. d.relopddr of &y stsG6: s@ i! 

&*rtttt rL.io oto'..* c,r"".io" ftfrfoq focu of 6is snldy w 

lo .qlut th.oriB of distae drc.lioD 6d it ir iEpd.r on t &hiD8 ladig 

p'oB- Th. objanvd of rhe snrdy 9@ to exptiir rh. .onept of dirtrm. 

cdu.*ioA sr,r. t@hilg La6j!! pl!€ of dix&re edqrio4 di$6 thdi6 of 

dist8e edu.jioD, .rdo!r. how ih@ri€ of disle@ cdu.liiotr wt u!.d in 

t ehile Lding ![@$ ad *h.i B rh.ir iDpa.t &d suggsl for nllh.r 

Ih. srdy els d€liEird 14 it rtr

ind.pdd@, 6Fri6 of in idftlizri@ ild th.o.i.6 of ini6-lioi/ 

IE t!3!dh w d6ign d to itrv6tigar. inro th. ddurio! of rb.oi4 of 

didale ederso! @d lhen iblet on bhirg lalilg p!@d3 itr p.lide, ttc 

!o!ic dm.nnr r sry of p@v.iliog liturid h .@gd dd orgdiad b6c. 

TIE tbe nit@ of thc ndy B ! d6.riFit! !Wq. 

Five poinl |atilg $d6 l@ d!rclop.d for a.!&6ici!B rc*ing {r AIOU, 

lnoE of Audm 2006 io AlsD! 2007 .fd4, slllt@t' of tundr 2006 ro 

A'eE t 2007 66G6 .!d fd E dia p6ds6 tud.ilg |l AIOU, 

Data @llccLd ftq! r.raniciu, tutoB, studotr .nd n dia prcdeB wG 

&rtyed by lpplyry FE otagc &d ee.! 5.e In odd ro go 6rdE bcyold i! 

c.lcuidiod,6rI odas.i$ gir htt &dysis 

I G fourd tom rh. d.a edyli! rtd distaM .du.!don oardiib *t s 

Aanffir i! !4hin8l.hile prc.cls. Thc snr&dts of dtut G.ducdio! @ti!E 

l!.t sdi6 .l rb.i! oM p!e. Th.y *lat ilen sdrdy |!sls .eording b rh.ir qil 

Itly @ adjud tri! dudi6 e.dilg io tbcir .l'-g,ng cin@tsc6. ft. dud@t 

of dktd@ edw.tion M inde!@d.!i, Modly de lndor d.p€.d.d upon tlE 

lcdins wilr)!:tMt, Mosr of th. rih.sr th. rrrd..r s i! ilot rior I! thG 3iar. of 

titudion, thcE e.i posnb ity tu. ti. cranid ofw id*, At the s@ 6!E if 

thc M soEctbi!8 @plast i! iL boLrioa ilto@rrio. !!d c@uic.tion 

t'tbnoloeid @'!d brcs} the isolrrio. 

It E @@lutLd drr ift6$i@ pcpeto.y rc* I Drd fd .trdtrc 

r&ni.gitrdis&e.d!.dior Sdo.g pbDirg ed o4dialion E ih. t6* for lh.

3'Ics or d!ba! ?i'miio4 Allo .ftrrir. E dis FogrDm3 qEF @ int eol 

p8n of .&ctiw ta.bi's ldli.g FE6 i! rti!tu! dsdi6 

It va r!co@d.d ltra tb DGi.l! of dtu sr-aa bly b. giE 

{.ci.l Gion !,tiL it w ki.s !.!!@d. Elpar Fft..id.b Dly b. idotv.d 

tur th. i6Prov.o.!t of wnob tb. !yc.D, Didee ,!'.ri"! 3rud6t ilvolvld 

hj@U i! s.r.l of ary orroftr'ity to Ld ldctting. Trnori.b, sot*slDF!! 

sidr.&l @&t@ s4 th. b& @o!o!ni6 tu th. sd6 of disle 

.dMion siict @t h. Fovid.d eit! mddo oppoiqririe of lc.rliD& eulity 

Edir !rcglllG a&o pLyrd & c&Elirc rcle fd rh. !tud.d of disea@ 

eddtiod Ii w b@ncid fo! th. 3tud.!i! if qurtily b.di! Fregndth.B re b!& 

auihu. wi6i! ibir 4Fo!ch.

ch.ptd I 

I,I 

t2 

l3 

l_4 

1.5 

1,6 

2.1 

2.2 

24 

II{ITODIrcTTON 

Sld.cclt ofth. probLd 

SiiFCeE ofti. $rdy 

D.liditdi@ ofdE 6rdy 

M.6odoloe/ of6. sdy 

1.5.2 SaDllc 

t.5.3 D.ELFtolToob 

l.5I Athili*di@ ofTool 

IIEVIEW OF IEL{TED IXTIN,ATTJRE 

2.1.1 Cbe&EiltidofDi!tu PA-d@ 

2,1.2 Co@@6L of Dii.rcc Eddi@ 

2.2.1 C

ilt tu dorAlF Cciive (aodt'16 of wiou ui*Bili.t 

2.4.1 D'tlEL.et 

2.4, EdEdiord Cdb Dd Infodaioa Alpliciic 

2.5 lrylcl of th.od6 of dir!.!e du6tio! o! t !.hirs l@ing 

2.6 

3.1 

t2 

t,3 

1,4 

3.5 

1.6 

3.7 

1.8 

5.1 

5.2 

5.3 

REST-{RCE METEODOLOGY 

Dcsit! oftlc stidy 

R!a!! iE![l6b ud 6.i! &v.lop@t 

V.iiddi@ of 6. !ffil ioob 

Adeilirtnid of&. 6d!h tools 

Fildiryr@n l'r$iG sd 'p@dddions 

ANAIYSIS Al\rD TMERPRETATTON OI DATA 

SUMMARY, FINDTNCq CONCLUSIONS 

RECOMMEND TIONS 

5.1.1 AeMulrliE c@lud@ (Iop.cl) 

52 

55 

58 

67 

68 

68 

12 

74 

75 

75 

77 

78 

AND I44 

t45 

t56 

t52

5.5 

5.6 

8.@oEadldo4 fd fllbffilt6 

BIBUOCRAPEY 

ANNEXIJRES 

163 

164 

t67 

l6E 

lirE

IIST OF TASLES 

I.DLNo Stri.r6r prg. 

4.1.1 Opido! of &!d.Ei.i@ lhou Ddelirl s t h4or! i! ?9 

ta.!i!g l@rS F6B 

4.12 Aoddidot opini@.bou Fe ofsrnld! i! Oen fidi6 ?9 

i! dkile .dearion 

4.13 Opirion of r^qrnici,m lboul rdjusrn eording to tbc EO 

4.1,4 A.ld.Dicie s opilio. dout *t4.ri!g th. srldy tst3 E0 

&@ding ro lb.ir eiU 

4.1.5 Via poirt ofr",r6ici&! tbout ild.p@ddt study s tls Sl 

ofdis1l@ .duc.ii@ 

4.1,6 OpinioD of &ld€qicnns ahout ldtrilg avi'!,lMr Bl 

4.1.1 Opinio! of &!d@ici!E tboln o*Jra thc d..iriois E2 

tldcpaddly 

4.1.E Vid poid of !dd@id&! lholn dario! of |w id.s itr E2 

lachinS l.mile pr..B 

4.1.9 Acrihoiciat vid poi.i rglrding cEicity of g.di.g Sj 

opFrn)liti6 i! taki4 iBruclid 

4.l.l0 opilion of..addicid! rboul iatcsivc pcp.rnory wort 83 

4-l.lt Opilion of a.ad@ici{ts $od eff61iv. pleitrg &d 84

4,1-12 Opi.i@ ofr.qlfri.i.i! .bour 'E6 ofdisti@.O-.d@ 84 

4,1,13 Vid Filr of r-,L-iri.". $oltr @iviDg Et.v&t dL.id t5 

udding to rh. $h!dut. 

4.1.14 Opinion of a.ltluici@ &out th. previsid of n r.ri.l iora 85 

lrg. lMbdof strdot3 

4.1-15 Opili@ ofaed.bicis rbod F!?@ti@ of@laid tlquiB 86 

intdliE b!o{ 

4.1.16 Opilio! of dd@ici.B .bout poliqy deisiN €gltrlilg 86 

disile! cdu.ation sylr.d 

4.1,17 Opinio! ofa.ad.6icias rbout eelilg lh. ta.gcts ofdilirle 8? 

das@stsi@ 

4.1.1?a Opirio! of f,"i6i.i'nq.bod Eetioe tb. ragd! ofd,n @ &7 

cdu..li@ srald 

4.l.l7b Olinion ofaqd@icilr! old i6nng th. llglrs ofdi.ralcc 8E 

.d@!ri@ sysitu 

4.1.!E Vi* poi.l of .c-,16-i-.6!t 1116 Fovid. ilr.F.lis EE 

g!id.@ ro rhe srLdts i! tnorid 

4.1.19 Opinion of .dddiciu .bo!t l@i!g t!rcu€b two wsy 89 

@meic.lion 

4.1.20 Opinid of &erhEicis abod cfr@tive te&hing lc{.nine 89 

proc63 tbrcugh ICTS 

nii

4.t.21 

4.t.22 

1.t.23 

4.t,24 

4.1.25 

4.t.26 

1.t27 

4.2.1 

4.2.3 

4.2! 

4.2.5 

4.2.6 

4.2.7 

4,2.4 

Opinid of aod.oici.B $st reo rly co@uiedo! 

e.jlit r.s tea.hirg L.bilg PlGs 

viry Filt of a.{tLmici@ rblr @Mui@io! |.chlologie 

L.lp i! quarlitaliE lelhilg L.fring Fes 

Ac{bici&'s riq poidr .bod b.rq cdrs in qudit lirc 

t6.!iog l@ir8prs..! 

AclddiciE s vica Filt thx intda.tid mriv.rg th. 

Vi* poinr of rcdFicis thd edou ilvolr@@t i! o. 

sr'rdy coI'iburc! ro joytul lmiss 

Opinih of -ldloicirs thr! Aiadly p.rsorsl 1oe 

@hart6 po€iriE i! tebins lhirgFlE$ 

Vi* Firr of *.d.dici!a! Fgddirg tutor's reI. bctE! 

Olido! oftutoB about ind.pcad..t study oll.rial 

Vi* Firi ofnrioG .bout @!tinu.ri@ ofsftdie 

Vi* poid of t[o6 rtoul th. ldjsMt of srdi6 

Opitri@ oftilG ttoul $lc.iid oftrdr 

Opili@ oftutoB .bon dE b.e ofdiehe .duqrio! tlrd 

Opinion of !do6 !bor! lc4ilg ovircMdt 

Vi* poilt oftutors lbol' lskilg d.cisio6 

Opidon of tuio6 .bod cE tio! of ee ides 

q) 

90 

9l 

9l 

n 

n 

93 

95 

95 

96 

96 

97 

97 

98 

98

4.2.9 

4-2.10 

4.2.t1 

4.2.\2 

4.2,t1 

42.r4 

4.2,15 

4.2.t5 

4.2.17 

42.1E 

42.19 

4.2,20 

4.221 

1222 

42.23 

4.2,24 

4_2.25 

Opilio ofnnm.bout cEio3ity ofgening opporiuity 99 

ViqpoinroftuorslloldF.plEiottrc* 99 

Opili@oftut@.hdni .BiEpl&riDg&ddgeianio! l0O 

ODiniotroftubaabo sucas of dist !€cduqtid lO0 

Opinioa oftutob .bour sistirg the studoB t 0 t 

VicwFinr of t'dor! lbou quality @w ordcd.s l0l 

O!i!i@ of mo6 lor r! thc loin8 ir lhe crd. a d.t@i..d l@ 

Pcsibiliiy fd all t!. !tu&nG !o Feire tuteial al.ppoint d 102 

Po$ibility ofi e!!.ti!c gd.he io .ll th. durt@ts 

opinid of turo6 Egr.di!8 lrc Ey co@uic.tion 

Vi.qoim Fgdding hfo@{ioa ed comuication 

OpbioD about b.tcr oppotudtiG of two uy @muicat6 lM 

Viwloiot Ggaidirg qutitalirc rahiDg l@ing pbc.$ 105 

Vid poid of tu B &gadiDg irt.EliE &1iviti6 lO5 

Vi.*?oint Fgading l.uing pt.asw in t a.hi.g l6Eing 106 

Opinion ofrinos abod rh. ti.ldly sfiilud. ofrhc cr.hd 106 

Viepojrt of ntoB ngldjng rle b€t $uM of 107 

103 

103 

104

4.3.1 

4.3.2 

4,3.3 

4.3.4 

4.3.5 

4.1.6^ 

4.3.5b 

4,3.6d 

4.3.5c 

4.3.6t 

4.3.7 

4,3,8 

4.3.9 

4.t.10 

4.3. 

4.3.12 

Vi.wpoiDr Eg{di!8 .g!,@ tlott irdividtsl drdy 

Opido! .!o'! i-L!-nid tudy a h.lping for sddtg 

Opinid of 6'i6k .!od cFdiv. lhirtirg 

Vicwpoilt Ggdding bc*ing ih. ilol.,tion of sbr&nt 

Opilid ofstddts rtoln qu.$iiod .lllE r.tiriv 

Vialoi of $d@ts i.grrdilg h.ti.e 6€ qporiDity of 

Opinior of srudats Ggddils h.lptul i! b{i!si!s ort !d 

Vi.qFilt of studd! €glding r.tdtion of leMing ltz 

Opinid of dudats.!out giviDg !m q!.lily of lcoire I 13 

Opidd ofstdda .bout possibilir ofdoE $rrity ofwolt I 13 

Vi.*Fi!r Gg.rdilg h.lping lh. lndob lo b. .Eiou I 14 

Vi.x?oint @gadjlg hclping rb. ltd@rs to be ooc alou I 14 

Vic$?oinl of shrdels Fggdina *ltion of interest I 15 

Opiaion of studats alout mcdid IlBuc itr dktr@ ll5 

Viry poid of slrddls .tout qtruty of qldity of wt for I16 

Viry poilt of ln)d6ts rcgarding cMtion of n* id4 I 16 

via poinr of stutLlts rtDur possibility of ef\rlffir of ll7 

lanirg l€uing pt@s 

109 

109 

ll0 

ll0 

111 

l 

lt2

4.3.13 

4.3.14 

4,3.15 

4.1.t6 

4.3.17 

t.3.18 

4.3.19 

4.320 

4.3.21 

4.3.22 

4.4.2 

4.4.3 

Opinid of sd@r! Dod ielNi@ant of @m6ic.!io! 

skills 

Vier?oilt ofstuddb rcgcdiEg itr&o.tirc a.tiviiics I I E 

Opid@ atou cdeui.rdo lersbrie-daniotr of i.crBr llE 

vi.qFi of sd6ts rcgdding tuuied@t lpils @w tt9 

Vie*loilt of sn)d.na FgsdiDg @meicarion-bral.ilg th. 

Ophio of sn d6ts * n @MuicltioFiDFvdmr of 

Opinid of $tdo& Fg&diig co@icari@st.EccliE t20 

Vic$4oitrt cg.dilg idFoving lh. quality of t*ltrig l2l 

Opid@ of sl'ldelts !!oln posibilitl of qurdit of mrr l2l 

Vi.v?oini of sM.nts Egridirg @ of @mbic{tio! 122 

Opid@ atou a.di! pregrll:leildidduliad sdy 124 

Vic*loitrt Fg{tliDg Llgurg. !fierw ofE disFog|!!tG 124 

Opbi@ of Ddi.prcdea!.bod w of mdiAlrog@ 125 

view Filt ofncdia Foduccis Fga.dins N€tultFs ofm.dia 125 

lt7 

u9 

t20

4.4.5 vidloilt Fsrding Ecdia pres@3{elpirg @iqiry t26 

4.4.6 OpinbD.lort odir Fog@h.tpi.g in c@ting i crBt 126 

4.4.7 Opilio!.bo'n qudi9 b.dir Fgrd|c h.lp i! qodiry of t2? 

4.4.8 Opiui@ alord qlality E di.Fotl..''F$deryof quadirf 12? 

aA,g Opiniotr .hout lEdA prgt!|lB"Llp i! d.kjlg t!. Filt l2E 

4.4.10 Vic*TDilt r.g&di!g qu.lig E.diaptogr!|!|tlFhelp tuedi.l 128 

4-4.11 Opilio lbort qulit b.di. pFducdo@n binbE ring d. 129 

4.4.12 VisFoi.t 6d ta.tilg l.&d!g Fftd @ b. && 129 

iltciilg r!b!g! D.dir 

4.4.13 Vi.*!oi!t rhat mcdi! prlduciioa h.lps ir bringing out w 130 

4.4.14 Olilioa alout porsibUity of u.ftl di$Bi6 i. qu.lihtiv. 130 

Dedia pDthrdion 

4.4.!5 vicr?oi Gge{tiDg losibility of tuiEr iMllmdl of tll 

4,4,16 Opitrio!aloutposibili9ofrlreEtdiai.doedia!rcgunB l3l 

4.4,17 Opinion at{ur n@ lDsibility of n .d bas.d studia 132 

xviii

4.a.lt Vi.*!oidngr6!gdid%Eh.!.do.dirF!8@o.. 132 

4.4.19 Vi.vpoid r!8rdiD€ idliDdi@ o.l @icrioo 133 

4.a20 Opbion&d ieati'.! n diiFotr.DE 133 

4.421 Opili@ rbod cmui.did .! t lpilg cld.d i! E di. 134 

4.422 Vicqpoid dd ierdioo h.lF i! iEFovirt .@DEi.did l3a 

*illj 

1J.23 OpiDid lbotn .ft.dE involvd.d of dd6l!'*!rdy of 135 

qudity of lllltr 

4.424 Opilid .bo|n &div! ifldvaa. of dd.orgelda.y of 135 

qudity oferort 

tr.a25 vicaloid r!|t ierdw D.dn Flgndc blp iEFovilg 135 

t lcm.Dility otlh dr4d 

aa.26 Opirio drn i@..riw o.dir ! b.lptul i! abBirg lclli.g 136 

cp..ity of6. md.G

ABBR.EVIATIONS 

A C AfEldiE AugDldriE C@d6i.did 

AIOU All@ hh.l Op6 Uri6i9 

AIR All hdiaRldio 

AJ( Aad J[Mu &d KabDir 

ALN AttEdl@u I-.i!i!g Nawo* 

AI3 tudio T{. RorLr 

B.A Bi.h.lor olAits 

BEC B.i6!h Brudoltils C.ryordid 

Bc DridA Co@il 

scru C.dttl Chi6 Tdcvilioo UoiEity 

CCTV Clo.dcimitT.lcvilio 

CMC CoEput rM€dirt dco@ui.iri@ 

Cll ClrsEl ofNalior4l Ncq! 

CPM Clitiql Pd! M.rhod 

CD,BOM Coitrt Disk Rad Orly Madt 

DE DktrseEdE don 

DM.il Elenoaic Mail 

EIt&TvPr E&Etio!.1 R dio ed Tdcvnnon Progn@6 

ERP! Enrdional Rrdio P'!€t@c 

ETV Edu.ltiolrlTclwkion

Et'vPr Firidd Tcllvnid fto8r@ 

ICL bftroiioo d O-i,*a- TcdDlo8i.! 

IEI ldiln. of E6r.ainl T..holo8t 

ITV lddiol T.leviitio 

UODEM ModdrDdD.rlotuIrr 

I{DDL Nq Dib.olion! i! Ditu laoin8 

PBlJu P*t l4dhio 

?DAt Pe.'d.l Disibl Asild 

PERT Prolrrnn Evdudid.ld R.lics T..iniqE 

?tr Docld ofPlilo.orny 

IAM R ldoo A..6 l!,i@ort 

SCANS S..rltry's C!@i!d@od Adnlii!8NNry Stilj 

SITE Se[i. rimrcdoorr Tdcvirioo Elqdid 

t,x UliEd KilgdoD 

UNEACO Unic

CHA TER 1 

INTRODUCTION 

D5tr@ cd'@rio! i! a fo@ ofildirEr irirrEtid rt shodd b. b.!Gd d 

d.d*tic qpcni* ard porarials! @obiFd wirh foFig! *peni* ,!d cxpdiqcc in 

ile 6cld of Dbia!@ EdMtoD Ir b . t6irg rrsl@ q!ft th. td.hilg bc$!vio6 

@ Fpni& ton rb. laEjlg belaviot3, I! dista@ .d&!rioa lh. sttdelB c 

giv.! ihc oppdtrity to pBE thcir shrdies in ...od&a with th.n lsnicul$ 

.c.dr Snlty enG.ials mbio.d qitb ol[dfod oflwpon nidubt i.d.Fldat 

srudy dd foi thi! @@ thc stud€li5 c i! m my conp.U.d lo .n nd l@nes. TIE 

l..cr srks dore o. i. ! grcl4' guidcd by srudy dlairl !rcvid.d by ile tel.i6 

vno t a1 tuthd plre lwy tlo th. $!d.nB. qo*!c, he @ comsicll. virb 

|!. tu1or by h6i of on. or E@ ncdia luch 6 @rcspond.@, rdc?hde, 6uil 

Ii is quit d@ Urt di ec. cducatiotr h.s iir o*tr 

pbfsiotrlly invoh€d i! .do.atioA Dun ttltsMc 

(!. qisr.@ 

.duqlion which @ snictly sp@bt . TEdirio!.I cdo..iio! b.!.d or pdeid 

comuicltioo and dist&@ .du.diotr b.$d on indu$ializ.d ald t cbrologi.rl 

Wlil. the p@6s of .ducarior is in prcgrsi thde is lirje ttislildion 

bc$E! Idhc6 and raught. T!.y e hoilr p&riciFlilg itr ihc shsd c,peri@ of 

.xplorilg a .omo! rcrld. ft. ta.lE is sibpty dorc fditi{ with fts dajls .ad

nore slill.d in h&dlitr8 th€ !@6s irvoh4d. Oc&io.,jty i! a hrtodd this 

crqloE i@ nrle rL. fod ofa didogu., but tl@ usud, n is t 8tq4 di*Ei@ 

Dislr@ .duc!io! @i.ly b.l@gs !o adulr GdEatioa hn lFial fo@ of 

$Fryk d

vicw of ttF iDlortdce of tb.sc ihplicari@, it my b. su!@d up tblt n 

is rdcgy to Eqdlu& r.ditio!.I di!r.@ cdEdid toica rld dis.s noe 

tbcy .rne 10 CoDpuid M.di.idt Co@@joric. 

DISTANCf, EDUCATION TqEORIES 

Mey thFr.ticai pftFctivca on dkrree €dEsrioa havc b.o pMr.d 

driag thc lan tvEry ye8. Kcg.! (t9EE) ihiitr6 lhd rlF ujor rb@Idisl 

l.'nt@dd of suro&ny edinLp.qLM. 

2. I1teoii6 of ildlsEialiaiio., ed 

L lr!@ri.s of i oz.li@ ed o!t|@i.did 

TEEORIES OF AT'IONOMY AND INI'EPENDSNCE 

MooE! ilducrirc .!.ly!ir of deipiiG of two thousnd iBrEtid,l 

prog'!m$ I.d to the develolndt of a {Fry on dial%@, srEhuq .fft auloMy 

(Moor., l9l, p.8t). MooE Feiv.s di.logE 6 ilted.rion b.tw.r lffi ed 

Eerru.roi, lEwtuF a .d!h chrellriniB of @w d€5i8!, std lnddy a 

lalM id.Frdde. H...gu6 rbar dij,@ cderion olg&izric sbould 

idslly giv. stutlcnB lqieM i.d.p.!dde wirh FSad !o cboie of ainc 

objatircs, study m.thods ard lching !.rivities. study per prcgqson d 

ev.lution (M@8, 1983, p.1?O. 

I! a prp.r, Mo@ (1991, p.l6E) .ncous6 ealysi! of lh..ft.ri @oplfer 

@dftncin8 hB on dialogE, slrucnN rnd uro@my. Fi6t &. ilrodElid of 

goup @muic.non mtu tui dialogu. ir no to4a ruE conmudor 

3

.n .cn l.ec! ed irsreror. S@n4 fca ouE h.E beo dllisncd for 

cep'ld @dtuirg: lh. @jdi9 hrrc rratcd thcn imEn'! Aon ei6ng 

disl!@ cd@tiotr qlls 6 he-b-Aa cotlB. 'niii, conpu!( @Df.reilg is 

d*isd for grcup &tivity, $ roo n@b rlrtonoDy is @t yitii! it! !.oF. govEE, 

0F eoal burl b. ro .levis stsras ihi suppon ildividuat Eedom s reU s 

c@pdriv. gDup activit. 

TEEORIES OF TIIDUSTRIALIZ.TTION 

P.t6 (1988, p.I l0) epliclrioE of ildulrid t!6.y lcd Lih b @tud. rh.t 

dE strlctuE of distae te&hilg is dGtmi.d to a coqidalblc d.gFc by rLe 

ptilciplcs of iftlustializatioa pdiculdly by rloc of drio4tiz.tioq division of 

la,tbr &d tlB produ.iio4 rh. icrchiq plEd i5 grduly c.tlrtud 6eueb 

i@ing Fdturii+or .!d !s !trldEtid '116. chqge eoar fd lt. 

d.rg@ ofth. aolowire stu.nu.l prcF irioa: 

L Thc dcv€lo't!61 of di$.o@ 3tudy col)g is jln a! iEport nr s &e 

pGp&rory wo& ia}jle pb4 prior to rh. prcdu.rion Dr!.ca3. 

2, Th. .lretivos of d. t..hirg F!rc b Fnicubdy d.F.de m 

3. 

5, 

pLmirg .d orgeialid 

CouB dusl b€ lo@liz.d ald qp.dltic ton studdt' s&dddizd 

Ilt c&hing prccds is leg€ly obj.crifi.4 

'Ih. fqctios of &!d@i.s tc!.Iing .r ! distre. haE .hag.rt @Bidq!}ly 

vid-vis Bivdity tech6 in @MrioD.l r.i.hi!g. 

Dirr@ sturly @ oDly b. @ndicd will r @@r!tion of 0E rwihble 

@wcs 4d I @trali4d .doidlratior

Al first sight, rh. thory ot itrl|ujrirtjztid d(s N sb !o alply to 

@Dputcr conllGncitrg. Bsres (lgl, p.lt) irar6: 

'nid sldaltid t .hologie (@bFra @dd@i!g) c Fri6t rly 

v.lu.bL *t@ Etrrivdy 3b!u luralEF ofsrr&Dr, @ .e.n 4 3i@ they 

svoid t!. high fx.d poductio! c.!r! of lhe inrurriat no

Holnb.rg! th6ry b d.rclopc{t vith ! foo8 d @rlpood@G @!s ard 

@ ro o@ comui@rioo CllscqEdy, n dc et givc dlch 6@id.rsion b 

gFup c.tMqj.trjd. noalq, rb. 6@ry tu be d.Elopd t!1t6 ro ietude 

grclP f&ili!.tion dd a nMhq of authds hlE !@l)lrMded Ftrr.

I.2 OBJECTTVES OF TEE STI'DY 

Th. objeriG ofr!. 3tudy rw b: 

L Explai! ihe oaepr ofdirrdu .ducdioD 

2- Stl& ttc teahilg l.milg tloB 

3, Discu$ thc tho.id ofdbrr@ ..tucalion, 

of di&goe cdu.dior 

4- E*lu.r. how rhe rhcorics of dktarcc .du.rto. l@ lsd in 

ltuile p!@$ sd et8t B tlFit imp!.t 

5. Suggai frrlld rcffih.! on th. ropic. 

1.3 SIGNIFICANCf, OT TEE STUDY 

Soud &d cff6riE.du.trid is r!. dic !..d ofd. &y. EfiiriE h.ti,g 

l@ing p|l)cs is tL ody hy *tlich @ b.lp s@ivd of tb. sidi6. 11. study 

'!da FI]€ 'Evallrd@ of Itod6 of Di3r.c Edulrior ed lhn IDlcr @ 

T@hi.g Ishile Pe6" @rtd bG .bt. ro s! Ihc pupoe ro the l4ioD 

.xEnr Thc snrdy will bc lsctul in b!!y wy' It @ b. hilpirl for rh. stutaB of 

dindce .ducaiio! who @ te! in rh.n bighd sndi.s. It wourd hetp lhc 

&admici6 of dttae €d@dor by Flvidine thd guid€lis i! dtdci.e rhen 

ptuf€sional @pdbilitiG e thlt th.y @uld b. able io Frfotu b.r€r in then 

prcfesion &d aligudtr. ftc kitlrls of dilrrlce .dustion Eay dtso be 

b€neficieie fton this slud/. B@u. of rhc vlry narw of di$e@ €d@tid! 

ow Edcrials my bc @d. clcd, Mll orgdia.d dd 4ity ac4s..L Contlnt 

hieht i egnrc akilabl. tcch@logi6 to .trIq@ l@irg .id 10 inpow dr 

cba6 orndtirS @w objarive. ft. qlminbirdoE of .lisrare €ducllid *ill

.Lo hc alL to s..t guidlc toD rh! 3tdy, nE N e '@, scF n lb. 

pcpdrltioD ot @@ o!ldi.l, slEh 3 wilirS, @o9o3i4, .diliDg cin ng ed 

Filtin& Sinut&eousl, lholJlrd !Mb.B of.!pli.di@ e dliyld in .v..y 

s6l.r for c@lndt. l'Liling li5t5 e lcp.rld on . @B t dr &d sts of 

drl0!6 e pF!€rd blsd on lirt3. M.ili.g slrs tbF d fou qeks b.foe r!. 

mester. Cow b@t{ suppl.ndtary Mt rialj sigmdr6, str.ly s!i&s ,!d 

boadEt schedul* @ put into 6vclop3, blggcd dd Egisr.ed rldr &r ihc Dosr 

ofre. Thc adminirratoB of dfut M cdu..tion l(e!p wlrch d a[ rb* rbjngs. Ttc 

tudirgs ofthis snidy would @dribut ro bolh fE.t .!d pretie Ir is h.t rblt 

ptlsr 6@rq @ el@ for tu@ @!r.h.B. 

I.4 DELII'ITATIONS OF THE STUDY 

Tn sturty M d.lioitd 10: 

1 Th. snrd.nts ofr.lgcr.d B.Ed p@g.@. ofAIOU Ishn.rd. 

2. B.Ed prcgrene ofAuthn 2005 !o Aunm 200? seD6rqs 

3. Acad@i.itu wo*.in8 ar AIOU lrlMlbad. 

4. Tutors of B.Ed prcsM. of AIOU klamb6d. 

5. M€dia pDducd rc*ins ar AIOU IshDabad. 

6. redeEl cagiid, povi&iat capials of PlEsta! &d AJK (lsla@ba4 rahor, 

Karuhi Qu.tra Padsw, Muzf.nh

c. Iltq*ii.d @onlEiqlioo 

I.5 METtrODOL(rcY OF TEE STUDY 

thc n dlh E ded8d ro iEvr.igrr. i oit a.lunid of l!.ori6 of 

dilr.G .dalio .!d tLir iryt d l*hrnr kalirS FN6 i! Irlilb. rr. 

iopic ddrnd.d ! .rlvqy of ptqiling ritllrin in r!r!8cd |!d orloi4d rooD-. 

Thrltt latsoflt rtudy ss.deiniE rw.y. 

1.5.1 PoDrlrlio! 

Popd.li@ of6. ddy hr coatid.d of 

i. Aoddici.nt 0..dr!6, Asind PDesor* Asi& Pro&..oE &d 

Prof.3iotl ofll & D?.do6l3) wo*irg d AIOU &bEb.d 

ii. TdoB of B-Ed Fo8!b@ Ar@2005 b A&@2(xrl Sdt 

iii Srud.la of A.E l Fwire@ Au!@ 2006 ro A!h! 2(Xt of AIOU 

ie M.di. PlqllEB s*in8 .I AIOU bL6rb.d 

1.5.2 SrmpL 

S.Dplc of6. rnldy ss t!. foldi!8: 

i. I! cls of -€d@ici.!! of NOU, dlil. Fpritti@ att nt o B spL 

i.. lc,e/6 3.!dpli!8 0 37).

2, 

3. 

ii. TL roi.l NhD€ of n!o! E llo8 rd d& 6 t&rc !@t r of 

loDulrdo4 l(|'6 of6. polohiod B t t6.r rGDtG. Tlc ddo6 

rdplilg c.tliqtr sa !d.fi.d in arc ofnnd. 

iii. Th. tor.l !@h. of drbl3 w! t4E{A .d dr ,o l&8. onla of 

FFrl.lioo, 05'{, of t p.Fdnid E nla u srL. Ib dd.o 

!.rEplilg r.tuhE m, .do!..d iE d' of dutan. 

iv !o(lx D.di. FldrEr 

(06) rlirirs.t AIoU ld@.h.a 

Ti. dloib ofiL ....Fths A@ ir bcilg siE i! th. foXotria lthlc 

1.5.! D.vllopDcrt of Toolt 

137 

ll0E 

06 

I4EOE 

twv. 

1096 

tw. 

05% 

FiE poill .diit el6 E! &Elo!.d for crh ofdr frlo*iig: 

i. Q!.6.io@iE br -d-ic;-. wtioS d AIou ld.rbil li wil 

@ailr orqqdB o 6ll@i4 tbrlc tldi€ of dir.dc. .i!-d@- 

o 'ID@ry of d!o|@y.nd ind.?.nd.occ 

o ft@ry of indulri.lialion 

o Tneory of i!t6t iio! &d @@@icstim 

ii. Quldio@iE for lrtoB of Antu 2@6 ro At6E! 200? lctca 

in. QGrio.ndF for md.d! of AurE! 2006 io Autu[n 2007 @ra! 

l0 

t37 

||l 

(b 

7q

iv. Q!€llio@ic for Fdi! Fod@B s*irg !l AIOU rrr''-h.d 

B€foF act@l Luch, .!ah qulrioE iF ws profdsiooly Elidd..t s 

edd. Qctio@iF for &!ddici.$ .!d rutor! rw pilocd o! firc p6ou of 

db car.8ory Espetircly. Thair lw.stiois, obw.tios *@ ,rtrno?dt 

wtil. qEsiio@irc for stu&nls v!! pilor.d on tcn lnrd.nts ard qr6tio@iF fd 

n

CEA}TER 2 

REVIEW OF Rf,LITED LITERATTJRE 

Tt bpic of i...{d -Evrludi6 of It ori6 of Drhe E bcniod .!.t 

ih.ii IEFi d Ta..bi!g L.ni.g pt!..$" i! ui$r i! it3 sn!!. piio. !o 6i, 

ody, Do cfhn i6s ha o!d. o! lud .rF of r!.ad" A sicq of t!b.d 

2.1 DISTANCE EDUCATION 

Distta. cdEni@ @s th. dsnid of lffi sio i. a.,rr.nn !. h 

lb. rrEtd of.lirt s. .d'"rdo e. ta.!..! ud ib md@ t! !.r.ra.d Ad 

...t otla, Distrcc @!y h.r! g@gnphic.l di!t|@, ii@ dinoe ed c@ 

id.U6lud diird. D!i!e .dEdi6 i! d.fr.d.r, "bldndid b-cd. ftinll 

.ddoi st@ tb lc.6i!8 golp i! r.taa.d Sasrahioly .!d !.td! ioiardE 

t lc@@i€rio! rrsco! @ u!.d to @iel lcr|E ed iBErEbt!'. 

Disr.ne cdEltio is ! irlrddic &riviry. I i5 oEeiad dd bs lo!!g 

DL@i.8. Ita ir redvilion |!d ipFt of nrd.o. to!i!8 lr,hict i! shiorbL 

ty hidgiDg t[. physicd diiee bawc6 .tud.or &d ta.ts_ 

Tb. US DcFrllclr of Edsld@t Omcc of EdErlidd Rffih .!d 

loprorc@nr (2002, p6) d!fin6 din r.c c&.{i@ s "th. @ticrion of 

cldotltlMiorid &d cleronic dlvic eti.h @bt. elt d &d t.!c, !o 

rlc.irc ialrftioD! orisiMring Elo th. dkrrne". Typioltn ih. lffi iiry 

l2

iniad qiu rh. ildrr.lor d F!8EDD djrlcity .ad Diy Et *il! tt ildrer 

o! | Fiodic D.rir Tt rcor3 of di!rrd...durid &! r Lrst 150 y...! ott I! 

!E33. Sqldi$ &wQqq s ar & !dv!di..oat io ddy'CooF.i6@ rhoBi {rc 

E di@ of Fd. I! Gquny, dino.. cdBrid er! cd$lit d b, CtEta ed 

Gun v *io r.ugh lrdgu.sc in Bdlir Co.tteo!d6.. lrrdy.r!6*d lh. At dic i! 

l8n $to A@ Elior Tictlot.n btidcd r g{€ioFbd lociay s, Folror.,&.ty 

l| hoG T]. S@i.ty ro Esdryc Sndi6 n H@. ed.d e! th.! 10,0oo 

3nldat3 in 24 y.r] Snxt d of rh. ctsiol qltidfun (Do6rl, sd.o) 

@!!"ond.d oolrbly wil[ tach6, s{o oercd guid.d lEdilg' .d t $h. r.nr 

F@ 1883 to lE9l, .clddic d.gr!6 w.! .rhdizd by th. 3rnE of Nlw ydt 

rlrlrgh tl!. Cr'-n-,qu CbUG8. of Libd.t Atr, !o odat *no coopL,.d rt 

rlquitld tl|ltG i$rinn6 rrd @ft.poldae @rs, lnft.sr Winio &i!.ry 

HaF, "tD !ad.d i!. !rc8t|Da elr stuS sp?oda i! 6d..pdd@ ddy 

.!d co!&Ld i! tunG vitbitiy orrtc Eg c

Din aa .du.r6o! difr.6 tw ft@d .dsdioa qtich r.t6 pt|.c d ih. 

sc tiEc i! t!. .|4 ptr€, FoErd qnDrio! is typicdt, I rguh ct8rioD 

ullrUy rolhd c@t6d Ditftrtor d@, !d. ph.. Gdstlio! DA,t 6. t -d!s 

p!e* i!. lceinS sindioo &b! tutript.8rel4. of dd d d@d tt chs in 

ih. s. ph@ d tL ri@ tt y ch.os. lti! tyF of.du.dion i!.hitrbL.t 

di&6t tilB ro rt $d6E bd in llc !.D! pl* $.1 s *i.ae Lbotddy, 

ooprta bloFrory, eid.rdi6 bbonrolr, o.dit c.or! crc Th hd trc 

clcsdie fo@ on th. labing p!!€ ocei!8 i! dift!.r dG. Bd *i.a 

t l@muicari@ 3rarc@ e ur.4 .dB!li6 on Ot pbe in ditftran pl&g ir 

Th. lrudols o! .ls t..o .r ditraat dG ed i! diftEr DL..+ Tf. 

stud.o! i. dir.n . cdEdion !.t .t *tt n |dd *t@ to L.r! od wla d qia! b 

uer i.sudiolrl oltaids. R@{y, Vodd wid. Srcb (gw) @E!€ t E 

t@ offald tb. laEs..6! *td! od rio 6.r titc. I!i! pFo..t b c.!.d 

ttYtui!!@B dEtre c.lElrid. 

TGlcvisio! ffi tlb prEF.. qt6 lh. tclt dtsEd ir co"-c.d wft rh. 

r*bd &d tn. srrd@ls at r di.ir@. Ulc of $rdlirc, coqcs.d vnf.o ed 6!.. 

opti.s syc@ e bciDS ircEs.d. 1l!.!pro!.! qy bc.5[c

2.1.1 Charrcteristicsof DistrDcc Educ{tior 

ryi.nrdc d6ig! rd dedopDdr 

wilis O99, p.55) d.sib6 6. i8rudion t dlrdop|@t pio6 br 

ditne cdEario4 c@inilg of rb. curtoElry dag6 of d.siga dledoFd! 

cidu.tior, &d si5ioo ln rt.igrilg GEetiv. dilile iasaudioq @ tust 

@Ei.t r @t ody lhe goalsi n€d4 ud chl@Gdstie of Lr!6 &d st)tt !,hrr 

.r$ @dr€nr Equiments ed Gcblic.i msraiirg lfuus{d .tclivery sysim @ 

rlquiFd lhey musl be nad. eBlibL & dl pdticipets. 

Rwtion b6ed or fe.db&k from icEietoB, cortenl Aei.lins, ed l..trB 

is e oDgoing Focs. Prcvisios must bG nadc foi comiNllly updan!€ @w3 

ebjcb d.petrd or rcl,t'dc idotutiotr ro tat lb. lubjd @trd .lfut @d Et.mr 

(Pdrd, r994,p8r). 

Sl@$frn distarc. .dEatioa sy.r.tu involrc ini@riviry b.rrd La.h.r 

&d snrddrs, b€t*@ studffis ed rh. hdinS dvirc.Eert, aqd eong strd.ois 

ih.nelvcl' 6 w€n a adiv. l@irg in the clastuon. McNlhb (1994) nor.d th4 

Uoqd studots feh that th€ uesibilitt of distan@ l.dilg @!M rr outwighg 

dE lal of dirlogrc, th@ t still a aNidaau. l&t ofdidogw in i.lcollM *t n 

@oFr.d to f&e-b-e& cbs. 

'! 

MiUb.* (194, p.75) $di.d rh. .fledtqB of a nix of {dio plc vi&o 

@.F!aL tlining. wha h. inrldu.d El-iim ilcn drity, th. Ecnrio 6t 

of th. tlin6 b ai&d non .boot 20 pd@t (Ei!e ordiry cl6sll@ octbodr) 

to about 75 per6t- A key d@nt in N.w Di@tioro in Distace tEeing (NDDL) 

t5

lFjccr is 't!. otrt].ddt of indcr.ldcd t6ing Mtcrid! tNugh lbe !& of 

ilil6aiiv. @muiqdoB rehnolosic! ed tr!.h.r EcdiltioE. Hc prcjdE . 

cdplaiorts@ds 6rc of .rcund 60 p@ ov.r th. ti& spd oflh. pilor psjaf. 

(Portd. 1994, p. 26). 

ht@tiviry iiL6 rnaay fortu; ir k mi just liEji.d to tldio.rd vid.o, @r 

$lclt ro G&h.r*rudqr int d.ri@!. Il tlpEloB th. co.@tivity rt stu lats ft.I 

wilh thc diBt &. t@lE, thc loc.t t sb.6, .id!, .!d fr.ili.ro!, &d dFi, !ers, 

Cdi@(19q1, !.l2) !ryrn rhrln! q!.liry.td ilr,rgriryoftt q!-aoEr !!!.* 

d.padt upotr stair.4 r@My co@Eicdiotr Witod @d..rivity, di6.e 

L.ni.g &rc!6.tcs ilio r!. old cmsp@d@ .ouF Dod.t of ird.radar snldy. 

Tt $d6r baoc ldonoDos.!d ilobt 4 Fls&ixr.q ed cvdully &oF 

qrr Efia

Ltq6tirglr @!8h, SrloDon fo@d tbs Glcviii@ Fotld to b. ffir,y 

16d!E" iigrhepd .d1c,( s{c!coEpe.bt @!r.ol B @torrd. By 8rr.S 

sr'rd4ir Me dFcradoa .bo( thc plrpoF oI r[.ir vidiog, h. B .blc to 

i!flMe tle .6oir rhat $rda ! invsEd i! pm*silg rhe c@t of teldisid 

Resteh6 h.E @n!ist6{y foud tha inshDtioDrl rcl*ision @ noriEl€ 

dd €ptikt€ slud.trts, &d stinutat e ini.Fst in Oc t@i,g pM6c Rlvitch 

(1982 p.13), hoqeE, .a!d6 u |gaisi i!. qjrtcMt .t lite cf.!B of .ado.l 

tel*ision i! p€ni.uld a w[ a 'cd!t i@af in r4r.l. R.tie o! qcililg 

viluds my disron rhc cEiculu by ftcuing !rd6t3, rr@tid d 6. €dar.idIg 

ed prcv@tirc fanlB of lh. Flgtarid hlha tb& .@@gi!g eoug!61 

@lFi5 ofd€n lrddtyilg ne!i!g. 

Wbit 09E7, p.60) rdd! rbal ifcooptq isEs e Pl*dcd in ston uil, 

trclgh lowrtu ie.g6, which @y o.fu i! ey ordcr, th€ €dt Bdr @y b. 

ov6iDdm€tio! and suldficirljry. Snddts dqll.d ro disibilat terwd 

"junl" infomarion ad quatity i.fom.rjon, ro judse ils rcliab iiy d bi.6, to i.leftiry 

disiortioE ad sruariolatisq lo dhtinSuish facts ftm F|:Wio4 &d io 

udeErand how th. l.chnology ibctflhapa rh. infod.ri@ tt cmcs_ 

Ef.divc cobruliqtior 

Bcn SbEid.ll@ (t992, p.43) cNrjoE dl irsEuctioDl d.sig6 ro besin 

with & unddtaDdhs of rh.n irt !d.d w6, &d to t@gdz. thm s i.dividDls 

*to* oudmk is .lif@ot too itr. dsig..?s om Honon 0994, p_32) slalA rlE 

l1

softLr tul. for.l6igu! of iD.r@tioDrl virt br "@6icr!. ei6 o,rh.B t' th.y 

m'Jd @@uicla qnh 6cortv€'. I! othd Fd,!, if y@ w.d l!. t.1D6 b 

c.Etuct .! id!. saicb i! linilr to yc{rr, !h@ e e itug. tur yorr Flsrdbtid 

vbid wiU ti88.. . lidiLr id.. i! rU. lcr8li! 6in4 h rh. @rdald of lh. Lilde 

aviDnlMt &d i!. L$D!d3 Fior .,e6icn6, 

Ncdl6! lo $y, no ts t .rE6 wilt bE ll. loc d.1no! i! it [k ty ths 

tb.i! fth. wil b. tb. $d.. thd of!h! ddisF. ltow c.! tbis Flbtco t !.tGd? 

rL. Lcy io g@d iur{.tioot d6ign ti6 i! r!. iD.gc F!..o&d. To qui. MrrslaU 

M.L!h.4 'th. h.di@ i! lh. tug... Hoiiou (1994, pl2) .016 thd n i! 14 ro r!. 

dadg!€ lo e .dvr@ o4.nira3 to crr. & rFtoFirc cootqr for iBltsiid 

!d.d .ediw iugca, uiry lpFlprin obj.ds qith r.t lrd .ttihrlx th *iI 

@v.y rh. 

'e id6 !o rb. le .! rt y did !o O! daig!... 

2.1.2 Cobporcrbof Dituc.triuc.tior 

i. Compo.doc Mra.rd 

D,ce@ .d!ed@ iBrinli@ b 3lE.*fll if il d.F& o. 6. clirbt 

eu€ of it &uvay of iGrlcrioo.t Dndid. A fcw dicecc ratilg 

ds&iadou *ad p.aUg6 @nbi!i!s @Eplcr. @ra!6 !r ll. b.gi@ia8 of t!. 

3ruty. A oucL Eoc co@or p!&tic b io !.ld !tudy bnai.l o Fd6@ir.d 

rld6 wiilour payilg ,t!@ti@ ro ildividut m|&ob. T!. tid sy i! ro ldrpr rh. 

di3tiburio! of ours. mr.ri.k io whri i! d.sitau. t@ tb. poid of aicw of 

roorirrlion supporrcd rld !h. lon{oiriguols uy of corihuicdioD Tqo 

IE

et gdi* of disrar@ cduclrio. d.livdy ryr&E e Mriolrble, !y!.brc|]@ &d 

Syehtuc iGlrirdi@ Equn6 l!. dDuhr@E pdricildid of .tt 

stubnrs &d iEEEto' Ttc ldtui.gd of syDobtuB idrldi@ @ tt{ 

inL@rior is dore h G.l iim. fo6 of synchb@u &livery inct& ift.@tir 

TV. Edio 8D!hi6, ed coDprd.r cqfcErcilg. Asyncb@B itsirudio!.lo.s Dor 

rlquir th. sinultalbu p€nicipalion ofall studdb ed isrEto6. Srdatr do mi 

nc.d !o be garh*.!loS.ilFr in rh. m.loqrio!.t ilc s@ tin.. turhq, duddts 

hay cn@s lbeir oM irtstr$ttion l tim. i!m. dd gathd l@jrs !E!6i.tr 

&cordilg 10 their *h.dule, Ar)ftt@oN ilsreiior i! noE [*ibL th!, 

srDchrc@B icrrutio!, Mo@q, i! th. ce of t l..@*ic!ri6 sEt s 6 

nil, as,lcb@oB ituriEd@ .ilo$! &d cva @y .@urg. .oc)lmiv 

d.Eloplldr ro@ of rrDch'@B d.lirqy i@bd. eMi! o'di@sd. @usc{ 

vidlolapcd @w, @.spondd.. @uB, ard Wdld Wi{te Sr'.! brs.d @uG, 

Difaht distade ducarion itutirurioB i! th. wdd e ditu m

Rrdio B lsed lo EinfoM th. forlhst &hoob .qicutM uldr ..!..h@t 

b.ad.8t!" duirg 60s {d@ly 70s i! Prtiri.!.'ni! cr.gory of pbsttt!|m is 

mw e longd b.i!s brc!&8i.d frlh Edio p.j(i3t r Hoqlk, Edio i! u!.d i! 

ot!.. .drcadvc as li}. rlligion, lgricultuF sd @Muiry dcElop|Mr 

irdio ba wieh.g. dd orlq dai6 ofcL.ronic E dia *it r.ffte io 

diEtde &d mn"fom.l GdEario! s Hij@i ed N.qq$b (t99s, p.lo blw eih 

vivid pictE of Edio\ !6F, Th.y tMri@ t!n: 

l- Ia s,!Gp is wid. i! Gcy @ury. Tbc rrisirtor hs E ncd cvdy toB 

.rd @ bc 6i.d ddyqhaq 

2. n gB rrcs g@gE bi.d liEir!. 

l- r.I6.Iiou @ b. co!v.t!d ir dE t&guae. ofrb. p@pla 

4. New @ b. h..dc!si oey riE6 . d!y, 

5. N.s it@s @ s.l6tiv. &d bd.t 

6- rofo@.rior i! ti@ bo6d, 

?. ft .ls lrovid€ 6tdtdnl@t, 

StjI th@ n codi&EbL.vidde t!.t r.dio ca! b. and bs te!.freriEly 

ed for i!.ti!ctio! i. th. fotr!.l !ch@l sttinS s *r[ 6 our oI *hool d 

@muiiy d\r.loPE nt .trorb. 

Tel€vision ha t€6 u.d h d.velop.d dd indulridizcd @ulri6 of the 

world for cdrc.tion ind oth.r puposs. h hold! feimting oppornuitid for dr 

world of cducation. h this @ of @sr.ni ch&8., it hs opcncd nq vids fo! 

20

iBtu.tiool D.di! ro Dla t Fobl@ of $oi.g. of..!oot h.ilid€ 6r € 

swilg rnd lopdldoL hi!of iii6.c t tp i! rL. ftt.t ofc+--rion to For 

corDti€ ofthc wtl sk lcLoot goirg poprhdd n q,!rs bt d t r! ! &l!. 

lbon g. of qudificd ta.t .t, s[ equipFd |rtoE oric. dd oib *ry 

inA.fiBr'e fo. th. gtowrb of .dErd@ Ir €o E

niainizing @sr ofcducadoq (ix) srinuhting .dusto6, (x) cqnrcling diDulldoi 

!!d (xt h.itt2lilg didsle du..rio!. 8du@riold clwisiddeloi.s.!y tcleisio! 

u!.d &r cdu.llid of lh€ MDeity. lt i!.lda bot! icrrrliwt TV p@g!tud 

ral co@@i9 TV legtuB, 

Ac.ordilg to Kdii, Ked !d Ist@ (2001, p.t54) relatid t !.d 

nri'ly a & iBlructio.d D.dih io Flot inforbnio!, ide.s.Dd aFi@6 i! 

&y sbj.d .!d ar oy ldcl e son. ponion of o oieeizd .dElridAl progM.. 

Tv h.s bca w4 ofrd iI a supdcDdt&? frshjo4 follovld in dtu by .dichm.d 

aad m.did N6. Innidu ir es etdo6 conridcrld d !$d s a totsl t@ling 

D.diM, Now ar|oprs e bcing @ttc ro e TV 4 r @rer n diu cd s e 

ilr.gnl ldt of rhe daall cdEtdorl prog'!!ms, 

I! tlE snlly c..res indaG n .r th.ir rdo6 &d @E$loB ald di&B 

th.ir study dif8culri.s. The 6r.8 prcvid. addiaionat opporteirie for tetuing. Tt 

dtNblishmat of study h!.s i! a dinlG .dMtior syjla! is gft.lalty bqd on 

thc foUowing @Nid@tio6 .sleidty h dcrclopirg 6utri6. Fi6! en of 

di3t rc. @ching sfildoB will rcmdly h!v. hld ey cp€ri.@ i. &lf-stutty. 

S6ondl, !@y of lhm wil b. 3@nd!ry sch@l la!6 la.ting dosl of itc 

EotiEtid. Iftdly, ther g@g6ptic.l tc{id is houd ro oEL lL. FobLD of 

iblllion q\p.riac€d i! .l di!r.s. !du..tio! syst6s. rodhly, inditidd &.s 

ro r.latuion dDd .@ adio c@or b. smc4 s @mmfty @u@. Finux 

lhc @66 of rbe Op.n Ulibily ItF in d.Elopile this ep.ri@c EquiE 

olgeizitio4 guidae md suFrykion, Sixthty, tb. Opd UdiveEiry ap?ro&h lins 

22

lo pby a FL in 6€ d.lelolod of cod!@itie *d@ @t6 G toqr.4 t nty' 

ir i! bclicv.d rhat tun of 6€ O!.! Uaimiry q4rcrch /"!Fc u!@ rn crt lr io 

qhich tlue tu.ds ofth€ studdrs e mcr lh*e reds e: b tce! how ro siody 

cfcctisly dd .6cidtly on onc'! oM; for gcrerat !tlvr@, hclp. dd 

@E g.D.!r; aod fo. ssisrrec ,o sa u! sld io tu slf_h.lp grel46. 

All@r Iqbal Opa Ulivciry hs .shbtisbed *dy 6!B i! vri@ Ft! 

of dE .owEy, d.ldee ir @r @Dputsory ed tuorists @ i .!d.d Fr.ly s a 

sulllddr l{gely of a mediat a\!!. foi stud@ts taing dimcuhy eilh Drinr.d 

v Audiovnurl Aid. 

'IlE inrod!.dd of Ew rcljtiqG, n thorts &d !rD@.k of 

@dDuicstios Llnt dgc belp !.opL fd squi.iri@ of l!t6r rh* Dry t 

'e.d a dwariolrt rechmlos| (.ldjcvis{ab !ids) ald uuly car.sdiEd 

..@di!g lo rh€n cbaactdislie, 

'nrc dddopndt of cducanonal t cbology suMdizd by H.ilicb .t al. 

(19%, p.l9) giv6 e indng pictuG oft .h!olog/ b.i,g u$d ir .dulrjot\ ..Ov.r 

thc tio., tuy cchelogid bw. bcr dcv.top.d for leniry. Su.h .. ilra!.dre 

ud@, comAncr ba*d iBtru.tio!, &d [yF ocdi4 raty on qptrnid]l &d 

.letronic ddie fo. ihen ddv.ry". 

Th. .Lrlopmed ir r.ch@lo$/ dd ils wide .ppt'cadod i! .du.lrion Eay 

n!v. & cqurl sisnifitue h inw. Th. .f.cts of a rq ed npidy ad@bg 

Lchmlogy on cdscarion e rcttl dqDnodrS. How€h, a @ftI s.ldtiotr of 

.ducatioMl l.chlolos my be povcd ro b. etul disrr@ ed@tion.

Tltor plats a pivoid rctc in dis&&c educ{ioa FW!!Md6. T}. OFn 

U.iv@ity eq.rie@ slos thlr &d i! ldog studat .rF""d for orForneiti.! ro 

d$B @le isc sfth ! nnd {d elb*.snr&lrj .,tl n i5 cld thlt mrdaB 

vio rutorirl @ .cr s & iDFrtut .!d Qtorbt cobFMr of OD@ Uniqdry 

Tutori.l sl4)lbd aid ro r[qiDiz t.hire i! studorr. TLe @pblsis i! on 

pbviding sisblcc to rh@ to achi4. rb. b.sr ofthcn lbility in ![ thc pEsit .t 

coUM ofstudy. ft. followilg e objFtiG of nrloriat supFn: 

' To nonitor rh. a..d@ic Fo€rds offtjdaB studrirg i! the i.difiio.. 

. To &llginr ihe 3nrd@ts eilh lh. F*ib.d cei@l@ 

. To iddtili 6c '. .src.lry sift.d, ba.rud cEri€ ald orh6 o&8dy of 

To ctcr to th. .d@riolrl E!& of 3paiol l.m6 

To asist ihe snrd@ts i! g.trjng infomatio! abo( turthtr educ*ior 

To diasao* rlc l@ins difrculrid of 3tlldors ed help tm t) ovo.dn 

To Nist tlE snrd.ds to lainia rh.i. sdollsdc &hiffid 

To hclp th€ ftd@rs to @i* dd Efld on d.ir FfoD'@ o @ 6urs.i 

..d wn@ apprelriarc !o iddrit sys of cfilg crog6 in w*ing lrbir3 

To belp rh. studed, b fa.c @Nqucncc of ecept&e of &en Dlc &d io 

respond to the de@ds legilimr.ly ha

Among .ffigilg @mui{tio! tehelogiB, c@rqra @y b. F8ard.d B 

coF .ld frlrdedd devie. In .duclriolr ii my be ed 6 dulriblk ctatronic 

&vicc oFrdins a tujd @brluicrlion lFdiu &d e@bo$ of dirtle 

€dErrioo. Thc @nlutadist d f@ of l@ing tuy @idlrably b. Etul in 

dilr&e .duotid Xt6ta.! lehar dt w @or 16 fd wio6 yrpor!. i! 

diff.i!tr1 My3 ed 3tyl6 wirl ils adv.nc.d .lptcrrioB i! rbis sysLd of.dqrior. 

calo snd N.no (1985, p.l l7) srlt d rbll optiDd L@ine tlkes ph.. thsleb 

itrdividudird insftdioA i! which ldlons e desiened for the lmd! rnd @h 

l.rer is udd th€ guid@ of ! tulor. ObvioEly, i! the Pts.Dt lrr&nt t !.hd 

nlio individu.lizcd iDstlati@ 6ight b. rlfuliltic To aabi.rc ildividDtiad 

Lan[S, FoSr!@ed i6rirdi@ B d.!.to!.d E@ th. ilod6 of Stid.. 

Prcgm.d in nudion B brs.d on tbc th€ DtuG6: 

L Snrd.ds l.m @F r+idy if iDsll picc of idomlrio! e giv.! io &d 

2, 

3. 

Studdtr sho'td be givd tb. opportuity to lctively Epoid to tlc hlLrial. 

Stud.nts should b. pFvid.d with imcdiai. 6ulrs indiqlilg qiab.r a 

CoEpuld !.rc adwrtrgs in iGtructiodl .trorB 06 ortd td|lotoli6 s 

@ryDto is &tiv.. Ullile teldisior which @ ody pl€gi 10 th. ltud.nt the 

comput4 ce ody wk with th. shrdcnt, It is individudia

Th@ is E€oddow poEnrial for l4m6 b be abte to !4d ,o Euch 

irfoE.tion elar.oaicily by 

comput r. B6ket.rd sim!tra (1991, p.165) !u&d 

&lf-diEr.d I€|]4 ray, in hc! b@G6r 6. @st f@ a.c.s to iFancd 

i!&rtudo ed ib!rewd Eaidsl 5y3ds .53@iie lhd rh.y taE ea 

io |!. synm ed tDow bow ro E l!.D. Ho9!w, cdetor !r.t ldn6 

*iU tE d io 6!d qys b hctp !u.! lffi\ -6 &d cft.livcly udliu 

aPPoFiare informatior 

'I1!. individu..likd @1io is bscd on @Biddbr. tls€eb ihar ihos &tulk 

pEfcr ro bc elldirecicd i! tbcir l.eilg .forB if gitu rt cboi@. tu"o*"*of 

3.ltuird.d l@ins i6pti6 G6po@cnt of ldlth ftlwh ! loor.lilg of 

d.!.nd.tuy oa t@hd dira.do!, ilnitlniool ,ryFn &d pGj6ig!.d fo,Dri, 

skptis !*Me tblt rnis nod. of brhrnS is teq mr mrq lio! @suirg rbe tt 

lFtr.{ilcBiotr foma! Ilded iEru.tioul rslk i! r $|f.diEltl ood. .rc 

8.n.rally boE rime mcming theo rc*jng wirh sted.rdizd .Eicub bsie 

fomt! od drlut€ qirdia. 

Cohput s @ crarc clasrooo 3itultiotr for disrde tal'6. Ihcy 

&tiwly tu psrtici!.le in thcir l.$c ,jd irr@r *irh f&ult, rtNgb lad As 

8rd Wid. A@ Ncteorrirg of 6dput 6. Tb. pllgl day @y b. Fgdt d s t 

.s. of @npuler tecn@b&/ b+.!5. of iB ir0@@ d evsy s!!dr of bb& lifc. 

,{ong with ott6, conpurer tdh@lo$/ hls r*.n ovd th.6cld ofeduc.!io!. Iti!a 

jmp fiod r$diriond t &hi.g, rcliec. on rcxrbooks to the moDulcr ed 6nDut r 

n.tworking ova the Web. The @hpuI.E may scn adual pEpoe ofcxpcing th. 

26

l€.dG b doda! t chDotoo, ed iNtcdiig ilrto rEr' ed xi.difc e(c! 

2.2 EVALUATION 

2:.1 Comcpt 

Evdu.lio! is I E rtodotosiol da rtlt ir cloely Gtd.d !o. h! 

dirioglio.bb n6 EN t.didolrt .ocid tEarcL Evrllai@ uilr. nsy of rt 

!e E trDdologid utd i! rdiidt siil Es!b, hd b..{E .vrludid *6 

pbe witbj! t politicd &d oBoizdiodt corldt, n EquiB Strlp ,tilL, 

'Ed8.i.6t .bility, poliiiel d.ndhy, 3d.itivi9 io ndfidc clt iou..! |od o|L, 

lril ttlt $id rlsrcl in g.oad do6 m. Fly oo .! DEL H.t! w idldrE ti. 

i&.of.vdu.li@!rdroeofrt sim rab!.!d isB in tt 6c!L 

Prohblylb eon tlqu.dty 8ir,!s ddliti@ i!: Evdudi@ i, rb. !y!co!ic 

r$r-qt or rt Eth or Eit of s! otjei 'IL! d!6niio! i! bdly Ff*r 

Ib!. .rc oey typ6 of cvdldion r!|t & frt'lwoD ,!3!r i! e q|c{'Frr of 

r'!n! d cir - d€.ritdrc s!i6, ibptd.lblion .!dyr6, ,!d biblriv! 

$rUtdoA io !!Ec t f.*. Bcnc FtlF ir r d.Enition Olt afrFrtq rt 

infdE|licpr..€liE8 .rd &dbct n&.d@ of cvdu.li@ Fd ie@, .e 

oighl sy, Evdudion i! l!. ryi@rtic r.quiliri@ @d ..sF--1 of i!frrbtri@ io 

Fovid. ulctul fccdt .l $o|' eo@ obj4r 

n

Both rlcfilitioa lgE thn clrlultion b . Odr.tud. .!d.!vor lDd boih w 

tle delib€brcly dbiguou tcm bbj.G{ trtdch coutd Efcr ro a poga.lt Fticy, 

t chlolos,, p.Eon, ft.d, a.livi9, ,ad e on. Th. land dcfnitioD hF.d^ 

@qlningand as5stng tnlomcto" t jJEr ttu\ ar'stg vo h q,./lbc.!eall 

eidt rion rclk iwolvB @lleting dara blrng judscodts alod the v.tidiry of 

ihe intmation ed of iDfffic$ w daivc fioE i! *icthd o! er & 4soe of 

TL. Go.b of Evrlurdo! 

Il g@ic gpd of ed ddu.ti@ i3 to Fovi& ,us.tut f..,ot .!. ro. 

wi.!y of aldidq imludirg rponss, dol@, cli6t-gou,s, '/-i"id^,r sr.fl.. 

.rd orhq FI.6r.ornit@i6. M6r oftd, fedb.ct i! F€t irrd s '@nt, if it 

aids i! deisi@-Mtitrg. Bur thc rdllidtip bcte6 .! clduation .!d its ibF.t G 

rot r sibpl. oE - 

sndi6 rbr s..@ 6idcd $Dciji6 fiit lo ir0u..e shon iaD 

&!isioE, &d snrdi6 tbt ilidrlty s.d ro baE E i!n@@ e !!rc . .tday.d 

iaplat Ftra moE @nghi.t @ditio6 ris. D6Dic itis, tbft i. bbld @e{\ 

lhd ttc mjd soat of dduation 6hould bc ro innl).@ dcisi@-blei4 d policy 

fmulatio! thrcush thc FovisioD of dpiriellydrircn f..db&t. 

'Evalution 3F.t gi.s bMs brca4 ovali.hing p@p@tive on aatu.rior 

They ercodpss tle nost ga.6l gDups or ,'cep!" of qalutoq duough, !t ils 

b6t, daluation wqk bonos .clccti.6lty frod thc Fsp.ctivcs of.I ih.e cmp6, 

Iou hajor mod.ls of cwlution sEal.sia e discNsd bclow. 

2E

Sdadfcap.rilnt f rod.f: Ti6. @ Foh.bty tt r.d hirt dqty 

dloiEd 4rlulioo md.8n , T.ti.g thct vd6 &d Dalod! E@ tb. rci@ - 

.Tai.Xy rh. lcid *ic6cc. - th.t ptioridE d lt. d.riElility of iryd.tiq, 

sur.y, obj.divity.d tt. vdiditr of ib i!frrDrtioo s@.E.d llclu.t d ridq 

$ianifcoedi@nrl ood.b *ald bG: dr rrdftio! ofogaiE oLt &d qui- 

dFild.ll.l .Lsig!s; oucdiv.$tGd lgr.h tbd c@B nlD cdBri6: 

c.oMEricdly{i.dd F!F.riv6 ilcbding cos

Tb rlrro@t.s ilclud.d in di! clr.gdy @ tloM in dalultio! s duEtinic or 

foutth ctndaiim'.Elualio4 th. vriN quditarivc *h@ls; ditictt tbdy !d [t 

didciM app'@h6; e4 thc 'grould.d ttcorJ/ .pF@h of clea &d Sa.u$ 

P.ni.ipDhria..d Do.L& 'It4 Eo&ls m tr.i'! rb. 6trl 

iDlod.e of thc adtdid Ftici!@8, GQ@irly clioG ed !$s of rlc !@gu 

or r.chmlo$/. Cli@t€nrdd !!d ltkhol&r $pr@!6 c .rDpl6 of 

p.nicipet{riat d Bodrk, B @ 6n und-ori6Ld .valuri@ stst rB, 

with dl of th* $!r.si.s ro clbos tod, low ro d4kle? D.h .3 b.irs 

h.ld withi! lh. a.lualion prof.slio! .r. g.n6.lly bdd€s bdwe.n ths. dift(at 

3trt 8i3i3t with a.t.l.i-ng & 3uFiority of lben pcitior h Htity, @d g@d 

qr.lu.loa e &Dilid qith .[ fow caLgdi.s 6d btw no6 eh .! lh. !.G

uining rb. delivqy of i!. prcitrD d tehology, t!. qualiry of hs 

implmdsdoD, ard r!. s!.s@&t of rlc ot! nizriolat @ .x! F!o@| 

tmc!d@s, irputs, &d s o!. subMriw *cluatios. iI mta3r. .xeio. th. 

.fr.cr! or outcoms of $c objet - 

rh.y !@iz. it by d.siuoS *n t brrp@! 

stl!8cq@t to d.livqy of th. lmgre or r.ctDlos/; as.ssils qt rh.r tb. obj..t 

@ b. slid !o bare @B.d rhc ou.@i d.t 6iniI8 l[. otEEll iEq..t of d! clul 

fi.1or b.yond o y tE ibb.diarc Ela ou@c; &4 dibErins rlc pLniE c6ts 

as$iarcd wir! tbe objer 

'ft. folowiag t}!d of d.tutio! f.ll udd lhc fotuaiiv. .valutionl 

. N..tb .!.eDo.: t d.taeic abo !.cd. lt prcgdn, how grat tb. !..

Oq!.oD. drh.do@: Thcy inr€dgr. enlthd de prcgm d r.cbetogy 

caNad d.oolirrable €ft.rs on sFcificatly d€6!Gd tlrget od@G 

IEp.ct.ldutio!: ft i. @np&!tiv.l} bmldd dd es6 0E ov@U or 

trd .E lrs - idfrd.d d lFi,cnd.d of$. !@s& d t .b!otos/ $ . lnob 

Cdt netiea* dd qt-b.!.6t .obrtr: ft* aalurioN.rUrs tt. 

q6tio4 ofc6ci@t by 3a.dlrdiri.g U. ouicoc h aEr of t!.ir dolh. 

S@od.ry .u&i!: Il @xmiG3 ailtilg daia to addEss !w quesliou or 

w n€rhods mt pEviouly dploy.d 

Md.-.!.lyri3: It ilr.gnre r!. ou@@ .sti@tes noo multipL srlr(lis to 

eit .t o oirhll o. 'lu@!ry .,ud8Edr @ d e!du!ri6 quBrid 

(R!Fid.d AoD htt!/vw.sirltgrcbEdhod9mvlMnrd.t.hd! 

Ev.lu.tio! Qu6!io!t rd M.t'tod! 

Evaluton ak Ifuy diftE kinds of qurtioE and ue ! vdi.ry of 

mctlDds lo addrcs thd. It4 e @Bi.LEd vithin t\c tdMrl of lomrirc 

a8l @tivc .valuaiid a ptlgt d abov., 

In totudv. EaEb th. E.jor qrddou dd tuttodologi6 r 

Wht ir tl. tt.filnior rd sp. of 6. pmbld or !Rr., or rbrd! $. q!6don? 

FoBuladng dd @rcatudizii€ o.rhodr might b€ E.d ircludilg 

brdrstomirg, f@B grcuF, @mjrd 8rcup tehliqucs Delphi metod5, bEin 

witing, sl.kehold.r ealtsir, synatica, Iat...l thi*ing, input{utput drlysi& sd 

i2

wl.r i. tt. prcblcu od Lq be or |.rros i. it? 

Ih. nost @!l)!n d.thod u$d h.F ie 'cds desslMt^ qhich M 

ilctud.: ddysis of distirg dNrs sdc4 &d thc E of sEbplc ruset!, ilt rvi.*! 

of cqBtitunl polul4ids, qurliratiE t!'arch, c{..t r6tinony, sld f@u g!up' 

Eor .bodd tl. pngro oi b.n.oho, h. ddivd.d ao rd.tt!. ah. Dnbtd? 

Sotu ofr[. Ecthods .[E ly licd q?ly bar, s .b dcr"rting rthdotogi€ 

litc aiodrljd tcchriSc, c edriEi.L Edods liL nuttitribur. dilily tltdy 

o! *ploEtory.!!$l Eo.tclin& d.cirio!-Ertils o.thodi; and proj..t pt@iig $d 

impl.ncntaiion netlorls Dre noq charing, PERT/CPM, md Foj6t soh.duting, 

Eos r.[ i! ti. pngtu o] b.n.obg d.llv.Fd? 

qditllirc &d qudiii.aiE Eolitorilg t clEiqu6, tbe e of D@"g@.dl 

ido@!li@ systeds, ard iEpltutltid .ffi6r wuld D. Si.Flt 

Ih. q!6iioot .!d d.rh& .ddE!.d uds .!m.tiv. .vrrldio! h.l!d.: 

Wt.l typ. oI a.h.rior b f..rlbL? 

Evalualility 3sffi1@ b. o!.d h@, 6 w[ 4 srmdad apFo&h.! fo! 

$l61ing u apprepride .rEl[.lio! d6igL 

Wlra r! dt. .fielivdd ot lnc DrolnD o. t

WLrt i! tb. n.t lEp.ct of rt. DdgED? 

E @turic ndodr ftr i!6.i.r .o!r ctr .ri!t:B .rd cod/ba.frs mulrt 

slply !.F, d@g *ilh $ali{irc d.thodr tb.r dlble u to 9:t|)Mia rb. irtl tuge 

of intdd.d dd uiaGld.d (R!ti.*d am 

htor'/w.socialrcschm.tnodi.lerltUinLNrl.Lb aBs.d 6-3-2006). 

Cldly, rhb iltrodu.rio! ii lot D@t to be dllurirc. Es.b oI ibe 

rcilods, 3!d t[. tuy Nt n .tio.o4 c aptdt d by & an4siE n tbodologicit 

ll$dh litdtr. Ift G a fomi&blc $t of tools, Bul thc necd lo inpovq l9d.& 

dd 8bF ilcs n tho.ls to chrlging dFwt.@s o)F@ rhat ocrhodologi.at 

Ewh &d d.v.lopnat nEd! to hlc ! Mjor plae in dalultion woik. 

2:.2 Prrrr.a.ri of El|lmlior 

Vhilc allldad! of q!.Iily tlw ldg ten abs6t in ih. dcldoDE Dr of 

dislrlc..drc.li@ t€.bnologi.3, idcrb of audi.'/vbual tasi$ion dd iGtrucriou 

bw€ exist d for 3od€ ti@. CoN.q@dy, !ig@N oaluation sr&ddds dMdy 

*ist for .di./vi!ud F&nisioo &d qlrtiry of irsfEtiotr. Wlil. lebic.l ed 

insEEriool p.rdct rs @ sr.pl6 of.qlulrioa rbe addniotr oforg&iatiolal aid 

elhicd pM.r.rs p@vid€ tuw cld do@ils for th. ddualim of distane 

€du@1ion tcchmlogi.s. Eacb ofth.e dorMiG @ dscnbed b€Low wiih details. 

Tatlic.l p.rucaB: nEs. @ @rc@cd wilh eqriprlot cquiMdrs 

@

E!. of U.Ffto& sysid! our €quiF ro sFcial'z.d flirilB lo oFe.!r! 

a gcn r.ily boE prcductirc ard @n €trcidt tbu rhw trtft a high 

d€gE of rFi.lizatid is Ncdld. 

Sp..d ot a,@-Ral tia tesissid oFss !4y adhdtge ov6 

d€l.yed Esdissiol Mosl inpone! Ml tihc t6diid@ s@dts 

strcLrcnou! int!!&ri@ of l.@d &d iostructor, If 3trdob @ vi*ing 

Fttsrd.d icflElior or if lffi at ddripL sit6 @irc tr&hisioo.d 

i.stEtio! al diftGm tid.s" l*ning is 6y*hmmu .nd oppotunitiB 

stud.lts sd 14.h4 hare for dsleilg a.h othd e diDilishcd 

Lwel of Cnptiql RallrD-Thoe 3y3t m {ui Fmit o&r.t 

i.fm.dout nesfd (lhotoSE lr viLo inrg.) b.tt r sirl ilstutioEl 

prpos th! & slstcN rbd FDit 6geriv. !e3fd (cldrdic 

tudio,/virLo Ortput-Thc claig !!d 6oluiio! of $e audio &d vi&o 

@mpo!.n6 of the syns-dghr dou ro th€ siz. ol th. visir8 slia- 

bp. t ger ibt .l on LrE6 paniciprdoD iD educdioirl !.1iviti6. 

n db iq-TlE sp€€d at *ldch €duarioirl l.lc.olDfuidli@ 

l4hmlogic! @ advd€ing b 6pid. Wats of trsmitting irfomaiion e 

b.ing ibpturcd s tnat starcd-th.-art Ennobgics quicuy beo@ 

outdll.d. Ar 6s 6 techlolosi.s !r€ b.idg deElop.d, how6, disr&c. 

educ.don stsc6 @ h. fitr.d $ dlrt a sch@l is abL to grcw inlo lbc 

tecbnology! tull ca!&ity. Stsltu ihai prcude this @n for 8ro*th wiihout 

l5

$nos r.to purpdiIg or r.pt&deot of cxpdiE !&$ bet se 

.dE3rioid n .d$ 

IDirctio!.| p.rucr.n: 'ne lfrcqs e @Min .t *irh ti. d.liiEy 

ud .@s of instu.tioad erftrials ed t!.n ou@G otr lc.l]@, Muh of whr,t ir 

involv.d in i.sttetioEl oucooB @ b@d or *h.t .du@ro6 drEdy tnoe i! 

good i!9$dioor d€igD Gih thr rb. ditair fd good idE'ri@ e c@istar 

no mft.r ln. nedio4 .ddiDi$rarod d in & optiEd positiotr 10 dploy .ElultiE 

dit ri.. SoE wiabls ot wnich i6trEtio! @ be dalur.d @: 

. h..ncdv y-r,di4 is id.@tly a si.l didosical p|DB (Dury .'d 

Cminsh4D, 1995, p.?6). 'ftctefoE, th. EoE 'si.l pFsc@" 

(cMw5.dcm, I95, p.63) Bbblish.d to o\@on t!..tr c1sofg.ogBpbi. 

proxinity rb. b.{d. S6ial ptec is d.fi!.d a lhe r of tehiqc r. 

ov@e lh. pdcivd dbt@ bct'@ iBttuctor .Dd sndab. Botb tt 

nl€ al which lcatM, insEletor, !!d corteDr sq .bl. ro inr€tut with .!t 

olhd ed ln. lcvd of rsrouiv!|B r&t thc iat&ror slow for l.!116' 

iDdividurl Gds e i4di.rrN of iltaetivity. A! @plc wuld b. l[. 

g€a1er pres€ dtablish.d by two-wy audic'/visual @N{rio! a oppoed 

to . twcwy vftlco ald oFwt &dio 6n".ction. Th. &d l[.1 3tud. s 

@y lac 10 @ r[. t l.phoe io @!ta.r tbe tc&hd dui4 !2teisio!.d 

irutruction dininish* thc oeumqo of reach.htud.lt i .redon ed 

dcttas ih. 3pod.!.ity ofdjdlogE. 

. r!&gFliv. C.p..tty-Ar d.nn d by Cmla (19E7, p-14), i lgBtire 

cllacity is thc.bility ofthe techrcloey \o pcsnt to the leda irfomation 

16

@ws of ley Lirds or noo Iey $!M., This i!.tud6 eE6 s!.h 

6 lEB wic€, pqiodic.tr dctqr bn rirlr, lnd diosr &, orto tirit 

of idomtion tat @ b. digiijz.d &d sroEd. ItE. Esoles.Iow rlE 

lecb@logy 1o b. ur.d i! Erl-lif. @!t xts br*irg rlE rlrchtulogy ! tool &r 

hoth 44ilg !d g@ring info@.li@ Wld. DuttipL r*16 @ 

ed in dultipL @tcnt &.5, lc4ils win bc boE sMenrs initilro4 

holistic, ard @nt xtudiz€d, 

L€d.r Colttd-t.dd @nrrel .llos srd.nrs b b. &rirr, oljrloFriw, 

dd rA@tirc b tlosl.dgc .otrllru.-riol Tb.is t|].s l[.r rh. lcdd i! 

involld in s.rd.g goals ed i! choosing th. ia.ks, essnEfts, &d 

sLndE& to F..b thoF goab (Joc, Vald.z, No*alo*$ki, rld Rjsus4 

195, p.lE). Wla dstane .dgriotr ianebgiB e cdihaled b eryod 

ltu curo@by, studoas a ltply uiq@ ldnine $nr.gi6 rld 

intcllstual pl@ss Erhd ihd t ehd pBdiptioi!, I-€!Fq @.trol .te 

puts i!. BF8ibility of l@i.g o. rh. studdr wh@ * 6t .fron .nd 

&hiry.dor d bcr elicircd, 

Ian.r/Inrtru.tor Aatituds-.1rhil. Fsirjve Eactio$ to Nilg disnne- 

l€ding lehlologie do @r glu@r4 l€@i!9, lcg.rivc e..ri@ 6osi 

cdt idy s iolcd. studar lc@iry For rhis tle4 rh. ,(sRs.'n of 

snrd.nti!5lrEior anitud€s.nd opidoc is i,lportari Sotu &.16 on rttch 

attitudd cd bc ne6wd includ. thc clditt with which cl.$ ssigm.nts 

e @muieL4 i!$ru.rio.d rdhliqB Qetw!, d€Do.!!!rioG, grolp 

J7

disNsioa &d .tc), th€ sd@t lsel of dl!ui.@ .!.t .lility of lh. 

i.sr.ucror, .nil siDply *tlcttd tb. Sdats t cnor@! 

. lan..A.It vddt-t! thc fom of ole snding, Fdpoarcal sE!, or 

srand,rdiz.d t6r sco6, end6t @hi4.!mt coDli!6 !o be & wi&ly !&.t 

b€tuD.cr for d.trtuililg lb. 'ritily .!d vde of .'id4 l@irg 

Otgr z.tio..l p.tu.tcn: Tt* @ tnoF qc.n d with th. d.y-to-day 

e of 0E diststu l.sile tdblolo$, doag with th. sppqr o€hdi@ !c..gi 

1! sr.i! tt r of thc t cbmlo$,. Smc wi!t{.s islu&: 

! T.clbiel M.ht lrce-Som qstcm EquiE noF .xt cir l.v.lr of 

@adtel@. th|a 0116. vh@ .ltwly iGt lcd, fbd oFic stst G EquiE 

lB h.;{d.s rh& do er.llL ryitas siDlly by viinc of6. vol@ of 

hrd9e llcG$ry fd t"$6i$io, Expcrti* rquir.d 10 l@ Mifi.@a 

frDcrios is als a @Bidaiio! herc. Sulh qsnoB B who losd! sftle 

in the syst b ald &t! r@ vin8 ,1,-'i@ pFgtls e si.o Fn of 

uilt @€ tDctiorr. 

Sp.e dd Tln. Foibility-I ch@ls r,tr@ instuction is deliv.rd 

thrcugh Diire. L.oilg 1€.bmloSi6 -nsb wilh iBtu dd d.t v.t!d 

thDwh tnditio.d b.rLodi sc t!.mili.tion of s.h.ddilg k occcs..ry. 

The l4s a sysi.b interc@s or a ehool sh€dule th. bctlcr. 

SupDort Sylt 6r vribbility-Lik &y type of l.dilg avirc,rht, l!. 

grat.r rhe lbba of @l|G lhibblc ro sp?on l@@, rlF D@ 

su@snn tbc Dint .e Lltnbg Tchrologiq wiU b.. Lib@y, €Lclronic 

3E

ioforb.lio! 8rras, @E!.li!C .!d nolodr !..vic vin laly h. 

hclpftl i! .dding lalias Aod ! dblle- 

St tr Dd.loDeelG-With lh. i!tr du.{ion oI dy tcchloloey. a @mibner 

to susraincd 3trtr d.vdopndr 3ioutd b. in plre. Delo!@@t sbortd fo@ 

d stil buildiq & &al rb. iltd&tire &d ilr.gf iE f.dc of tt 

tecbDology ca b. uscd to th.i! .d. .t lh. lqidM. 

cooDmlty Pr.h.Nhip!: Ba.s of rh. hid @rB of i$t llirg od 

mi linilg DisL@ tei.8 Tahmlogi€s, sofu dillrids fnd n bacfti.l 

to she @lIE s.L s .rpatis, mint nle 6sG, ud hrd*e, 

PdlDeBhipe slio lFvi.le opportruiii.s to sl@ b6t Facti6 dd qchegc 

cetit i&ts Wla sch@L pat!6 with @@uity !g@ie, th. 3.hol 

bcod6 rb. hrb of a lahilg comuity (Goold, 1994, p23) whd! 

citizE baod. p&t ofth. rlchmlo5| w ed idtL@drlrior p't)es, 

Erhi.rl P.nD.t€6: IEy d slltcd wirh dD e4s of tccblology. FDE 

pn@y b hieba @nd&t sduarioo DM.n e llding T6hlologi6 haE bco 

u$d FiMnt by .dv&c.d plcld &rl lcddt d load sndots Sod s.b@15 

h!rc sed Mc$ to .dultioD4l @hnologies 6 r Evird for ddpl.ry 

ehid€ndt. Ethic5l e of Distatrcc L.sEirg Tebnologi6 Fquirc tdhroloricd 

.Eiblility to div.e l€diIg adic@s rld r sustlitud .frort ro o,ke folGly 

.s1r&g.d srud@t groups .9@ of thc olportulitid provi.t€rd by Dsirtra Lanilg 

t9

2.1 TIIEORIES OF DISTAIYCE EDUCATTON 

'If!. d€rgilg tebmlogiq h$c giv@ . h.aw 3pu ro rh. proDotion of 

dislam. cdrdrid Bc.!e of iL r.rt !ftr of di5l!s! cdu.dio! a tde- 

mt rEd i.structioA di!r.@ cdr.di6 i! Edirg lhad ky fist ro i!rc3tiglt hoy 

thc l.Md, the insdu.lor eld the re.hmlory collah..d. for dle gamlion of rcw 

tldlcdec. As fd a rb6n6 of d!h.. c

2. 

I 

5. 

6. 

T!. dcv.lo!@e of disr&e 3n1dy @us b just s iEpon or s r!. 

pFFntort 'eI* t filg pbe Fior ro Fod!.rion Foes. 

Th. .f..tivds of &. ra.tilS Foc.ss is p.nicuLrty d.p6d@r on 

plming ard orgeizdio!, 

Cous$ mun b. tumrtiz.d .nd .xFctdjotu nom stud.ais !I!n&djzdi@. 

'ftc ta.hisg FlEs is lsscly obj*1i6.d. 

Tbc 6eri@ of *id@ict rc..iing u. dilra@ htr dtu8.d osidqlbly 

vier-vis ui!4ity t@.b6 i! @v.!tio@t techjlg 

Dbran@ ed@ation @ olty bc mnomic€t with a @rE dratioa of thc 

alail.blc tsllB dd @udiad adnintrdioo, 

Th.ori.r ol hr.aodor !d Co[lutdtior 

ht tuIion &d @o|@i.!tio. i3 @!!t ro rhe tori6, Tt 

c6Euj6tio! ed i .!&tio! a a cdctll BGd in drtec. .drstion b di&Gs.d 

a Trcwry Condudodo! 

nc twcMy @m@jc.tio! E pl&cd by Badh (1980-t9E2, p.7j) s 

6!al to th. p.oca of.listatuc du.dioL (Radi4 19 p2a) Iltq.cli@ pill 

ln. study hd.rid sI6 ple by n.s of q€ftis, $stio$ o! stfffi.!|r 

qwstios. Tdor's rcl€ is n@ rh,r of @detioD of cnoE ald s*ing 

.$igmc!te. Tlis rh@ry et3 ibil st th. begimile of the cow in dbb@ 

.duerion, irt .etior ed @mujodon b.r*B sfirdats a!!d nriou i! iolbnor 

a th.F is ! rist ofdrcp our 

4l

. Guid.d Did..ri. Coftoldo. 

Holobag (19E3, p.lla) F@ad O! rtd, td rh.6tn ric il 1960. 

Dd@. cdBlrio! is s.f-sldy bn orddt tu !€k betp Eon tubr! ud orhd 

Ellr*nl.rrircs of 0E orldizariotr H@ @c!dd6c., r.tcDhd. &d 

rssigM.ni! msle rwosy @Dhuieiion posibl€_ n!*. s.ry. s &.ititaror mt 

a ro iutmcdr of nqso6r Rlshid (192, p.,r4) 6!rha lulpon d ft by $'i.g 

rh.r di&.tic ts-wy omEicsri@ ! cbr.-iaized by siout.t d di.togE hlueln 

alEd by 3ru.ty bri.rialq *3i6na,1 $lf{t*}iog qqcis., @a qqroE ed 

iB€n d qestiotu &d Ml @mqicdon lheugh tuitilg (tcti.t, t L?hore d fae 

c. I .nctio! ud hdcDadoe 

ltb th.oly is by Johl D.!i.l s idaijicd by Brshid (199, p.aD ,!d is 

b€$d o! ind.!@d.m @d i.&a.riE &riviri6. Lt id fructioa of didoe 

.d@tior is to &hi* rhe syarhBis b.tsr.n rh.* two. Th@ry of inro!.tion ed 

inde!.ndcncc cmprier of rm e@mic atru.tuc; ore for i.rdcper&nt !.liviri6, 

oth.r for i .rEtiE activitiB. I!&!@dat &tivili6 itrcludc atdilg . t*! 

wrching r.l.visio! at noa., coldu.rin8 . boe o(p.riodt ald wirirg e 

aigDar wtril. ilten tvc &rivitica iEludc di*sion on r.Lphom, Mrilg ed 

.o@. ng 0r aqgnFes, gpup dilsrion rld Bid.ntist slt@d e.[@ls. 

d. Cod.lity ofcotr .b 

sc*!n 0 981, p.9) is onch.d witb ir,radj@ betven dis1d. lcba and 

ranins iGrirur.s_ tie !dv@r.d e i ai.rirc syslen of disiade .duorion ,irh 

study 6rF' Trb.alMlc govid. hufu @.ia.l dd A.i|ild. l6i!g,

., Tt. ht lnt d MoiL 

'nj! i! Dr a tb6ry i! vsy +.cric tms. Itis Dod. of cdu.{io4 

&cdding to Raiid (192. p.5l) k te!.d on th. rg@e.t thlt it GBUr.S pdity of 

stad{d! dnd h.@ Lgitituy ald odibilty is rh@. nis modc of disilde 

.d@rjon ha foUowilg b8ic pdlciptB: 

. Full titu statrsaouu id.b di.dt !nd@t' 

. Un'vasity ir . .omuity of schobs ed aU din@ .dErion ,nlddts 

b[n .|l@d Giddrial $hoots. 

. Lcming Focs cd b. dchMiz.d if lh. studdts olentrai. o thc 

lceirg peklge 

. Dislc@ .

Fce$ry, *dich mitd brcqdd lad cdich ihc 6er4 ad rculd telp guid. rh. 

d.Eloprc dd d.lircry of .Ur.rc. cd@ti@ in it! i!:.@ilgly wicd fdrs. 

w!.thd a di*ipti& itscu (I{olobcrr, 1985, p.7n d ! lcld of cducalon 

(K€gaa 1996, !.136t Dolia 1989, p.E7; C.d$a t98q p24?; Rubtc, t98E, 

p,l5o, dis|IG c,i'."tim i! & .dErrioDl r&sedd b€sed @ thc F&@issid of 

itrfo@rion ttmugn @ n &d p.dlSogic ttlAs to ..h@ $d. Lsing_ ltu! 

lhc prihgry goals of dtur.aa cdqrio! e .duclrional goab and od@mcs. A 

sdordary goai is rlevdoping wys to r',nii ed.tetivd idomri@ b.tw.n th. 

t &hc! ed r!. sMenl e rb.t thc ahd.dt @uld lem efectiv€ly sd bc $lc io 

dcnoEt tc l@ing f.i.s, 

The *islitrg thod6 of diltsM Gdu.lriotr blE fo@j.d od.!@l! of rb. 

@Gr!de: 6ling, l@in& .!.1 lh. 3'd.o5 ed o.rdials - ttpicauy l@hnolo6/- 

bc.d - i!rcIrcd iD doirg thb al . d!ra!e. Of @u*, w @stfuts e !.{uitqt 

to d.scrib. th€ n* dagiog colepr of t@hirg, l.@i!& ald sppo.r Kcge 

(196, p.I98) clNified di.tdr.dwtion rhoi* iDro th@ soups: (a) rt on6 of 

.ulonomy ard indeFnd@ of rh. lffi Ga wed@.rst (1981, p.224) l0 

chlfut.'islica of lffi i!d.Fndoc!, ald MmEt (199f, 9.216) {Fry of 

n&etioart di$!e) (b) 'Ildi6 of ilE indc&idizjrior or r@hi.g (G pcr.E 

(19?1, p.361) lrd RubL (1986, p.l7E) o! rh. rtG no{ks of

phjlo$pby). M@F (1973, p.l7E) rld Wcddcrd (1981, p.164) 3!sse&d &rr 

ta[!olo5, @uld b. !5.d to 3qTon "b&!od.or 5ntdy" thd .Uo*!d bo6 lrdars 

ed t a.hcR 6@ etolooy ald .orrll of th.ir tachilenaming Ebrio.stip vi! . 

tehrolo8y-f&ilitarcd disrdce .mg.n.nt RMbL (1988, p.167) .dv&c.d rhat the 

physicd lc?q.ri@ b.tlh !tudot .rd Ga.hd defDed th. dsdc of disraie 

cdEdiotr Dla*irs Aon sdq{ cdEdidrl thdisrs su.h s Dcsry (193E, p.98) 

ed Vygotlkt (1978, p.l4o, M@c's 3t!t d, rhdy of di4.@ GdE io! ed lir 

mtio! o{ trs..rio.d dirt @ bav. b..n plniculely bn@&l for.xpl.i.j!g ib. 

p.drgogical inktrtDns rhar llle plsc iD dbtdce edueiol. 

Mo@ (1996, p.4) 3ugg6ts that n b rh. F!.sosical rlarioBhips ihrt 

in0Me th. @te &d qudity of disr.M .ds!tio! qpdiel@. Bcse i,*ling 

a.livity ad l@ing adivily t tc plte !r diEirbl tin6 &d in ditrcEnr pL.€, n i! 

idpoibt to 84iniz it ta.hd-lndat di.log!., etjs@ . r.slodiv. @w 

3tu.rw, dd bokld ile .lronomy of ldnd to .t&te dccisions Eglding li it 

om Lmins ad @Dstlut lbei. ou howlldg. bded on t[.ir om cxF i.@' 

(M@a, l9%, p. 4)- M@F 0971, p.43) @neiv.d of hb th6ry of distae 

.dustion a bciDg dbodicd in ed doFlitrcd by the ryF of dirie c

atuanoD Pet6 (191, p.87) b 6osr rcu tloM fd bi! c@Ddie. of dist@ 

.tlu.dio. eith rbe t|B Fbdtr.tio! of ifll|l,rirlizli@ 

Altlougha.pt&rltsi!,Fdiolalyinr.m!of rt iofllEEof Msjr.!d 

lFMdi$ .!,lyri6 a! thd poirr i! rinq Pdd hi@lf has soggdLd rhr r Dodcl 

.PFoFirL to posthdurtial si.ty i5 rd.ry cm if disiae. cdu..rid k r 

pFduct of indusrial siery (P.cq t93, p.216) Hotobqg (1986, p63) ldvc{d 

int raciiE studia of disialc. cdu.!!io! institurioB a.d opq"ri.g systed! ro h.lp 

d.tdine rtat dktilguisbF dilllncc.dualtio Eom rlditioDd dd mn-rr.ditioEt 

edo*tioirl appMcha @d ho* &t dif.EM is lddr.sed i, irs d4iv.ry., 

Tehnological &d oryeiation l advalG !ffding I[. d.sigr ed d.tivdy of 

djst.De drcaio @ -**ily ltr.ctirg r!. fi.ld,s e&dyils t[di6. Tbc 

sdv&c o@@s. b.rh 6ltr'raB ald 6odif.!ri@ ro dabli$.d 6@ri€ 

ed rlc d.rlopnat of w lh@!i.s. A, dtllt. of dodified@ b didi.g lldy 

b tL ADDIE .dv.!c€d plsutilg dodd (Ssb!, 2001, p.7). rris "s@.61-pupo&, 

srstcmric, prcbld$lvi.s h.uistic no

n hk6 eill h. ditr @t fo. e! tyF of lc.E .rd l&!i!g sin|nid I! th. .e of 

w t!€rlicil &Elo!d. , dif.Mr dilciplil6 dd FrdiiioM sDF @ 

bri.gile &en Fnicule corclFts, 1ael, Dd sppr.a.L* ro e ir@ingl, 

@vqged dtur.tr@ .du!tio! tsbL, 

Orc tEnd is to dov. awy fiom rhirtjng ofdisrr@ cducatior s a.ticti@t 

6d wiqe ed@tional ddqvor. Irsrc.d, disrree cdrca$on b thousni of 6 & 

edeational appD&h that otr B psrticubr toob &d .fo.d6@s th.t ad&.s .ti{dDd 

.ducalio.d ne€ds. FFa this !EB!@t*, disi&a cdu.liion is dened..ded,d 

'\Ft for w.ryoft," ed disrribuicd t6nirg" tln lrL6 pt@ sitErion ly i! 

difetut typ6 of l6in8 @vinr4clrs is rtE delrionat tool rhlr snouu he 

dlloy.d rid fdiblc .Dd d6inuc. Sut &Elolddts .rF mse b6ic 

€rfirrdorul .ss@ldos rt r ra.h.r !!d lc!fu *FEri@ sbdrld r,tc pl& 

&Dughout d.DriE cdu.!rio!.| GrFitu. fd it ro irult b. a .tirra@ edEriold 

.xFide. 118 lildrtu! ir4!o.t3 l[. nodo. tEr tnditioEl i.Las of {[l1!@ 

e

lgning @ blad.d b.re..! rb.s to.rlioN (ilcbdiag enshml l6add!) @ong 

tbe "en-ge!.ario4" "21. qtut " or "idmdion.ag€" ctudat5 eh4, 

mtdia&, t@b! &d stlt o! e.qsy for thcir 3@*. Ar H. (2002, p.7) eles, 

"DisEibul€d l@ing is &r r.ditioDd dis&!c. .

i@ingly diire oA&iatidd, wic., .!d d.bsld dri6 thd e .dis@r 

wiih a o@ daat Ed &d r.hologir.tly{itve.d itFDa.h. This dedqng of 

distr@ edu.rio! * a dilrirt cdudrionlt ..liviry bats up disr@. €dEdion,s 

rF6t lwnl th@eric.l 3hift. Tk li.!rq! ctdly show ttst new ad @sgilg 

rsbrologies, n* orSeiztiolal md iislitutionrl degments, ad tw fom of 

co@uication ft sI @nv..gi!s 10 r.quic n.w dd llm conpLx @nedj ald 

APPLICATIONS OT DISTANCE EDUCATION TEEORIFS 

IN NATIONAL A"I{D INIERNATIONAL PERSPf,CTIVE 

(EXAMPLES OF VARIOUS I'INII'ERSITIES} 

Tte disw of .tbd !ch@b, ontir. dErtioo, lceiDs &. ihe fifft. dd 

2l' 6tury sblls Eli.s hqvily o! rDE Dri@: tbd bhin t!fuh ed ..erl @ 

l@ing stylcs of.. ioprev.d idoEdi@ .bo!r !o* Fdc t atr; lblr !a hrds 

or knowlcdgc, slil!, tooh lul bch.vi6 @ i@iagly n.gqy to. $r6tuI 

plrticipalio! in th. u.s, ald glob.l si.tyi .!d tb!,r c..tain $Ipports @ e.dsary 

ed d.sihble fq afl.cting rhce ourcotus. 'Irt@ is @gritior rh.l l€gistatioa 

policies, ud EgulatioN @ L.y for fa.iliratng rh. grclvth of disr&e eduarion in 

the @rs that sppod ed r.nsfod cuEnt .ducarional inritutioE (e,g., N.riorat 

Ilititui. foi Literacy Policy; !oi.r $d O,Como!, 2001, p, 7) dd rba! ir soDe 

@s, it is jut th6e policica or ESulatids tb,r @ inp.dire $ch aalsfomrdos 

(1veb B.s.d Edu.aiio! ComisioD, 2000). 

Howv€r, lo srauill &. i!filsrrucnE n cd.d for ef@tiE didee 

educalion (e.&, bbadhod ufiMl cqe.itr fo. bLnEt dclilery nod.L) &tt to 

49

@s lii idinnioor |!d ildivi.td! l6E it 'i"nr".l ce.city to s rbc 

dN*t Egdndy n ..t-is tid @E gE 6da+ !!rdt i! nDdirg 

o!?on&ide., od @u.9. coE Eg t.&did @ goirs to t Dc€lrt io sFon 

.d!.nidd cr&8. i! tb ne of ti. t dia di!cu..d .ilia. I! t9t, th. 

DcFrtb.nt of Lr!o. Sdrdry'! CoDiilliod on Adicvi!8 N6.ry Stil! 

(SCANS) (C@isioo @ ActiaiDs N6ar Srint 1991, p.96) p{tti6.d . 

Epon io d.rcnjr. tD. ltilk !..d.d b.rEc.d b rh. {€.ld of F* od io blD 

cda.loG ultL6t !d ho* cEi@h.d iahdi@ oigh !..d ro ct og.lo h.lp 

lld.oa d.vdop tb !ti[!. Foall||lbol lh. Co@iai@ fo@A d! D.tic 

liidar, d|e&y, rd @Dulic.rioa .ti&i d!.riv. iN io& lc.Ein& ed 

FDbld-lolvio8 *i[r; od th. lcrool qulnic. of rqF6ibilitt, &lf-.d..4 

silbility, *lf-D6rt 0.6! .!d Eic8litt^Gty. 

Co@.bi6 id.ditrd.! t iiS 8!....t fo( ttF wqltlE @ri..r!rd6 

lo id.alit .!d n!!{c tt.ou!c., wut *itl dd, !.quic 6d u!. idb@ri.6, 

urddn|rl @Edq 3y3h .Dd idsrcLdroo$i06, .D.l eo.t wi6 t wiay of 

t .lmlo8i6, Ilov .dx&rs ed slEtioDl iBiitrti@ lhotld h.lp odd 

..quiE SCANS rliUr qll filibt *r|il.d i! . cpon th. folorirg tlr ,r8cdiD8 

trnt iDForad Li!i!8 would EquiI! cheg. i! *book, sutplr..s,.!d i! $. q6y 

erd.3t ed s*6 (S@nty3 Cohin ion o! Actiai!8 

Na$ly StiX+ l9r, D.l2O Sp@ific to rioold 6. SCANS Epoi ..boccd 

r4cHlg .!d lahi!€ "i! codad" $ l!|t !tud.oa rudd bc .blc !o rL@6dd rcr 

ooly r!o*l.dg. bd rl$ !ti[! Ehr.d io $.1 trovlcdSc Taia3 eodd d @w 

FHng !&ilk, 3u.i r! h.*i!s &d.!?lyilg his! Fel!|@ Fi@ipl6 !o t ir 

50

mrt dd ro th. dil@ snnt d Fpulstioa uida tbcn *, s wlt s low 10 e 

Iw insEEtiord @edat bols! tmy of qhich d tehrotos,-h4scd. 

As6smts, .@i.l for @in8 on-rlgd FoeE$ for 3tudols, lechctq 

dd $hoob alike, @uld b. balcd on d6 .drstioEl 3rrnd.!d& the C

2.4.1 Dirt rce L€rmers 

In lignd s@!&ry eioob .!d 6i!i!g i8titut.s, Ela.! h6 coltiflrcd !o 

lhd tbd rturtots agng!.g in di$r@ Gdrcation blv€ diAGEnr d.dognphic 

cb,fuiaistie tla -'ift qto (b mr qmtt i! s!.b 6ug d !regres of slrny 

(Ashby,20Or, !,97; NarioEl Cel.r &! Ed6dion Srlristics, 2m3., p,52). To d!r., 

t€t b!v. tad.d 1. b. f@L, ot&., hghd i@tu, Mi.4 @ptord tuI ri6. or 

3Myin8 a pan of @ptoyh.!r, atr.nding sh@l p6n dft, !d @Ucd .1 Dubtic 2- 

ycd istitutioG. 1!.y t?ic.jly uc ih. btLirDd s th.ir piinry n€thod of cow 

dclircry dd iaidaciior (NsrioMl Cdr.r for Ed@rion Sratktie, 2002, p.73), 

Bd.N di$&ce €du3lio! i! bc@ditrg m@ comor 4 oE of ! @sc of 

cdurtjoarl sdie !r Eost iostirutic, rhi. $ddr pmfite is chaging !o itd thc 

ddriiod of h.dirio.al snrdats lrd Etdirio.at .du.tiout iDslitsri@ e 

deelve h.ei@irg to ciegq Sua6$d tmi.g rak6 itro @out tt !.cd! 

.!d t Dd.rciq of l.a!r6. 

In r@d )€4, th. lhjlrjls .boui lding dd l€h4 bs cb!r9.4 in pdq 

6i.hcGsultof !dlh6ri6ofdultipl.lc.furi .llig€DGandrcwEsrhonrh. 

importance of bEin

eihatiq Ed-lif. lcming 3itudioM e n4$qy &r otr .i!g mE ti!d! of 

cdua*ionil otpoiteiti4 tlr fEd rh. "hulridc intcllieeM." Crtder ba de 

.dec€d th. iElEri&c. of qsFbolic litcEy," suggdrilg t!!t @gtutiE abiliiy 

dore camt &6ut fo. th. .bility 10 E d .d {it rcro$ dultipl. slehol Elr.ff 

(Gddq. 1985, p.42). oddn r's w* hs b.d mcial for b.lping eduatoE &d 

policrdskB s thc inpoiora of.d@tirg thc $i!ol. p6.n. 

Vhil. cent cd@tio.il rylt d e l.gging o! @iculd bd.!i!k ed 

i6tuctioDAl ap!F&h.s tl8t @ brd or rrri.d 6ou8b to addB th. ne& of 

Dultide inteUigG,.trdb hdc ha 3tcptd up G a 6uh of tbk llgrh. 

llivirg eva D@ iotet o! dandoDl sysrds lrd @d.h is rb. bni! r!$dr 

ofBEditurd, Bru &d Cakilg (2000, p.2l4l wnich dv!|c |w plFiolosicd 

rd crltud thdi6 of how p@pk l.3d Btufoi4 d d.'3 did.e $ggcas ltat 

ltuing d&s€ th. physicd slfutw of l[. b6i! Pdd bowLds. UM shat 

poplc ltu bd Frfa to las; in&!B tlN .!d L.h t@ &y o@; leirg 

@t xturliz.d i! Frllifc qFider ,nd guid.d by di!g, capablc !d'!ts is m 

efr61iE, aiblc,8rd bda{ed.bL; ud @ tahlologie otrd rqc.d@cd 

nodels nd lools fo. ah@ing lching. Altrrcu8h $tu hlvc critiqEd tLb li@ of 

6e@h o! the 8oh.Ls rhit alougl is noi ya kmen lbout neuroEi@ and dlat 

thc findings @ overydsdizd {d ovaEbpl$izd, it h6 had grclt .ffcct 

(E&.ation weeE 1997. p.15, Nov.nbn l2). I! addition 10 th.$ d.velophdts in 

how p@ple Lm - ad thcn obviols ibpli6lioG for chdging ed!c.:ioi.l 

sppro4he ro b.n€r addrcs thc$ l.ding nccds - th. lit r.turc ha also beeu b 

&lnrcwledge thit studcnt! oI loday dif.r lubsr.rtially &d qualialircly fton

stulcrd6 of yesterdly ir @y Byi W!a!a tleF sodals e bdly hml)m (Fe 

1964) ldmirs to shool o. ogrgilg i! miidilg .d@Iiod, Ga X6 (1964- 

l9El) h*iog d r degc Fn-tic, d Miu..idi tEl{gE!) ..i4.ri.g bisb 

*hel .d @silaing *t!r r.p6 io r.r. !.xt rb.t ![ LtE diEaal dpefii@ 

for th.ir lic, r .duc.lid dif

2.4.2 Educrtioqd corb.nd hforE.tbr Applicrrtun 

Alm$ cdsljonil q?licttioB Ely bavily d p{bli5h.d irfdElrion 

m!@ - boob, Mp.pcrs, jour'rlq &d 06.r Fi mdia rd@i.gly, Fi 

.!d ghpLi@litrfodrlionioht!.Itrr.@liiiEport rlfdGdunio .t.ppticdi@_ 

'ftce Dateilb hav. radilioDly b.c! o4eiz.4 @rceoda4 &d orde asit.bL 

ituougl lihdy dd boobelling ldiqls ald wh.bl. rbough pd irdqs and 

noE &qtlyi st&d-slo.a dd orlift @npuia dllablg md s.4b 6gies, 

Hoych. sp€ioUz€d irfor@tioa dd dd! e mw b.irg oa

dcrclolcd (es., dieitd boot!, vkud uss6, papcrl* sr!l.o!)! conrllt 

mr!4!E !t &tl digital as.t mrqgFFr tu! bor\ Filr ed gnphics is I topic of 

i@ins inta€d (wolq 2003; Hilioa 2003, p.E7). Altousi cl|furly b.toe d! 

!rd! i! .dE{id ciEl6 rbll & br ..6v.ly @dida rhc fieLb dd @uc of 

litf&y !41 irfo@dior *id.c, seh m.d6 wiU beo@ ilc6iogly idpo.te! !d 

oDly b! @agilg idotuEtid rlsouEi for rb. cotdr of .dutioo, bu rbo for 

nEagilg idotultion Elalld lo lh. ldDilist ti@ ed --.gFml of cducniod 

ifftitdioN, data, dd r€latioirbiF, Atouor iEport !r €duati@sl iofod.tion 

applicltioo is lhe ol*fiod of data - p.niculsly sw.y

t l.visioq r.dio, I!f,, pag4, &d rb. Inntrnd (..g., emn, wb clsting, wb 

publishing, cbit @os, ict&r re'rgirg, ct1.). Alihous! cmnt .fror6 e 

qpldire 'lst-g.ncrarion' l.chrDlogiB sh B PDA! (PN.d Disrrl A$btsnb) 

&d Plg6 fd e a n di. foi 6@Eic.dng *irh laMq $

minlain t.a.h6 and rlDili3irrioB in th.3. u!..; ed o.goilg ssficlt ro cisN 

q!.lily &d q!rcFd.i.ls of

dcrclopdsl of st nd!r6, bcrchnlitq ud suid.tir6 fq .ff6tiv. dtur.re 

.ducdioD, s dsibcd pEvioustx bs b@ 4 iEFrtr p.d of tbis Fce. 

Evalualid of dilise.du.rtid @u!. @'fir! in rrudors lnd iBcu.tiotr 

ud out@n6 bas.d d rb6. qitais .e c@id for oMiW @le &d pbrnd 

quality (Bruc.! 2003, p.l2; Bcbngq.!d Jordo,20,OO, p.91; Alelin ud Mori$A 

2002, p.al). *tic\ in ora uulcrpis t[. e. .aa of dislDe .d&srioa s a 

ri8orcB ard.f6iive .d!.!tio!rl Eod.l &d {on ofinsfutio.al deliv.ry. Joy &d 

G3rcia (2000. p-27) sugs$t thn .vatutioB of dist!!@ €ducation etrors .sk: "wh.r 

ombiD,rion of insfutio!.1 3tr .gi6 6d &liv.ry dedia win b.sr prod@ lhc 

d6icd l@ing outco@ fd tt id.ndcd .udi.@f In keping with Air 

F3FctiE but sp€.kinr i! tlc @rcxr olhighd s.dary cdu"dioa Hilr, A&g 

&d Tuofi(2ooi, p.36) sugscd rhal d.IltioG or dtist'@ c

M F.rtirion l @ ofdErid &livlry br.dutts" &d g@d sarte sr&Fort 

e Ded.d to ebi4 rh! Friry in l.,lc olnco6. c.velgl (200t, p.26) .l$ 

fobd . Dode

\r,lei!d tlis fndils.!n bc ed.r.lizd to fonal djst re.du.ltion @ws 

or pog.sss fd .ll $cto6 !..dr ro b. scdraid.d How€r, th. findilgs hiv. 

inpolt.r't impliclti@ for th. u. of r..bmto$/ in edlerior gm.lty &d its 

potddrrl for aot o y inprovilg &hi.t!!mt b4 i! tbc @ of ic slees wirh 

loM incorc dd ar-nsk Fpuidor& .bo l.tping bridge lh. digirrt divid.. A 

n6h.. of fa.b6 .fr€t r[. .fc.iivclB of o.lin .duc'ioL HitE (l99.i, p.]6), 

Billz .t.1. (2001, p.65), ed Jule &d Rbs (2000, p_71) hishjisht rb€ iororlle of 

Gnrcror ad shrdlni cbE!.tdisris ed thc sociat @iexl of iltaactioro s b.ing 

k y to sEcasirl &d &hicv€Ecni-on.n&d online dpqi.n@s. In Hilrts fi9t4. 

p.127) study, odie Eshcnt outpdfonrd dlditiorst netuat f,th il6trsroB 

rspond.d eoE b idivid'Dl stud.ors o! rhc b8ir of6.n Fnione c!{t Lridi6. 

A@.didg ro JEg lrd Rba (2000, p.7l ) sd M. (2002, p.36), i4tructioaal 

d.sign is tul[d f&ror lhaa aft.B orlift .duaion cfccti@. As @r.d &otc, 

&d in k .pirs Mth Mo@'s (1996, p.2t5) dlE Vp6 of l.,l@ i.ta&rion (i.c.. 

lcmdaontqrt, Ied€Ginsau.br, ed t.d.FLatM), lel]@ md thcir Sodts .triE 

whai odtnrtes eff€cdv. disr&@ cduotion pretie e.t oulcms. Evq ifdina.cc 

.du.atiotr prcva valid Ior ioprovilg @rtcdjc eni.vnh! .nricilb cxists of both 

dE nrnE ofdisrrc e

.tl*tiv!'B Edrch i.e lDm pro|]M.d srd pot€ntdty !@ dbdqg. Som 

..8uc lln 3uch !€E! i! Fdilcd @ Disledi.g c@Fii$c eiih hrdition t 

c{tEtion b@!s.r drlotgh sioit r csicdr !ld.ii.l &rd g@F.l Fd.gogid 

niShr b. dplotld itr boih rldiriooj .!d onlin *riDg3, ri.y @ @I idcnrjcd drd. 

thadoF, d 'ffdla.ly mt oElrnbL (Snih 6.1 Ditlo., 1999, !.18; Koa& 

2000, p.85). oth6 cbin thlI cd.b &.igB &d o1a3G Nrrc ba n.*.d (toy 

atrd Geia 2000, p,l9l; Chr&p6gE sd Wi5ha, 2000, p.167; v.Ehd et rt., 1999, 

p.36). t vio &d Tirtld (2001, p.4) hightidt tb. cl)!.Gd Bis.d: t &k of.d.qu.t 

dt.1lfutal d.sisA ob6liE han!@@t wir!t6, colrotj for dr&@c 

vciablcs, End@ ei.'@nr or$bj.dlj v.lidiry ad Fliability of iNtru|MB u!.4 

6d $crtion to 'lndividul difraEe EE3lb leh t9 Lvd of alitity, Eotiv.tio4 

ttec on tast, ncdi. iDiliaitt, er

tuc, originil reeh dediclled b cxphi.ing or pr.dicling phenom@ rlar.d to 

K€piag in vifl th. .boE dis.ulioq il is pFb.bly besr ro sy rbat ini.ad 

of "ro 3igri6..Dl ditr @c.," l!@ is "tu olctBirc wid.s!.' rhri dijane 

.dk2tion i! e impbl!@d ora lndiriooat cdElrio|L slrboug! rh.E tu ro b. 

$m iDdicatioa tt{! th. !& of dirtrlc. rechmtogy, !u.h s the hi.m.t, i! 

l.ntatiEly s[o*irg Flitirc.fers o! quddr outcooB (c_g., Jr.kss cr.l., 200j, 

p.l7). In th. d4 norioi (1989, p.93) ald Mm€ sDd K.sley (1996, p.j5) poinr out 

thlr the efetivels of dii!re educsid @l|B lrd pregt"6 is t* a @rtd of 

ttE d.livdy r-t'alo5/ d pl|.fom lbt 4how idtru.tos w rb. tdh@logy" 

@odtri, 1989, p.72) ald "how w[ t! @u&] ir d.sisDd, deliv@d lId coDdrccd" 

(M@G &d K.&sl.y, 1996, p23). Si@ "lh. int gntio! of irrf&tE r€.tu ido 

Lmilg oqdi.!$ [i! dhribuild lcdils $adios] prcfoudy slup6 stu

Additjonrllt ta.hhg (tn ticing) ihlt is nor gou.dd in theda i!.te wci.fin. 

Pr-dci,g a tbory o ba a @BiN .!dd tu.eio6 b.-!!vid. llis .gy 

qE3tioned idctlo siayiry *irhi! rhe bouddiB of dbrle. lanilg th@ry itr 

&&hi4, ledilg ed B@! is su6ci.dr to uiddrald thb.sDet of ed@tion l 

The dftcrn pt*nted h3E for drluiilg dtt !€ ttuirg rabrotogid n 

nol .xhstiv.. For Mple, wh.rc dblree eduaiioD tahlolo&/ implmcftllio! 

r6is otr rEilau. ib&, r thobugh @d-bacft/ cfr.crircD* lrEtrsir rcutd b. 

etul, Likqi!., |@y s'@ic ltd politic.l dd.ils, *tich v&y b6r[y tlh 

school to shool, havc & in9r.t on evalultiw findings. 

Cledly, jut B dbt!@ Leilg tc.!tulogies e bdr u!.d wha th.y e 

built illo th. ovedl $h@l ibFov@6r pl,e, e !& .valudion p| Fc b61 

w.d Eba rtly e builr i o rle r..bmtog, phDirg poB. Wlo pr.lsing for 

e cvdluatio4 aU rtal.holda 3hodd bc iovolrcd i! cv.ludon d@ing ed rhe 

int rptEtdi@ of aulrs. Ilis itrlqs thc liLelibood r[ar ldriciFlts will e 

.vduriE cdrs to iE!rcve r€chetogt inplomradoa By.pplyilg vdi.bt6 on 

lh. Lchnicil, ituL@tionai, orgeizltiord s.d ethicrl ld.ts ro dal!.rion, $e 

@.'at for 'a@ul!!ility" of dist!.@ tcditrg r..b!ologi6 *ill b. @M,!d, 

Ats*6 thowb vill Eot @@ *lBiEly tod rbe evatuti@ Fofcsiooat, bul .]5o 

iod th. el@l pFaidoG whosc isighG oD the pcd*s ud ourcohd of 

djst ne l@ing tcchrolo5, e is dorg rhe dost idorcd of all stsk nold6. 

As Pci.rs stat6, disa!@ r.r.tile @utd lot h.w dist d tefoE 

indGfid m (Kcgsa 1995, p.78) IlFforc, ir bay tF conclud€.t ih*

Folifodion of dhde .du.nion is dir.crly Elal

Thdi.!, Fdiql!.ty l!@ i. lhc 'r@ of.dEnio4 ,..d to G[ q hd w 

c.! pply rh. irLa to th. Eal krld 'ftis is a pugBtic @em ed h.tps !s 

dBiga b.tt6 Lcliag @rsrrs dd sFhi fr &Uirioa I good dt6ry 6 fdM* 

off6 uthc righl.v.l of.ldysis b b.ids.rt gip b.tE@ &$riFi@.ad d.!isn. 

T!.8 e trc tstocts b rb. lpdi€rio of !t TPCK A.tutu*. Fidr, tb. TrcK 

AmM* allos B ro ritiqe sinptinic alltwhB roesrd .hrclopilg c&hd 

kloelcdg., FEUa, n usidr s i! d.wlopi.g bcnr lamilg .lvilredis h 

panicald, it rgc !g.i.st ta.6i!r tchtulogy itills in iel.rio! ed sppon3 

int gB&d &d .L5igo-ba.d spp@he! $ b.i!g lpprcpri3r. t chniqEs for techine 

ta.hss io e taImloo,, ft agB dn t@i!g dviromr, tlrd dlow $u.t@rs 

.nd tea.!6 10 cploF cch@togi* in rclati@ship io subjel lllIt ( i! authcnric 

@i.xts e oia tut us.6rl. Additioitllt lb. TICK td.rc* @ de b.lp N 

in coldel,ng s.holdhip |nd Esrch ilto tte nrturc sd d€v€lopmdt of tceh.r 

tmeledSe It prcvi.t s & sdttdc Ar@rcrt dd crr.gqiation schcG for thc 

&ilysis of to.ha tewl.dg. e{t irs .rclui@, 

66

CEAPTER 3 

RESEARCE METEODOLOGY 

TIE tucs of th. dudy w on thc "EialEtio! of ih@nc6 of di$rs€ 

.du.!ri@ ad ir!.n iEp&1 o! labilg tclrling pE*". VdioN arpeE of rhc 

l€.chilg laning pro.6s in ihe lidr of ryduatid of rh.on* of disrarcc .dmarion 

$fr urlyzd ald @jor indiclroE qE it!€rdfi.d i! odq to idproE h.hirg 

ldnjlS Fo.*. ft. study *s deiptirc in @!E .!d . swcy lpprcEh % 

u.d for in pupo*. T!. @thod of 3rudy @!6 popubrio4 sle.tion of ffipL, 

dcv.lopenr ofroob, @lLcti@ ofdlr! srd th€ t st B.d for sndi*ical da'a .!dysir. 

Ll Df,SIGN OF TIIN STUDY 

K€ping iD vi.w llc .atG of rh. study i... .h$dFire, $na.y 9p. of th. 

.!p@h M @akLEd dppmFist . Ac.ording io Hafcaia (1996, p.99) ey 

Gar.h srudy is orcdDd eith "ilv6rigrlion of djni.g Fsilid ed d..ls eith 

6. F.enl sit[li@ ir o4&izd .!d !me.d oea., e ro @lld {tda Fou 

qucstio@i$ q@ .Lv.loped &d u.d s E*d.h tools io elicit t opinioro of 

.od@icirs, irrors" studcnts sld ncdi! Fod@c_

3,2 POPIJLATION 

Thc anldy.iE d a! to.lrluL rL rhqis of dii.rc! dElrio! sd tLen 

iDpt { o! la.hiig le.Ejlg Fqa. Sic tbbris ofdisti4! cduodo! e hei.g 

ed .xr.civ.ly ir ddclop.d @ur!i6 lad ih.ir @ in d.v.toping @ut i6 is 

tEitcd. Ilhfor., FpulEtim E trl@ Aon All"m lqbd Opd Uli6iry 

I3laabad. ft. populdion of6. srudy omFisd oi 

l. l3? Acad.Eici4 ofAIOU 

2, 1108 Tulo.s of B-Ed pogram. Annlm 2005 to Artum 2007 sd.st.s. 

3. 1480E Snd.m of B.Ed Pmg@. 

4. 06 M.di. Pod@a eortilg !t AIOU. 

3.3 SAMPLE 

Si@ th. popubijotr of 6e snrdy ws tsrg. &d $ltia€d ovcr ! tdg. 

eoghphical &.5. ofthc @utry, Th. spld ofth. srrdy P@ rhe foUowilg: 

i. tw. (131) 'Aih';{r (!enls, Asisrant prcf.ss, Asiarc 

Profcs ed ?rcf6s@ ofdt th. D.p5ftr@rs) w*ing ar AIOU 

n. l turors (l I I ) of Auntu 2006 io Aurtb 2007 m6td 

in. 05% stlldars (?40) oflarecicd d6 (ar&ady mdrion d) 

iv. l00e/o b€dia prcdud (05) w*iry at AIOU 

68

S@pL 3ir. nr !.k ed by TplyilS redoo !@pliog l. tliqc. H@ d. 

!ca..rd.i bs siE . !.spli!8 6u.: 

T,tt.3.L Satglhgtst 

1 

2, 

1. 

I&12: n4r,@e,t 

S.No C{.s!ry 

t, 

z, 

3. 

B? 

ll0E 

05 

ttaot 

t37 

Iu 

06 

1q 

69 

r(x 

l0% 

t00tt 

05% 

to2 

7E 

06 

525 

t37 

nl 

06 

740 

70 

100 

70

2. 

3. 

5. 

6, 

sidl 

N!r'FP 

AJK 

P@r tdpt tdto olnaott c@t4l vh. 

Tool No of To..l oph -L.r.d SolL 

r!.! !6..drgr 

185 

It5 

It5 

lE4 

184 

184 

M7 

T.bk 3.4: Poptl8lon t@ipL dto o! ntdent cqttal eu. 

2. SiDdb 

3, NWFP 

6, AJK 

t9 

l9 

l9 

IE 

IE 

IE 

lll 

t09n 

t|v. 

twl 

tva 

t@t 

t0. 

t0% 

To$l No of Tobl @pL -l..rd Sepl. 

rtr.ht paqdrs. 

216t 

2A5E 

2458 

2$E 

245E 

2448 

l,EoE 

70 

tu 

t21 

123 

t2) 

123 

123 

74 

5% 

5% 

5% 

5% 

5% 

5V.

Tablc 3J: rabh ofx,lpe tut olouod 

l. 

2. 

3. 

5. 

6. 

Purjrb 

Sildh 

NVTP 

IJK 

TdlNo of Io..lNootl!*od!6 Sqt 

l9 

19 

l9 

IE 

IE 

t7 

lll 

Tal,le l.6t Tdble o!tutpoN. rct ol:ttud.ntr 

l 

L 

3. 

5. 

6. 

SiDdh 

NVFP 

AJK 

l3 

II 

l4 

l4 

t2 

PoqEg. 

TdlNo.f Tor.lNoofEa@ SIDDIG 

3td6B F.6L3c 

t2a 

lza 

124 

t23 

t23 

t23 

7l 

\02 

100 

E5 

E3 

E2 

525 

63 

58 

74 

67 

70 

E2 

80 

59 

61 

a 

59 

70

3,4 RF,SEARC! INSTRUMENTS AND TEEIR 

Df,VEIOPMf,NT 

h ordd to .licil lhc otinioB of lh. FlD.ctivc Fsponddts, fou 

q!.si@nB *!lt d6igld o! Evc poirt (Likdl) $d. i.c. 

i qEdo@iE firr --Lsiciu s*itrg a AIOU. 

ii. QestioMirc fd tutoB of AltMn 2005 !o Autun 2007 sd6t 6 

ni. QrBiio@ic fd$d.Drs of Artdr 2005 ro Aut@2007 sd6i.rs 

iv. Qudio@ic for n dia prcdwd rcddlg ar AIOU 

'It€ qu6tiotDd6 94 @Bincd of q@srio8 on the folo*ing rhE 

lh.ori.sof di$$c!.duati@ 

. TI6d6 of utomDy ard ird.Frd.se 

. Theorica of irdutializaiio! 

. It@i.s of iltdrlid.nd comui.ltid 

To dniE . judgndt and b comlud€ 'opinjon scd.' M u.d. A@ording 

to Brt6's (199, p.l3l) 'bpinio! $rL b a o.asiog isirm.nt bas.d on . s.! of 

irdicloB wtich b.vc cdlain irftrEhliodehiF to o* &oU.1. In this study likcd 

tutbod of fr FiDr r.tirg @ ltiliad, 

IlE folo{ing iEportanr @GiddtioE 9@ oldc for tlc Fting techrhE. 

. ftc disrdc€.ad $Lctid ofsuit ucjldge for thc purp6€ ofaiile. 

12

.'[tcph@'!@bb.Etd. 

. CondM .lorS *nicl tb.t crE nr.d. Tbc 6Fr 3t p i! .6Eutilg r 

lik rt ttF $al. wa ro .oll€ct a lMbq ofst t nents aboul th. lolic. 

Ilc D.lhod a mlved AoE nning r si6 of qudil|rirc flaB ilro 

q@titariv. si6. It w k.pt in vid rbir @h st lhd.r nusl cx!rcs defdit. 

All th. si.r@at3 of th. qu6rioMn6 qft clos.d dd.d.xc@t ihc lln 

orc, *nicb prlvid.d ilc €pmdaot r c!&@ to gjvc th.ir suggcslioB. E&h clos.d 

od.d staldol psvi.Ld dsipriotr of fv. lw.ls !)!@ly solgly.gE d (SA). 

4Ed (A), u@rtai! CJNC), disagn d @A) dd srron8ly dies@d (SDA) to dakc 

q@dtltivc j'dgDat 6th.r rbtr \tgE &d o@ilglB gdEtialid nighl bc 

o!de. F&h rcsFodmt $pond€d b on of Ihs. l.v.ls Bhich w6 lhoughr lo b. 

Fuetid of e of tbce qu6tio@iB FEs lo obuj! .!.llri.alty, logicdtx 

irdepddlnily ad objdtiv.ly a splc opinion on th. chrEtoistid ofth@ri6 of 

3.5 VALIDATION OF TqE RDSEARCH TOOLS 

PrFt 3ti!g is @ of 6. iEFiel sFt! of v.lidrlioo AlU brvirg 

dw.loFd lh. dzn of th. r.Fach tool!, tlE Feehc! pilot d th. qEsdomis a1 

05 rir.nrcier 05 DLd, l0 snld@ls ed 02 ocdia prcdu.d of Allsd hbal 

Op6 Uriv.aity &.1 $ th€ l6€eh rools wft lalidld .nq d6ignjnr rh. 

ilsil1eon. Vali&tioo I @ied od b deredilc cfr61i\€Ms of irsarnots. 

Ile qcdoMrne ftr tc-i.nrci'. Mting d All.@ Iqbol Opd Univdity a 

Pestcd io 5 exp€rts for pFf.sioMl valid.tion. Qu6doMifr for tutoB I 

pesi.d !o J tuo.s. QBrio@iE for rtuddts 6 pBnted r. l0 stuil@ts. lh. 

qu6lio@iE for Dedb prcdlId {a pGdtcd ro 2 6€dia FoducF *o*i!g.r 

Alllb! Iqb.l OFn Ud6i9. Try out *s nrd. L€piq in vi.w thc cibicsl 

mid.Eli@: dielity of rh. spo!d@!3. AI the qu6rio@i6 *ft discd ed 

inprcvcd in thc light ofobsNario6.nd sugg*tioB, Ana prcf$sional validldion, 

M&ry irsttu.tioB qft gi@ o! {E @qi!g plgc of @b qu..tioMic. Th. 

slatet@te of ibc qu6tiotuiEs Bm ryFd i! seh a llMd d8t rhoe srd.mmrs 

G quit cld ed l€gibl.. Sufrcie spa. *a l€i for EpoDdcnts for MriDg tick 

($. T!. lsl 3t!d€6€nr of .!.b qu6tio@iF M opd 6d.d e tbrrtE Bpold.nrs 

codtlftit the qpor& in iheir om *ord'

3.6 ADMIMSTRATION OT THE Rf,SEARCH TOOI"S 

And fldizilg de qudio@iFq th6. 'w diLd !o lh GpetiE 

rspddan3 wirl $. F$r.s ro E t 6! i! th. qu!si@ir6. 

Uni6ity ."'dFi"i-. w@ ervld wilh th. qe.tio@irB p.r.tlly. I1l 

flkd in qrcstionniir.s w @ll..r.d back ia the s. t:r!r@, Fiffy Feent ofth. 

qu6lioErit6 qw @iv.d b..l eithin trc @tr AAd tw reIB, ! letkr *u 

rus!.d to l!. lBpod.ds to 6i!d rh(d s. rbd th. t sL 6uld t @bpld€d wiihi! 

dE titu. DiEctor R.gio.,l Sdies AI'@ Iqb€r Opa Udv6ity leld,bad w 

v€ry ouch @op@tve who rush€d a l.tt€r to the @ncmcd R.giooil Dirlos lo 

ast lhc Fspo!.|@ls for @ly Fnh of tG q'slio@ic, Olc mE mindd B 

.le sdt to rb. r€toldals fo. tt luDor. 

3.7 STATISTICAI,ANALYSIS 

P@tagc lrd lllfu sE wE u!.d to &rrtz th. dd! @n .ted lbrcwh 

tb.GletiE qsd@i6. Si@ rh. qEnioMnB msbr.d otr lhe nliig slc, 

th@foe, tb. followirg sd€ valu. m sig!.d lo €a.h of th. nrc €spoM: 

tp.l of A@mcni 

75 

Scrl€ !€lE 

5

TJNC 

DA 

SDA 

fllm 6..cbr! of dilg.cdn Ft@l!s. @d @r rcon rt(. cdcdrre4 

To.dc.rn b. Ee sq ftUwirs toEd.w u!e.L 

u*s* = t (r_sg1tegf!a*31&de$pa!) 

N 

8s - F&q'ra.r of StloSly ASrEd !.{o!B 

F^ - FEqulct of furEd r!.po!s. 

rlrf, . fE$Dey o{U!..rd! rclp@ 

rM - Fi€qudy of Di.rtld E polg. 

FIDA - Rlq|E of S!6gly dnsEd G!p@g. 

t! dd.r lo go fnthah.j,ail i!c.L hioa ereddt r ds ba giE i! 

the lut 6ll@ ofq.i llue i! &. dd &dr$s (Cb4td 4). 

75 

3 

2 

I

3' llRDDrcgCOlt6trF(mINDIXO(MnlDAlKn|8 

D- cold ibdt r'j-i.lE i. t!d-d d r.lrt.d &!{! 

rdrd.dted. O! fr. bir.fd.!d.,6rd!9 14 &!*e c.Elu.Ls rlq! 

0j.rdFs-!i.!e-rEFPo.anb6.r.c*. 

n

CHAPTER 4 

DATA ANALY$S 

H@ in r[i!.lr4ni,6. ts'r].r ald h tb. pt& of dd d!tFi!, An tFh 

of rh. tu! is a iDF tr &tiviry r! rly orhd @6Fr.,l of lh. r6€rlh pnxs, 

IEfoE, rh. e5do bs 10 h. vqy 6.tu wnjb th. pds B i! op*ltton. 

Aral'sis of ti. dda coU€r.d for rtc lfudy dtitLd "Evaluaiion of ,ftdi., of 

Diltr@ Educrtio! &d th€i. I6po.t d Tahing Lming prc.6t' w D.dc, statisricd 

!..h!iqu* qft lppli.d ad ilteDr.btions \@ nade i! orda to &ae oeluiod of 

Ir tbis s..rid de opinid of Bpo!.Lds th rh. qBrio@iE of a.!d.dici.s 

4.I DATA ANAIYSIS FROM QI]'ESTIONNAIRE OF 

ACADEMICIANS 

ft. ReLd dn lop.d a slf.ssmdt q!.srioMir for ArOU .cld.micis 

.nd adnjrisr.cd it on 13? &ad.eici@. Tb. dara obtair€d rbeugh qsdo@iF *G 

ElultLd .!d .ndrz4 Tb. cFDs Ggardine .!.h &d .vdt itd *w rcltcd our itr 

sc.Eq F|mtaees! tuti.gs &d lt].u, Th. dro obrsin d thDugh opdadd $Elion 

il@! v@ .lalrzd by silg l!. Arq@y !.@nraec dd snki.g of cpons.s ud 

t buldtcd in oMlidr&d fom 

7a

Ildivid'd rnrdy brcqirl 

eB a nre.w* in 

te&hils l.ding pl@s. 

oI @adtniciM dbos nare,iot 6 //M$ort i 

t@sN=l02) 

krcl FEqErcr Pmus. 

!NC 

SDA 

t2 

04 

u 

39 

4l 

t2 

04 

4_07 06 

It is aide tom t ble4l.l thd E0% E Fndd ag.ed *ir! tt s @.ntibd 

di5l!@ .dsation Eur.rials act s ne.Mrk ir te4tilg lmjng pF6s, 08% 

disagF.d whil. 12% espond€trts wE mt cl@. M@ 3@c e{! 4.07 $tich is 

fa@rallc to tbc lnr.mdr Rot ordd ofrh. ir.a E 06. 

'lrb!{.l.2. .1cd.ni.i@B opi,bn ahott t@ ofst!.L,tt k th.h tadiq ta disr@. 

No, 

2. 

Thc stud. 5 of disLe 

.duc{rio! i! PstkaD @ 

corrilE |!.n sudi6 a! 

Ldcl Ptlqbcy PmE8. 

UNC 

DA 

SDA 

79 

16 

12 

08 

07 

38 

l5 

t2 

08 

07 

1.90 t6 

Ih. t bl. 4,l.2 drpicrs t!.1 ?3% cFndots agdd thlr dier@ .deaioa 

stliLntl 6!ri!E th.ir !firdi6 ,r ilair ou p&!, l5% Bpordcnrs di$gEd *in rh. 

n lc!M! s,lEr&s 12% qft @e.tab. Md ME is 3.90 wbich farcm r!. sarelm1. 

'Irrc iten hlb at No 16 in mkiog, 

19

T.bb4.1.3. OpinM ot*td."ticias abd 4Ltai.rd @dia to rhe .i@t@., 

-t02 

Lad FEqlEy P.@tagc 

ll 

L 

Dstam. .ducdid rtud.d 

@ !dju$ hj! 3tudi.5 

4ordine to hir 

IJNC 

DA 

SDA 

03 

l3 

01 

45 

03 

l3 

07 

l.8l t1 

It rlda gih in U. bblc 4.1.3 Elr.sr tblr ?5% EFadats lSrE d qitl I!. 

statcmt lbd djir!!@ du..ri@ rtudar @ &tjsi bb snldi6 @rdjng to his 

circuGtd.€s, 2096 rEsp@.Lot3 diegEd *iiL 03% w€ @qaai!, Md s@ is 3_83 

*nic! is Arcuau. ro rh. !t t@at'It it@ is fllilg d S_No 17 in Elting. 

\&!l4.lA: A@.Litcia t .pi6l@ atoa et .tire ttu stud t6rt @di"s to tbil 

All tbe snrd..rs of 

dBtaM cdkatio! @ 

el4t th.ir sMy rslc LNC 

l-cl Flqu4y P.Iqt gc 

DA 

SDA 

h the llble 4.1.4 it @G o(n rLt 55% Bponddls lgEd with the star€rc that 

disl,ne .du@!d stuLtrrs @ $ter rh.n srrdy ilsks !@rding to l[.n yiu, 25% 

disgE d lin. ll% qw @l@. Md $E i! 3-61 $tich is hvouad. io dre 

9r&d.d Rali.g ordd oft itlDis IE. 

80 

25 

4l 

ll 

22 

03 

25 

,o 

n 

22 

03 

1.61 

l8

Ttb|G4.l.5: fid poi.t ofa.aA.rici@ obaut i,t t p.td.tu t!u4 4 b@. oJ distot. 

5. 

Dilr4. .dEstior sts&m 

is brscd or i"a.U-'"t-, 

L€vd Fr.qmy P6€Es. 

SA 

UNC 

SDA 

40 

t4 

n2 

05 

4l 

39 

02 

05 

4.07 

TL. dats gi@ i! t ble 4.1,5 dooid thlr 80% respodau agr!.d th!1 dist !e 

.dlcatioo s,st E is b*d on ird.Fnddt 3tudy, 79'. disgred with rh. riarcn.ni. Th@ 

lr4 l4yo of th. erpoId@r5 rho l@ waLi!. M@ $orc is 4.07 qtich t hvouable 

to tb. sid.o6t R ntiDa orrk. oftL. il@ i! 06. 

Tabb4.l.5t Opbnon of uad.rtcids abot b@nng nno@at (N=102) 

T.aa.hirs l@ing proe$ 

d.pad! l&gEly rpo! tle UNC 

tdcl fcqmcy Ptuhge 

SDA 

45 

t2 

04 

07 

33 

t2 

o 

4.01 08 

Th. tablc 4,1,6 slow tbrl77% clpoldols ag:Ed wi& ihe stat d@t thai rhc 

ic&hing lcmins pMcs deFn& lNrs.ly upon ihc leming mvibMd! ll% diere.d 

whiL l2olo l@ l|@rrain. M@ $oE is 4.03 which favow th. sr.t mdt lt. it n is 

falliig .t S.No 08 in nnli.g. 

8l

Tible4.l.1: Opl.iu of eaeddM ndd,E dc d..it|M lad.t nd",tly 

-102 

No. 

td.l fEqlEy PotaI.s. 

UNC 

SDA 

Ir is rfld.d i! th. rabL 4.1,7 thrt ?% tlspond€nts .grFd with ihc iatetMt 

lhll dillle cducation sM€rts Date .lccisiotu indc!€ndertlt oE./o disgcd whil€ 14% 

cpud.al! 96 ulcdt iL M@ sc b a,ll which is fswuabl. to tb. n!r.ddl. 

R rLiog oina oftL i.n is 0,4- 

T'bl'.4.t.E: vid poi,,t of @d.ntctart 6@! .r.ati@ d @ idzs in E@,n':4 

I.oanepMs 0t=102) 

trcl Fr.q'my Pd@!!g. 

Indcpaddt st'dy h.lps i! 

E. .r.rring !w idas i! 

tacbi.S L.EDg Foc*, 

Thc tablc 4.1.8 ildicrrc that 74yo nspondats agrc€d with th. !r4.mor thal 

ind.pcrdcnt dudy h.lF i! ciating !.w id@, I l% qpold.nrs N diegFd while t 5% 

*a edfiin. M@ s@ is 4.0] edicl hvoG ib. naieddt Thc it n b f.Iie ar 

S.No 0E i! tuli!€. 

SA 

(NC 

SDA 

50 

29 

03 

6 

4E 

l5 

01 

28 

t4 

02 

06 

27 

t5 

04 

o7 

4.1! 

4.03 08

'ribb 4.1.9. Acad.nlciar's rtd poht n8oA.8 eiositr of eetting 

-r0) 

t vd FEqllEy Pqent g. 

Disl.e Gdu&ii@ 

stdals e @iou of 

9. l3 t2 4.09 05 

S.tting opportuity in 

l,Nc 

SDA 

Th. labL 4-1.9 FEls lhlr 767c EAolddts a$!.d with th. srtteE d i!r[ 

disianc .d@tion sturLi ! e .uiou of g.njry oppo.$eity in nting instrucri@, I l% 

di$gftd stjl. 12% ww eclq, M@ @F is 4-09 wbich is f.voubbl€ to rt 

etalebor Iullilg orda ofrbe i4 i5 05, 

'rtbb 4.1.10: (hi't ,r of@d.miei@ atu i,/laiy. pap@d@, vot N=102) 

l0_ UNC 

21 

05 

06 

50 

26 

05 

06 

tdd FEqutry !.'@cg. 

SDA 

49 

2a 

la 

06 

05 

48 

27 

l4 

06 

05 

t!U. 4.1.10 rh.l 75% Espoad.lts aeed 

wo.L @Y rslr ir .ftdive t@chirg 

vhile 14% re !Mn!i!. M@ src is 

fsuilg a1 S.No 06 in nl}ins. 

83 

4.4 06

'tgDt 4.l.llt Ofunu of @ad.nictant ato .ftut& platunA 

-10) 

tA.l FEqEcy Ptui.g. 

ll. 

Dbu* lmi.g is b!s.d 

SA 

on .tr ctiv. plming ed (NC 

l3 4.12 0l 

DA 

SDA 

It k dd itr tb. rlblc 4.1.t1 llar ?7?a tlAoiddts a$Ed wirh rh. fl{.Mi rhst 

distanc.l.Mins is br&d oa efre.riv. plei.s ard oaetltioo, 10r.,,6 diegrced while 

t3% kE uc.itai! M@ see b 4.12 stich i! fsvouBble io thc at r.06r p€n&id 

'ta6L4.1.12: Opn io, of @demi.i@a abau wB oJ.nstm. .tht ctid (N-102 

t2. 

Th. scess of distee 

.du.5rio lot Uy d.podr 

upor trc F.!6rdory 

50 

29 

ll 

06 

04 

49 

2E 

06 

ra.t FH!.@ P.lwla4. Y@ R+ 

SA 

UNC 

SDA 

52 

ll 

ll 

M 

04 

5l 

30 

u 4.20 

'n rdl. 4.1.12 shos thar El% Gspold.ds aged with tk fid. thar 

s6 of did,@ .duatiotr d.p@& opon tb. pcpddory phe, 08yd diegEd *hiL 

l1% re wla, M@ se i! 4.20 *iicb hrc6 llc srdmdr T!. it@ is fiIlie ar 

84 

0l

'l.blc 4,l.llt nN pitu oJ @a.Ldlcrtu .bolt rceiei.A,.Lyatr t atqi.l @.ot.Ang 

No. 

DftnaeldEltid 

t vcl FEqqcy PamEgc 

&q 

orytlialiolDrkd A 

lj. posiblc br.U 6. s!&ds UNC 

10 FiE El4rrdrdi.l 

SDA 

t2 

0z 

05 

50 

ll 

t2 

02 

05 

4.19 g2 

It is lhoM i. llnb 4.1.13 ihat Et% rc6pord@ls aged *im rh. !t!r.n nr rhd 

disto@ .du.tio! qgei2atior DlkB !6$ibL 

for atl rhe sntddts to r4.iE ELvel 

Mrqid i! |@rd,e *ith sh.dui., 0 dbteE d slne t2yo *@ u.!t i!. Md 

9Ei!4,l9snidi!frvou.blebrt srsr@oa R !ti!g oit r oftte itd i! q2. 

T!}.La.l.l4t Opini

T.bb4.l,l5: O!,iai6 of-@a.L6ici@ abott fepdarid olnat /lal rcqsttes i,tt.Bi'e 

PFFrils of disr.le 

Lacl FEql@y P.|qt g. 

15. tur.risl Equis irre$ire IJNC 12 t2 4.05 07 

SDA 

Thc ri6L 4.!.15 daor6 drat 75% r!.pdd6rs ag!.d wirb th. d--Ft Sn 

ptpding of distra@ Datdial Equies inlcBiv. labou, 13% disg@d wh@s 12% 

P@ u6l@, M6 scoE ii 4.05 *hid is frvo@bl. to rbe starddr nE d!}ilg oda 

r*ie4-1.16: Opiiia of a.a.Lnicrw abou lollt .bciti6 tug@dng iLfiM. 

.ducdlon stsln (N=I02) 

L.sl IFqu@y Pdrd$g. 

16. 

Policy d.cisioB E8&di!e 

.listaE .du.rrion sysbh 

e r'!6 in die@t 

Hics of thc bildsiry 

tNc 

DA 

SDA 

It is Eflar.d i! tablc 4.1.16 rbat 7E% tqpolda$ .gctl wirh rh. st id.Dl lbal 

policy decisiom r.gddilg dca@.dqtio! et$d @ r.ta i! diffaal bodi6 ofrb. 

Bivdiry, 14% di$g.€d f,l'iL 09lo 96 ecdiain, M@ sc is 4.1I *{rich bvo6 

lhc slaLm.nt Thc itcm is fdlilg al S.No 04 in @king, 

86 

t0 

27 

07 

06 

54 

25 

09 

09 

05 

49 

07 

06 

25 

09 

09 

05 

a.ll

T.b!t4.l.l1. Opi,lon olc.d.,,nd@E abo,n Mfl,B rtc@84 ofadM .dE4ttoD 

.&adion Bysr@ ..! Btd i! 

l?. difaEt vri.d i.p. i.c.: 

. PGFntion .rd 

milirg 6c od.rirl 

L:El FEq15Ey Pcqr.g. 

SA 

IJNC 

DA 

SDA 

TlE tablc 4.1.17 ilos lbd ?5% .tqo!&.ts agled with lh. sair tbtr 

Lrg.t3 of disEre .d@tion G ael tbDwh prcFrario! ed mililg itc nEcrirt, 16% 

disgtt d eilh tr. st!&mat, 09% Es!o!d.nt! r@ @etub. M.d @r is 4.02 {hich 

ir bvo@bL io lb. 3t!tq@r TL @ling odd of lh. iLo ! 09. 

T&]G1.t.t7: Opinld ot@drDncrtu atu @.tW de @g.tt olats/@.thEati@ 

No. 

Trgets of dbtrle 

.du.5ri@ sy!t@ e D.r 

. - i! diEeMr v6d 3r.s 

. Usils it by th. 

50 

27 

09 

l0 

06 

49 

(, 

l0 

06 

t El Fequcy P.lqi'sc 

tNc 

SDA 

29 

l0 

l0 

07 

45 

2a 

t0 

07 

07 

4.t2 09 

1.95 14 

Th. rabL 4.1,17 l?val, thar ?l% r!.po&rs .gn d virL &. drLn tlr 

tqgctr of distare .(ttrc!do! ststd e dct i,trcugh siDg tlc hataial by ib. F1udmt!, 

it% disaeed wbil. 1elo q* ueitajn, Md $orc is 3.95 whi.n hrous lh. 

g,r.@d Th. itd ic f.llilA .t S.No la h @lia& 

E7

Tabl.4.t.l1t Opthton of4a.b,'ict@s abo'.t rcdw thz t@s.t, ofA dE .Atdio. 

T{gcl! of dis6e 

cdu4rio[ryrL[r@El 

i! ditr@nl wi.d sreps 

. U!i!8 dr Etaial 

by nroB ed 

6!.liai@ of t!. 

r,!d Frlcu.y P."d* !{- R+ 

SA 

(,NC 

SDA 

28 

t2 

08 

o7 

27 

t2 

08 

u 

3.9E t3 

Ir i! d.pi.t d toD th. talL 4l,l7 that ?3% cpord6E rgrEd io rL. d&o@r 

thlr blg.rs of distalcc cdrclli@ rt6r.o !& nd dNugh uing tb€ tur.rid by th. tuioB 

&d 6@lizado! of lb. BrL4 15% disgt .d *biL t2% ]r@ l@ri.ir Maa 6.@ ir 

3.98 e[ic! i! f.vourllc to th. .r*.n rr. R lrirg dd.r ofrh. it n tu No 13. 

T.b|l4.l,lE: Vhtpon of &dernci@s tl'd tuto6 provd. hE/edE gnit@. h tte 

int i&liv. guidr|@ io the A 

Ldcl FtlqEey Pe|6og. 

SA 3l 

18. snrdat3 ir nMirb. UNC l1 

l5 

DA 

SDA 

It i! cl* fiom th. t ble 4.l.l E ibrt 796 Bpolilclti aged io th. !tar@.d tbar 

cn sto6 pdid. id6!.tirc guid@ !o thc atud@ts i! nnod.ts, 1?,4 djs.grlcd. ll% 

re Uerr.i!. Md $@ is 3.92 shic! 6vos rlE sbr.enr Tlc i|d i! frlli@ al 

88 

06 

06 

45 

ll 

6 

06

T.blc4.l 19: Opini.n o! tad.tuciorJ@L8 tttdgr tuo 

-!02 

L.vcl FtlqErt PG'@bgG 

L@ins i5 f..iliilrd 

19. .!.6Dit ly thDueh tvo rry 

SA 

TJNC 

SDA 

Th. i.blc 4.1.19 cvsb 6d 7n/a Gpondds.gt!.d ro lb. stad@r rhlr 

L.eiry My b! f&ilitaild tbrcWh ts mt @M@ic!iio4 10e,4 dirlgE d vnne 12% 

rtr. wle. M@ sorc is 3,95 *dich is f.vo@blc io the l'trddt, Ite ireo is f.tlinc 

T!I'l.4.1.20t @add of @d.rnd@ dou .t dN E@,ing Ldirs fie$ 

dnotEh ICT| (N-t02) 

L*d FEqutry P.ltabg. 

Ef.clirc t &hi!g l@ing SA 

lrl)ls b f&ilr'rrlal A 

20. tmugh infomlti@ (.rNC 

SDA 

32 

,a 

t2 

05 

05 

45 

35 

l0 

OE 

3l 

17 

t2 

05 

05 

34 

IO 

u 

OE 

3.95 

4.t2 09 

It t !L 4.1,20 lhos rhat lEPl. !!spo!d.dr agFd wilb tLc strl@t tu1 

cff.crive leching Lming prc.6s is &.ilitorcd thsugl infodtion dd colMuication 

tehnolosie, 12% cponddE dislsEld wbilc l0% *@ h@rt i!. M@ ffi ir 4.02 

*hich favos the lrllddt Rarils oidd ofthc il@ is S.No. 09. 

E9

T.bh 4.1.21: Opi,i6 of a.t&nicifu Ita No vd! ctui.did I@ilitat8 t ehirg 

L@,tatFes lN-102 

ill sDol.@@t ta.il lEqll@y Pa..!r.gc 

2t. UNC 

DA 

SDA 

Tb hU. 4.121 r.Fs.d rbd ?6% Gpordd .gl!.d wirh th. shoor rbrl 

teo my oltltmi€tion duinS lh. brbhop6 f&ilit rB le.hj!8 t rhing FI)l*, I I % 

disrSE.d $ule 13% w@ ucstai!. Mcs @e b 4.01 which is favoMble io thc 

!rdd.nr. Ilt ii@ b hlling a,t sNo l0 in r&kirg. 

43 

l3 

05 

06 

42 

I3 

05 

06 

4.01 

Tabb4.l22. yitu poin! of acd.dncidn thd coM,i.diu E lDblogt t 

uddtdlt t @hieL@rl 

L.vcl FdMcv PmlAc. Yd 

22. 

l@blologi6 @ h.bnrl in 

q@nbriv. t@hi"s 

UNC 

DA 

SDA 

The t!5L 4.1.22 d@icrs rhn 7?96 t!.potrd.nE .gE!d with rb. d.hdr dlr 

comqierion techrologi* e Leltlirl 

'r 

l0 

qwrirdiv. t achhg l.eilg pb*q 14% 

dilagE.d to lhe sr.&b.nr whil.0970 w ud..n ir M6 $oF is 4.03 *6icn f!@B 

lh. si.ctmt The tuling ordd of th. id i! No 08. 

90 

4E 

3r 

09 

01 

07 

30 

09 4.03 

07 

01 

08

Te6|G1.121: lcad.ni.la8 

No 

23. 

s@.hc!l 

Inr@rivc &tiviri.s 

prvid. b.ttd Brdlr i! 

qu.lii.riw ta.ln"g UNC 

DA 

SDA 

ll 

05 

01 

43 

34 

ll 

05 

01 

a.0l l0 

Tt l!U.4.1.23 ildi€rd 6d ??16 nqodd@rs !g..d to t!. d--l l!.1 

intc.a.tiE &liviti.s prcvide b.tra BdB in qurliLtive t@hing Lailg FrBs, t2% 

dir.€r€€d while 1l% lw @Itu. M@ @rc is 4,01 *bicb is hvowbt to thc 

$ar.!ni Ttu itd ! huilg d S.No l0 i! leki,s. 

r.d. 4.l -24:,1cad.6lcttu s yia |bint iv ,t.r@tiu norirtts th. ttudzirt N- t 02) 

No. 

hidctiotr bctrg 

srder! dd t@hd axl 

u. uolg tn. ssrd.nts 

botiEle ln. studots. 

L€v.l FEqMcy P.twt g. 

UNC 

SDA 

5l 

21 

t2 

07 

05 

50 

26 

t2 

o7 

05 

4.09 

It b cviddt A06 rh. hblc 4.1.24 tbrr 76% E+odals .gt!.d lo ihc $!|!ftot 

dEl idcEiio bct*!c! rtulats ed r!€.has srd arDng ilc 5tud6rs notiv.tes th. 

studots, 12% disaE .d whjle 12% w. uneruin. Md @rc i! 4.09 $t ch frvous thc 

st3t b6t. Th. nnking ordd ofth. il@ is S.No 05. 

05

Tabh4.t25: r@ pod 4 @d.dtctd tid *aroB tnntvwnt ta 

coidbtt t to loyftl l@rie tN-102 

No. 

25. 

St t n nr ta.l Fr.qwy Pctqrig. 

Z€loq ilwl*ihr i! lt. 

stdt b.tga ia.Ld &d 

i!. 6ught conribdA ro 

s,{ 

UNC 

SDA 

l3 

l0 

09 

04 

45 

10 

09 

04 

405 vl 

T!. bbL 4,125 Evqb llal 7rt4 rBport ct! ag!.d to tb. rtd.hor tha eloB 

ilvolvd@r in ihc !tudy b.tv@ te&h6 ud t!. lrugbi cdlllibuE lo joyftl l.dj4, 

13% disagled whilc l0% rw eql.i!. M.& sF i5 4.05 rti.h h bvouEble b th. 

3t t@cnr'Ih. it o is frtliag d S.No 07 in tulilS, 

T.bb4.126: Ophlo, oJed.tti.ias t ot Jti.id! p.6od tM cottriltt s potitig 

No. 

Slllddr LlRt Ftultd Pdde ::,' 

A Ai.dly p.rlood to@ 

25. 6.dibia po.itiEly i! 

r.&hiD8l.oitrg p!*K 

IJNC 

SDA 

l8 

42 

t2 

05 

05 

4l 

12 

05 

05 

..b R!.k 

_ scoF ordd 

d00 ll 

Ir is cta 6@ tb. rrble 4116 rbd 7E t Es'o!&ols lgEcd ro $. 3ti!d€.i lhd 

a tiddly pdsotrd ro!. @ttibut6 poritildy in lahirg l.|milg plws, lfd 

di!!g8d wliL lz% wE not cl€d. Mq !c@ ie 4,00 ehich f!rcw 0F srailm€nl. I1| 

E liDg ordq of th. it mi!S.NoIL 

92

l.ble4.121. vifu F@tnt oJ a.aAtnn.lM ,.gd.ling tu16 s tot beaw.er tt d.nt znd 

tdd Frlquay P@an g. 

UNC 

SDA 

43 

ll 

06 

05 

36 

42 

ll 

06 

05 

.1.99 l, 

lr is Efler.d AoD de tslL 4.1_27 rhn 7E 6 rlstoadots.gad io lh. sta&m.o! 

tb.r ${or platr . si8rifi@t Flc b.twm snrdc ed irstitutio I l% dis.gred *!ile 

I l% k€ ucqt ir M@ *@ 3.99 vhich h fsv@bt. !o thc atst n ir. Tle iren 

's 

DOCI'MENTARYANALYSTSOFSECIION- 

Tbir s6ti6 ovcE dilf.Mt &peB of G..li!g lemjlg pD@s in lh. r@ts of 

tlilt@ edwtior ltFrics, Tte Esp@d.nts of thb qestioMirc w6 lh. Dadlnicim 

ofAla@ Iqb6l Op6 Univ6ity. Tbn opinid cl@ly highlidr.d diff.mt &gt6 of 

diiras€ h.l'ing L.ning Fes, Tlc Bpoiddts Eisl.d c!.t i! walo6q, 

strgnts ed suggBid !@rn@dalios for cfetiitlB of dtut d@ r*Hig l6irg 

pto63. A bricf !m!ry of rh.t Espoir6 h pGdted h.E. ft. w..b.ss poin d 

otl by the &addici@ imluded lta lh@ ii co@uicltion arp dodg lhe studlds. 

SondiG n alpad tllr did""e cdulrio. rhd.Dl ir a Fiv.r. 3tudq . 'ftdr is lrt of 

qu,li6.d FFmcl i! $c srstm Qulity of.dunio! is @r tuiniair.d e.I ald l[c 

rieha of ihe !tud.lts e b.ing !e8lar!d. Sudy sted Fgio.al eni6 @ &r at 

9l

eL hvdv6.d of ioo &ry !b* of r!.ty Foc... D.y er@ s6d@ ed 

totbtid ftr d&.tr. So, ir 6 twEit d tnd qudif..t 16!0@l tE qloid.d 

I tlnd!. M{inllE o!pdori!i.. of hErdod &! ib nd!@ *ith ildr r..!s! b. 

ltwid.d (hU.4-l2a). S\rin cdotd Dooiiai!8 of .ll ii. dn ni.. *i[ b. ,!.ftI 

6t b€n r 6.fdr8 L.Eiot Focs, &rqcln.dt ofFoF rlilingl t!6qta ouB 

&rt bG Did. for 6. lnd n th.r 6. t'or! o. *!ll nrrr .boln ih. l&.r @.q|r! 

Glbb 4127). 'Ib nry b. -"r,r'..td @ i.frEnid d rladn;dtu 

edboloti.r in U. dii6.c.du.did ryrln (Ilble 4.1.20). MG brdr.! h. dlo€ted 

br rt Fid Dndid &d rdio/ TV FogE@ etil. th. lyrtd t bdlioicd FoFty, 

94

'ni3 !6tim Ffl..t! th. cpo@ of ditrffir Lrct obLjn d rluoogh th. 

qlBtioMiE of i'dod. 'It6 e d ulda 

r2 QUESTTONNAIRE FOR TUTORS 

T.blc 4.2.1i ofatB abou lid.n d.,tl 

ldA@d@t sndy d&rirl 

k th. bekbo* of dim@ 

SA 

tNc 

DA 

SDA 

It is sLoM in thc ouc 4:.1 tbii 797. Bpond.lts rgEcd !o ihe it ctMl thal 

ind.!€ad.or study bsLlial i! l!. ba.L bon of dist recdMtio!,ll % dh.gE d shiL 

1094 9@ u!.dt8ir Me !@ is 407 *ticb i! Arcu.llc lo l! std€lFr. Tbe ird 

9gdS.Noltitrtutitr& 

'lable4.2,2. ree poitlt ofttro^ oboa @ntbtdio" dthtdt t N=78) 

2. 

rludoE i! PaKs&! @ 

conrilue rhei snrdi.s at 

30 

32 

08 

06 

02 

38 

l0 

05 

0l 

4.07 

L4l Frlqbcy Pa€ose m 

SA ll 

lJNc 

SDA 

Th. t !l€ 4.2.2 irdicdd rhai 85% $po!&ats ageld to tbe stat Ddi thd tb€ 

$dars @ @trtinE t!.t 5nldi6 al th.ir ou p&., 0E% die€rEd wbilc 08 % 

n3po!&!rs 9@ @cL.., Md s.@ i5 4.l7 dicl hrcs tL stlr.tHr n! Ertire 

ot{Lr oftl. iEn M No 07. 

95 

t2 

06 

02 

OE 

05 

03 

4_t7 

ll 

07

&h4.2.3: n4 pot"t oJ.ttlds dd de aq6t@d of,tudhs (N-7s) 

ltr 

sbr@r L-cr FEqu.ocy p*"s. y: ry 

Diside .du.{rid 

ddatsEy.djud&.n 

3tudns .eqdiig ro lhln 

sa 35 45 

A31 42 

3. uNc 05 6 4.21 05 

DA 03 04 

sDA 02 03 

Ir i! aid.d fioE t! t U. 4r.3 rh, t?% EFn&dl $r!.d lo r!. fr.nr 6tr 

thc sn)ddts Mt adjusl ih.ir idrdi6 aoording ro rh. circusr!@!. 0?y. diegEd $,1 t. 

06% wr wl@, I,lc6 ScoE is 4,23 *hi.h b &w@bt. to thc st temor R ntift 

ordd ofthc iid *.s S.No 06. 

Tab|'42A: opnn@ ofttt@t abolt Ekcti@ oft4tb (N=?8) 

I$J s"*-' r!v.r FEqEncy ,*"" m H 

A[ 1!. 3tud.rie of 

dillrle €dadio!.& &E 

in lhe *lecdod of th.'r 

sA 13 42 

41444 

uNc 05 06 4.t7 07 

DA 04 05 

sDA C2 03 

Thc raue 4.2-4 i!dic.r6 rblt E6% Bpondat3 agF.d to thc .I!r@cai ihat 

stud.ab @ 4.. in th. s.ldtior of rheir t6k5,08% dislgre.d ehile 06% vw ucl@. 

MdtuEir4.I7*iichf.voBt!.na&bcr . llcitoE S.No0?inEnliE, 

96

't,ldtc4.2.5t Ophian oftultt attu iB bar. o/di!n@. ..t/.atb" t stn (N-28) 

5. 

Ild.Fldtur sudy i! tb. 

ba. of distaee .duqtio! UNC 

t €l F !qt@y Pqet gc 

SDA 

t0 

12 

06 

08 

02 

]E 

08 

t0 

0l 

4.02 14 

Thc ilble 42.5 indicrt6 llar 7E% rBlElddts .gt!.{t to the si.rd.nt th.t 

inn.!..dor snldy n rbc be of d'istdc. .du.!ri@ stsro, l3cl. di,lgecd vrhilc 0E% 

wE hd6, Ivled eF is 4,02 whch h favoMbl. to th. nalclMt. T!. ii.h w 

f,!i!g rt S,No t4 il Eatilg, 

'r'bll4.2.5, Opnn^ of NM obo'lt t tutng tutowtu (N-7E) 

6. 

Tdhing l.4iog F...$ 

lotdly d.p€n& up@ ilc uNc 

kv.l FGq@.y P@nt gc 

SDA 

ll 

30 

08 

08 

0l 

]E 

10 

I(] 

0l 

4.05 t2 

It is Ev.d.d Aon lh. riuc 41,6 thrt ?8% Fspor.Lnis.€rted b rb. 3rrtqn@t 

th,l t..hhg Lei.g pro.* tonly d.!.nds l4on rL. lceilg dvircI|fut, ll% 

djegr..

'ftb!l4.2.7: k v po,! oitttot dnou btdned.cki.s (N=75) 

,tr 

str@. rdcr FGq"*y p**"s. m H 

sA l.l 42 

Tbe $dat3 of dilar@ r{ 31 1|() 

7. d"#@ r& .r.cirioB nNC 08 t0 4.15 0t 

DA 05 06 

sDA 01 0l 

T b bblc 4-2.7 t!a.d! th E2% clmdab .gEd ro tb. ctr.E@r rbd !tudots 

tatc d.cisid i!d.Fnd6dy, 0?96 diss!6d *tit. lel. l@ uac.isin. M@ ffi i! 

4.15 *tich is f!vo@bl. b rh. st r.oenr Th. ilcn B fatling .t SNo 08 in @kirg. 

T.b|c4.2.8: Opiii@ otatus dota d.db, dw idr6 (N,78) 

tff .T*' racr FGq*., r"^.* m e 

E. 

Ildepad.lt ltrdy is noE 

hcbtul h clqtilg lw 

idas in F^r|lng lcalirg 

sA 2t 32 

A 24 3l 

uNc 14 lE 1.71 20 

DA 12 15 

sDA 0t 04 

Th. t ble 4.2.8 rL@t ! tln 63% 'sp@&oc aged to th. sr.t@dr lhll 

irdcp@dot $rdy i! Ec b.bftl i! @ti!s t4 iit .s i! lacbils t .Eiog FlFs, 

l9lo d'slgEd whilc 18% lw rllMrai!- Me.n r@F is 3.71 *tdch frvow tlc 

6b!cm.nl. Th. @line ord.r ofth. iteh ws S.No 20. 

9E

Ttbb4.2,9t Opi,ion otnnes abtt eiqiy otg.tine oppui!,ti, N-7E) 

'tr s.'rdar kv.r F,!q.*y p*Es. lg tul 

9. 

'tr 

sA 14 44 

l|1241 

IJNC l0 13 4,4t 03 

DA 04 05 

sDA 08 l0 

It b did6l t@ rh. i.btc 4.2.9 rhlr 85% Bponde.E .gFc.l to thc sraL@or oDt 

dttale .du..tion ltultcnts e cEiou of g.ning opF.tunity in t lljng insttwti@, l5oz 

disagred *bil. 13% q@ E€qi.ir M6 or b 4.41 wbich k flvoulbL lo ih. 

st i.nc . IrE i.E w A[ing d SNo 03 in 6!lirg. 

'labb 4.2.10: yid toi'! 4t dttd abou ptcparory wt 6=78) 

s''rdc., r.v.r FEqwy p*"s. m H 

sA 36 46 

Prcpelory m* i! A 35 45 

10. disr,ne .dE!tio! is iusr UNC 07 V9 4,56 Ol 

forcff..riw rabirg. DA Oj 06 

sDA 05 06 

Thc tablc 4.2.10 fl.als ihlr 91./o &3po!d4r5 ag@d to thc n r.menl that 

pcp@tory turL is nut for efi€.riE !...hiag, 12% die€ned ro 6. ll.r.oat white 

09/6 9@ dr da- M@ sE is 4,55 stid f.rcG thc st ddr ft. Drtile odd 

99

'l,hl'42.ll: Opirid of hrdt abtut rt Btr. ptsdrA@ @gdtzdks (N=ZE) 

'liil' sr!r@.Dr ra.r F*qufu, p*"g. Y* e* 

-*oEonl.r 

sA 34 44 

Iltcuiv. plimrilg ald A 30 38 

rl. dseizttio! i! rquiFd fd r'NC t2 t5 4Aj 02 

c..hiq l@i.g Fl)c*. DA 08 lo 

sDA 04 05 

Th. tablc 4-2.11 shos ibfi 82% tBlonddts agEcd to th. sr.rqMt rbit 

inLBiv. pl@ing &d orBeiadon is Equircd for t4hing l€ming pro.cs, 15% 

di$gr€d vhilc 15 % 'w et d@. M..! lle b 4.43 stich is favoq$lc ro th. 

sLt@or 'ft. iL6 w &niDg !a SXo 02 i! nlling. 

Tab|'1.2.t2: Opinio, otnttt onoa wst oldu@ .e.cdid (N=7e) 

'tr s'.*an kv.r FEqecy p"*"."e. Y: PI 

sA 33 42 

?rcp@tory ph!$ prcvid6 A 31 4i 

12, th. bos &r the sulg. of UNC t I 14 4.4t 03 

di5f!@.dEti@ DA @ t2 

sDA 04 05 

Thc LlL 4,2.12 Ffl@ts thrr 82% Bpddots ag@it ro lL. sraihcnt lhar 

pFps.lory phse prcvide thc be for th. su@$ o{ distae €dutiorl, l?96 disgrcc

Tt!|. 4.2.ltt Opt tor olr'hn abo,t Grtstbg tt,id.,t (N-za) 

,tr 

sbr@r kr.r FE9*y pa€ns. l9l I 

sA 23 29 

Tuor i! .lst! !q.ly fd A 3l q 

f3. Bini.g lb. dlrfr d IJNC t! t/r l.7g 19 

DA l0 tl 

sDA 03 04 

Ir i, ltoM i! th. r$b tl.l3 6d @t6 r! Dddd.gr!.d to rh. dd.|!6t thd 

nnor ir dwlF rady for aisriog th. !rud.d6 j $UuLd dn , l di!.gr!.d *nib 

l/t% Ft u6t id M..! s! i! 3.?t eniA n i]o@UG io rh. !nh@r Th. ir.o 

*r! flliEs d S.No 19 i! rE&i!9. 

T.blc4.2.t4: na pbt o! tu/,tt abod qalrt @t oa@B (N-75) 

'tr s.*-t t .l Fcqry r-"-"* H H 

14. 

qtdity @|!e ot!.e.3 

d.!@d l|F! o*i!8 t 

b6l e of @irr3ity 

sA 24 3l 

AlO3E 

uNc 12 15 3.t] t7 

DA !l la 

sDA 0l 0l 

Th. ilblc 4,2.1a Ei..a! td 6tt E{dd.d lSEd lo r!* ,rl@.d &!a 4diry 

@w our.oEB d.?ad lpm Drtirg tb. b.r M of 'rdvcniry rroB, 15% dirgr€d io 

t!. ..rdndr wnik 15% sq! @ld. M@ sE i! i.83 wiicb &t!G t ntu6r 

Th. dting ordq ofrtr it@ w S.No l?. 

l0l

1l1.a.215: Optnlor o/ Mts lor dl th. potds tn th. qtL 

-78 

t v.l FrlqHcy P.!wl!gc 

15. 

Fmd rtrd.d ro disr.n@ 

tc!.bjr8 orgeiudoD, .ll 

the poiob in the crlc @ 

dctctui!.d q&tly. 

SA 

TJNC 

SDA 

'ftc i'ble 4.2.15 p6b &!r 7l% ET.ldoas .gcd b rh. crd@dt tbar all rhe 

poilrs b tbe clcl. AoD 3tud6r ro dtun@ 4r-hin8 org&i2ltior aE &hined *dtr, 

16% disgEd *biL 14% wa |!Et!ir M..! sE i5 3,?8 ehich ir Arceu. ro th. 

dry! TL itd *!! blirg d S.No 19 i! 6ntin8. 

'1'l'!14.2.16. Paibilit, h, all th. $t tott to retu ndtiol ar aplbi,ttl ties 

Orseizd@ D*6 

FsibL for !l iLc ard.lts 

16. io @iE Fquircd 

docfimtY @t6id .r 

20 

ll 

l0 

02 

26 

45 

l3 

03 

Ld.l FrlqlE, Pa6t g. 

SA 

UNC 

SDA 

2l 

J4 

l5 

0? 

0l 

n 

l9 

09 

0t 

3.1E 19 

1.85 t6 

-Ihe ubl.4.2,16 d.picts thst 7l% r!3pondclr, agF.d to ihc srlreD.d thar 

orgdiz.tioD Eak6 po$ibL fo. all thc srtrd.nrs to @.irc Fquircd

T&L42.171 P6ttb ly oftileacttE gdAatur to alt th.,t d.nt (N-7E) 

itr si',rd.or rrEr FEq@cy p.n@t sG lh tuS 

sA 22 28 

bci&tie guirh@ r. .ll A 30 3E 

t7. $. srdld! i! posibL in UNc t6 zl 3-79 18 

DA OE IO 

sDA V2 03 

Tb. rdL 4.2.17 EOet3 &a 66./a n p@daE lgt d ro rb. ifi.d lhd 

inardiE gui&n . lo dl th.3tuit@& i3 poclibL i! iutorirta l3% dins!.d stilc 2l% 

*4 @aaio Md $oI! i! 3.?9 *iicb i! frumbL ro dE sr.@6t Tt iid B 

Albs d SJ{o 18 i! dtilg. 

Tab|'a.2.lEt Apid$ of tuon Bsqetg.*v'6t.o@d.4bt (N-7E) 

Iff sr"...o r.v.t Ftlq,o y r"-"" ffi-ffi 

sA 32 4l 

Teli!8 laeirs pl@er A 2E 36 

I8. @ b. bcilit !d itill{b UNC ll l? 4.tO l0 

trowy.o@uicrri@ DA 04 0j 

sDA 0l 0l 

It i! did6r toE l!. r!bl. 4,2,18 thrt ?7% r.!po!d@t5 .gtlcd with tE !tuc 

rhn c..ti!g l.dilg pr@s qn bc flcilirit d rbiough ts uy coMuicltio4 06% 

disecd dil. l *fr u|gi.ir M@ sE b 4.10 wlich f.vo6 r!! rtardror 

Thc tul(jls orda of &. it@ E S.No 10. 

t01

Iab1'4.2.r9: ntupotd Hsqdl,s i,,k4dton @d Mutdcznon bchetode, 

No. 

-7E 

19. L.hrolosidt lpc&criE 

lld.lilg l@ing pc€! 

ktd F lqley peargc 

UNC 

DA 

SDA 

3l 

ll 

06 

0l 

37 

l4 

OE 

0l 

4,03 t3 

Il i! lbom i! 6. qbt a,2.l9tl|lt ttlDodot3|gtlcdsirhrh.ilt@otlhlr 

ioftd'Iid .rd .o@uicdid ccDrolosid h.lp .&.lir rq.bing r@irg pF€,, 

0 di{g!.d rniL 14% q4 ledoi4 Mo &oF L 4,o3 *nic6 i! AvoE bt. to rh. 

!r.r@.d Th. itd eB illilg d S.No ll in di!g, 

't!6L42.Nt Odaton ahou b.nn Wons,t s otteo vcr.ohwru.atx[ (N_78) 

No. 

20. 

Woltl!.!! Fovi& b.itd 

oltorrbitid of lru sy 

c.)@uicrrio in th. 

EbiDg laEilg !ift*, 

td.l FFqua.y P@r.9. 

&{ 

TJNC 

DA 

SDA 

29 

t2 

0l 

0l 

42 

37 

l5 

u 

0l 

4,t5 0E 

It cl@ nlD D. t$L 4.2.20 lhrr 79% Espondcds agrEd io rh! strLD.li iln 

's 

w*lhoF Fovidc baEr oppdrulitic. of irc My coElMic.lioD 05% dis.sEd qtiL 

l5% 94 ecdl.in. Mcla S.@ is 4.li *.ti.! farcur lhc sritch.nr. ftc turim oidd 

104

T'&.ba.z2lt Vkryottt Ee@dtry qu,titdn r@rjrrtt dlug\occts (N_75) 

i,T sr.tur r,Er FE$Ec, k-ns. 19 R+ 

Ql@didiE la.!i!8 SA 32 1l 

ldlilg Fo..!.i!po.riDlc A 21 16 

2r' thow! i!ftilrd@ od UNC 12 tS 4!7 ll 

DA (X 05 

sDA 02 01 

h L 4id.ot t!@ rt l.blc a.2.21 drd Z,94 r!.po!dan, |gtlcd io tb !a@.d 

td q!.!titdiv! Eii.S hcrilS Foc.ls ij po6libL eurgb iDftmdid dd 

@oDui6rioo t chDktSics, 0E% di!|€rlcd to th. lirl-tFr stitc l5% i/g! reanir 

M6 !@G L 4.(n *iid is Ercurbt io r!. {l@rd. Tb. iro wr, fi[i!8 a S.No ll 

't.bh 1.2,22: yLr polrt oJ nto6 dgdiAtE htfutN 6tud., (tt-7E) 

ttr r,"--, ,*, r**, "."-"o-E-B 

IdaEliE tlivitid S,C 3t 4 

4124t 

2 oppottniticsfor UNC I t4 a.ll 09 

qu.lit.liw r...hiog DA 03 (,4 

LaDiDSF!.€!, SDA 0l ol 

7b tftb 42.2 5lon4 rlr Et% EAordar! .gt!.d ro th.,Gan lln 

iltd.dirc ..rivitid Fovid. b.da or?oituiri.r fd quditdilr E [i!g t irilg lrlcax 

05% dilglcd etil. la% e@ retnir M@ ..oE i! 4,14 rvbic! hvol6 ti. 

rLr@lt Tb n!li!€ oid.( of tL ii@ w S.No 09. 

105

-78 

21. !.trobgi.. h.lp e! 

l"rort pLarc io 

ta.tiDg L.llilg Foc..., 

Etddtg l@d,A ph@. bl E&l,rA l@dtg ptutr 

SA 

TJNC 

DA 

SDA 

u 

3E 

03 

tl 

0l 

32 

19 

04 

t1 

0l 

3.95 l5 

'Ib r&L /t_223 Ed..r.6.! Stri,!qood.dt3.g!qr 6 tD. s&o.ot 6!r 

il$rndo! &d cdoroicrioo t cbdodd r.b Dor! lG@nS,h.ac i! la.hi!8 

LrDiog F!c..s, 15% ,tr.rg-!d stib (r* !it! r|edL M@ !.oE i! 3.96 r|ld i, 

fib@H. ao rt rid.d!d. ,Ib ir.rb E d SNo 15 i! tuti!8, 

T!!l.a224 qtbt otaaqt obotd h.Utadr ddren qd,.4t r (N_7i) 

No. 

Fridly .adnr& ofEta 

2{ -,1 6. nusb HF 

pcdtiE i! Efilg 

rwd FtlqEcy Ps!al.g. 

SA 

UNC 

DA 

SDA 

Th. nblc .1224 deici. &n t6% ,!.fbod.d .grEd !o tb .r.tur tn 

Aidly dind. of rb ta.t6.!d tb legh t tD. F€iriE i! t ...hi!g hrog p*r, 

0l% dieg!.d '*di!c 13E @!.t i!, M.r @ s a.3? enicb [r@o6 lb 

3M.at Tlc dtiig orda ofih. i6 e!. S.No 04. 

106 

4t 

25 

t0 

0l 

00 

53 

t3 

l3 

0l 

00 

1.37

TabL4.225: nqpoi.! oltuott t gddiry th. b.n @we af ..Durrt aior 0{=78) 

No. 

Tdd b O. b.!r .ote of 

25. collE@icrtioo b.ir@ 

3tuLlr a.l irditniG 

trEl FEql@y Pd.!r.gc 

&{ 36 

UNC 

DA 

SDA 

12 

05 

u 

0l 

46 

4I 

06 

05 

0l 

125 05 

'I!. r.bL 4:25 i.vab tbd E?96 nQold.ols .gE d lo rt lbrad tn bro! i! 

llc b.3 $!c of cdd@icrrid b.t$6.n&!r.!d th. ildinnioa 05% disgE

F!..dc Il dt6 $. ddsd! io.dc ft.tft!!, n $. !@Gt&d tu dd.d,! 

.id.t b. D&.aql|nr.ot'. rtrildtr d @@id tub8i! ory b. 

o..d (I.DL 42.19. Tlc dri. of rddr Dd b. fid, tui!8 ib e(n||r ad tb 

mlcs.F G.U. a22O. Stpaeirioo !d Doibriq ,rdd nld bc .rE.Drit 

(Lbt 421t. lr n .d! doog cmEujcdion od ille.ciid t iq,a l.r.h( ed 

t!]d.qtr. t}e collB ofrald l} AIOU !.cd dilioo Tntor. $outd b. pl.p

I! thi! r@tio4 rh. opiii@ of r!. ,!!po&E AlD U. $€do@iF ftr lrr&rts 

13 QIJESTIONNAJruDORSTIJDf,NA 

T@.4.1.1: yt wtta nt@.tr'e cww, ,Do,tt t M,tdt tv-t251 

tr sbra'r rad F,!q!.!cy p..-"e. Y: !g 

s,{ 136 25 

Tl| !rtd.rr!! c rctt A 97 26 

!. rsF $out ib. uNc tt2 2l 4.15 03 

i!.lividulizrdnrdy, DA lto 2l 

SDA 30 6 

Th. rrbL a.t.t lhoB tt t t!6 rt*ordar, .s!.d b rtE sr|,.o6t tlrl tt 

6'hr c wrl !%E |!ou th. ildividutiad srdy, 2?% ,sDood.c di!.grEd vn c 

2l% ea! @!riu Ma! FE ir ar5 eiic! i! hbquc b r! id.b.sr fL ir@ 

$! flli!8 .r SNo 03 iD rutio& 

l*1!2--.tu@4p,*ot 'o* - t r"t'. t*,t'** tt=:::: 

''ff si't@.d kv.r F,lqrgy r"".** H H 

sA t:to 27 

- bd?@dar fidy i! uoE ' .' 

z t lptut fo. &. sda&. uNc 100 19 441 04 

DA97IE 

sDA 5l l0 

TL rtbl. a.32 indctt6 r!.r 53% F.!o!daB .gEd b rlF 3rd.@nr lblr 

ildadd.nr idy i! '@ hclptul fo! t!. !tud.or!,2S% di!.gEcd v.lilc t sw 

uc.idr M@ rcoF b 4.41 *tich fivou! 6. da.|Mi Ti. tuIing ordd of rlE it n 

109 

26

T.bh a33: O?inion ofrl@ tnda$ dou! tuatlv thinti,g (N=S2j) 

ftd 

,ff s*d Lw.t FEqudy pq..dg. yj& tu* 

L 

t"dcF€.d."r study hGlF 

sA tas 2E 

- s6t ofitd 

A 138 26 

t,Nc 95 l8 4.O Ot 

DA |3 22 

sDA 34 5 

It is efle&d Aom tu sbt. 4.3.3 rh.r 54% cpon t ltj agE

'lrbba.t.5t O ,nnoft@. t eu q4ttt@Mt 4ME N-t2, 

No. 3d F,.q*r r""-"* ffi 

SA 151 29 

5. 

qsdm .lrE..rivity i3 

@l FsibL i! ird.padat 

UNC 

DA 

SDA 

TIE trbl. a.!.5 d.picb rtd jj% tqdd.,r, !€r!Gd to ti. ob6r tr.. q,Eioo 

laE ativiry i5 er F$iblc in ildlpada! ,rriy, 2a% di!gr!.d qtjt. 196 *@ 

!'Mi!iD Md $oG ir 3.56 eticl ir Eloubt to rtc d.la6r t!. tuli.g orda of 

Tfi|aa.t.6t vt votu o! 'td.att EE@Arg /l('E,s h. ory^nt, of essb, 

No 

Ild.tad@r sld, 

6. orloftDirt 

\17 

l0l 

I@ 

24 

2E 

l9 

l9 

Iad Fr!$ey Pat oLg. 

SA 

uNc 

DA 

SDA 

135 

120 

l(x) 

tt2 

58 

5 

51 

23 

t9 

2l 

ll 

05 

3.52 06 

It i! cvid.or too th. t|bL :t.3.5 rld 75% Elpond.nb |gFGd to rh. !1116.61 lhi 

ild!!.rd@l ddy I!.& rh. oDF tunity of dieBio4 32% di!.gr!.d wbih l EF 

u!.ar.ir M@ $@ i! 3.52 *,tich firrw rb. dd@6t Tlr. itd! w f.Ii!8 !r S.No 

|ll

T.bJ.4.3.5bt Opintd oftaddt ftgddiiE helfrt in bi.si,A o,t @ kl,q N-j2, 

No. 

Ldcpddat srDdy ie 

hd!ftI i! bringiry o|n n4 

6b. UNC 

L.Kl FFqudy Ptuhs. 

DA 

SDA 

138 

t31 

96 

l13 

a6 

26 

1E 

22 

8 

3.41 t2 

I b Fflei.d im thc b!t.4.3.6b thsr 52% Eclod.t nts sgled lo th. !t!i.h.rt 

thli indcpddelt study i! h.btul in bringilg oln n* id6. 300,6 dislgF.d stilc IE% 

\rw sc.nair M@ eG t 3,41 $tid i! Avoulbl€ io lhc a&i.Mr Th. tutilr 

diLr ofll. ia B S,No 12. 

Tab]c4.3J.: yiapoittt otsn'.l2an rcsqArE ata,tid olte@ni'a @-j25) 

No. 

Indcp.ndqt study belps in 

6c. r.i.ntior of l@irg uNc 

IrEl Frcqbcy P@trg. 

DA 

SDA 

137 

l4l 

t04 

w 

l6 

26 

27 

20 

20 

7 

1,,14 

Ir is cld 6on 6. t !1. 4,3,6c rht 5l% cpoldots agE€d to rb. 3ratdhl tht 

id.p.rdo! snidy help. i! rctdtio! of teir€ 27Vr diegr!.d vr,litc 20% vw 

e.!iair. Mcd soE is 1.44 *hich favos th. sllreEenr. Thc ntD ws fallilc sr S.No 

l12 

l0

T.bb1j.&t qnn@ oJsi'& t abou gter,s Me astirr l'trnn s (N-j2t 

Itd 

il: sraEfud L.v.t FEqhcy p*"g. Y* tu* 

sA 140 21 

lnd.Fld.nt .!rdy gjv6 A t4t 27 

6d. t[oE qu.lity of l@iDs UNC E9 t? 3.40 13 

Morc qudiry of m* is 

posibl. in ind€pcsdst 

DA l0l t9 

sDA 54 l0 

Th. t!bl. 4,3.& d.pich rhd 54!,6 raepondots agIed ro thc aial.|Mt ihlt 

ind.p6d.nt rnl

T^bL4.3.6f1 ndpoir rcStdnE lotping th. stud.rls to b. tuiM N-52t) 

ftd! 

il: sh'*ar re.l FEqu*y p.'*1,s. ya R.* 

ri,r.?-'d4r 3nl4 b.lF 

sA lI 25 

A 136 26 

- sc@ onld 

6f. uNc lt2 21 3_3E 14 

|h 5nd@ts to be frioB DA9718 

sDA n9 09 

IrE table 4.3.6f sho*! rhai 5t% FsFld@E sgE€d to tb. 31at drdt lhat 

i!d.F!d.nt strdy [el!s lh. studdl! to bc si@, 2?% dieeed *,tril. 2t% rcr€ 

u@!tair, Md src is 3-3E enid i! fsvoebtc to rh. sr.r@t rr The ir@ w frttir. 

1.b|'4.1.1: rt rpo t ago.b,gupttAttt tt|.btdt t h @ zalN N-52j) 

iT 

1, 

sta-."r r,.r F,tqbcy p"*"s" m H 

Ildlpoddt .fidy L.lF 

thc snrd. s of dilr4cc 

.duc.tior to b. norc 

sA r4l 21 

A 146 2a 

lrNc 93 18 3,46 08 

DA t07 20 

sDA 38 7 

It ! shou i! tlc trbtc 43.7 ttlr 55% EF.do& .gr.d to r!. drLtunt rhrr 

i!d.p@dc!tri'dy hclF tt srd.lts r, b. Ileatou.2?96 dissgrE d viilc l8r49F 

!&at ir Md src is 1.46 vlich hvos rL. 3t LD..r T[. Ed..ile ordd of thc iid 

I14

TrbL4j.8: r@vat,t oJrtudenr..g@.nng d.dton oft E6t (N=J2j') 

8. 

Dlree dE{io! is ooc 

h.bftl for c.6tioa of tJNc 

t*l fi.qu@y pd6r.g. 

DA 

SDA 

l/() 

t4l 

89 

l0t 

54 

27 

27 

t7 

l9 

IO 

3_40 t3 

It is .vfthn Aoh ti. r.bL 4.3.E thd 5t% crpoldcnrs agEcd lo lrE stdtudt it r 

disLe .du!,rior is @r h.tptut foi ...aio! of id.rsl, 29"/o disgIr€d ,tit. 17% 

w ulcqt iL M@ ed! i5 3.40 *,ti.h i! f.voE$L io th.3r,&@r Tt i&D *E 

bniog d S.No 13 iD nakilg_ 

r!6L43.9: Opdtiin oJ tat bdt aboo tM.not tuM E.tLgM .dudd 

9. 

ReE disl o6!8 aE 

Ded.d mG i! dist&@ uNc 

t El fEquay P.|@i'sc 

SDA 

138 

r35 

96 

lll 

45 

26 

I3 

2l 

9 

1.40 1a 

Il is Ed.cted Am th. rabL 4.l,9 rhll 52% Espodt nrs agtlcd !o rh. starddt 

thrt m.dial nesslc e ft.dcd ooE in dis.@ .dujioo, 3f,6 disgE€d *nib 18% 

ss! rec€rail M@ se i! 3.r() *nici f.vos tb. stacodr Th. turils o&r of lbc 

ll5

'Iabl. 4.!.10: ukv. poitt ol s/d.48 abor *tuaq oJ qwtity ofrti [q ttu illdent, 

10, UNC 

rdd PEqud.y P@er.se 

SDA 

lal 

I116 

93 

107 

38 

27 

28 

l8 

20 

7 

t_$ 

It i! seLd &oh rlE rablc 4.3,10 rh.t 5J% BpoD&nrs ag€ed b $e srlt mqr 

thlt dhrele .deiid @ pevid. llmty of qudiry of qo* for tb. ,ndang 2?96 

db€Md ro rh. srdtuot qn c lE% l@ uEcbi!. Md tu k 3.rt6 *tich i! 

f.vou$|. ro thc srd@@r n'. ir@ Mr .&ti!g !t S.No 08. 

't&L4,3-l|: ri* poidt oftlvd.rB r.g@tti,g q.ation oJw i&at (N-j2, 

ll. IJNC 

La.l F lq'fuy P.rnas. 

DA 

SDA 

135 

l3l 

ul 

|2 

Th. rrllc 4.3.11 dcpicts th{ '% Gpondcnrs.gEd to thc !r!r.lmr dDr 

distae.du..lio! is oEldlrivclt h.lptul i! datirg n* id6. 2E% disgE d lo rhc 

nd.ncnq 2l'lo rlsFnddts }w ec.rr!i._ M@ eG is 3.41 $dich favoG inc 

!t ncn!. Th. @king ordd of thc it',r ws S,No 12, 

6 

26 

25 

2l 

2t 

01 

3,41 

08 

t2

Tabfu4.\.rz: ktu pn oltutu d@ ,arritt y ol @htw ol t@hbts t@d,s 

.::" stlr.oar D-*_ Md Rrr 

t*d F.qEy po!€d"s. ffi ffi 

SA 

12, UNC 

21 t_45 09 

DA 

SDA 

It is widmr tom I!. rabt. 4.3.12 thd 52% 6pon

'tablc 4.3.14: liapot t ol stur.,ls rcgdAnA h,t r@tiw @tteitia (N-t2 j) 

Inten tivc a.tivitid i.lp 

14. cui6ity ir rb. rnrd6! of 

r.v.l FFqu4y P@.tagc 

SA 

(NC 

DA 

SDA 

145 

t38 

95 

34 

28 

26 

l8 

22 

06 

3.47 07 

The trbL 4,3.14 snos tl,r 54% r*pond.q! .g€d to rh! srdd.fl lt r 

ilcn tit a.tivitiB h.lp qiGiry ir th.3hrddB of diltss. .du.!rio!, 2S{,6 disgr!..I 

io tlF s1aitu \tilc 1896 E! bcqt i!, Mo rcoE k 3.47 *ni.[ i! &voE!!tc to rh. 

ea.Mr In i.o s Lllilg .r S.No O? in turiq. 

'la6b4.).15t Opi,ti.,a abord c./j,,etii.dion EchtuIogt tq.ati@ of nt 6t i, tk 

No. 

l5_ 

tdlelogiB pby 

signi6@r bL in cMting 

intccd h th. 3tud6ts. 

L.v.l FEqufuy P@r.s€ 

tjNc 

SDA 

Il is shoh in thc irble 4,3.15 that 55% Gpondcnrs agF.d to rhe sutcmdr th4t 

@mbicltion t6lDologi.6 pLy signifi@r nL i! crtatilg iltcrcst in ibe sluddi! 29% 

di$gred to ilt stltetue whilc l57o wE Dcd1.ia M@ s@rc is 3.46 qdich favow 

t4E 

t42 

6c admdt IE Dnl,ing odd of th. icm ws S.No 08. 

llE 

8l 

l16 

38 

2a 

21 

l5 

t 

01 

3.46 08

ft|.1.3,l6: n Wot't ot ttd. t dgcA'g .DMr@det ld,g w td.@ 

No 

C@i'riic.d6 tdF E* 

15. ida, io b-liie l.Iriry IJNC 

kvd rEqla.y Fa..ang. 

DA 

SDA 

l5r 

t17 

l0l 

tg2 

a 

29 

2A 

l9 

l9 

05 

3.55 05 

'IL rrblc 4,3.16 (|d tb jTta llqdol! |er!.d ro ttr,bEo.d th 

comuicdoo h.lF Ew id4! ir Elilg t .rniDg F!...d 24% di..g!Gd stilc 19% 

E! |@rbin Ita! ro!! i. !.56 *tid ir ivqDDL to tb n.id I}. ilo s, 

flliig r. S.No 05 i! rurir& 

Ttu4j.tl: uLvpobt d r'td.!6 t go4's @Mrcdro*bflau,g h t ddto,l 

Co@Eicdid bh! 

U. h!.li.s iloldio! .f dr 

3r||d.d in lroll lc-!i.8. 

rrvll PEq!6ry Pcrl.g. 

t|o zl 

u 

UNC 

DA 

sDA 

136 

I 

nl 

/u 

It 

zl 

OG 

3.A ll 

, I! ir cLr nld rb. tru. a.3.l? rta 53% r!.!ordar' {E diott ,rn@.tn rhlr 

cD-Eh.rioo HF h!.riry $. iloldim of tL od.d i! noc tcr!i!g. 29ta 

dirgr!.d enil. 16% vaE '!.aniL Ma! sor! i. 3.42 lvii.h ivoE lh. n.l@6r 

Th ruIirg oil* ofdr itcD B SI^Io ll. 

u9

TzbL4.3.lE Ophtla ol ttua.d, abo c Mrirti

't2bft4,3.20: ru4bizt r.Sotfrng ,,provhE tte q,otir, ol t ehir. t oing FM, 

No, 

20. 

l.cbnolosiB e bcbtul i! 

ihpbving th. qu.lit of 

rabing l€4i!g F.c.st 

L.v.l FFqu*y P@taee 

I'NC 

ll i! d@i.t€d in &. l.bL a.3.20 rh! 52% Eaorddt3 .ged to rb. lrlldcnr ihat 

@muicnion te.belogi6 E h.lptul in ihproviry d. qudiry of r!a4hi!8 l@ing 

pt!c4, 3e,6 disgE d wbil. 18% wF wqlli,r M@ s@rc i! 3.40 e{ich ir 

favo@bl. to thc slat n@r T!. tu&ing o.!k( ofrb. ir@ E S.No I l, 

DA 

SDA 

'rfii. 4.X.2t: Op ,an ofttrd.n^ abot posh tty of qt@ity ofvuL (N-t25) 

Q@tity of w* 

lcsiblc wilh th. N 

2t, IINC 

138 

t35 

96 

lu 

45 

26 

IE 

2l 

09 

3.40 ll 

Lelcr lElEd P@'r.4. Yh Rq'k 

SDA 

t{! 

l4l 

89 

101 

54 

21 

27 

l7 

l9 

l0 

1.40 

It ir E0et d AoD li. r.ble 4.3.21 thl 54% Espo.dd&.grEd 10 ib. $.i.oc!t 

lllt qudtity of eorr b posiblc wilh rh. w of co@@i.dioo tchnologi€sr 29lc 

diegrc.d to thc statmmr whilc 17% wd wt@. Mtu scor. is 3.40 r'tich hvos the 

ri.r.d.nt T!. ica % fallilg at S.No 13 i! rulilg. 

I2l 

l3

't"bt 4.t2, y#ffr of ,ad.na As@na @ oI @n@i.atu Ectsobgiq 

22. 

U* of @d@icrd; 

t .bmlogid !!E or& lhc 

L.El fr.qu@y pd@bec 

SA 

t@hDg l.ditrg pro.B3 tNc 93 l8 3,46 08 

SDA 

ftc rabte 4.3.22 EF*nrs rlw 55% E!ro.dq& sgEed ro the ,raid@t rbd e 

of comEic.ni@ t cnlobsi6 hs b!d. th. l.r.hing l.elg Foc€ss tuE .ft.rirq 

2?96 dieglrd $,t'iL t8% q@ @.rt!id M@ aoF is 3.46 sti.,h i5 f.v@bte ro tb. 

std@6r Tle i.o B .l S.No 08 i. ,rotirg. 

DOCI'MENTARY ANALYSS OF SECIION C 

ni! sti@ o16 diflcu a3p.c! of btiEe laEi.g pN6 ir rdD! of 

distae edu.dio! rb6.i6. Tt rtudars of vdiou Dgiou of Alt da hbd oFa 

UliBity alorswi0 Azd Jsmu .d Kllhnir Pw giu a quddo@ic @E stin, of 

$c qucnioB b.s.d d thG b@ri.s di!.us.d in tb. sturty. The opinjoB of th. 

Eslondats s@ rcfl4ridg diffcrdr $p!.is of &aching Lmi,g F.cs, fte 

Bpordents shof,€n @rcm .bout rh. Elk .s&s of re&hing l€eilg !roe$ of 

{ti!!a@ du.a,rioD ad sugge$Gd r..m.!d.tioN fo. cfcctiE i@hirg l@ng 

l4l 

t46 

t07 

pll]ls. A ki.f stuDay ofrh.i. EspoEg k plsr.d t bw 

I!. welocs€s poillid our by thc sru&nrs *w rblr Dosl of rtE studmis d 

@ne abour lllc s'rtca of dist&e .du..rion. nr@ 6 m pD!6 gud!tre. nE 

t22 

38 

27 

2a 

20 

07

stud@rs & nor e* rhe@tv.e. IrFy d.!6d on lhc h* of orh6. Th. snrd.nr, do 

rcr i.k i siousty. Regiord omcc! @ lot b.lptul fd lb. srrdats. Te.[d{rrd6r 

@ot@iceio! ir IK M.aiai.l i5 er upro d/t!.. Eoots @ br !ei!d i! dtu. 

TcLtboe is durs bur. eulity or t .hing i5 @r larisfrdory. rhc !ru(&rr. l!fui! 

16€ F!.ric.l ald 16 crqqiaccd ftdE i, @ @ for i@€dia. gdd.ne. 

Hoqwq 66..&.eoEDcnd.rioG by rt tuttars ftr b.rd t ,.rr"g tatliDg 

!rc6s of disrane .dkation s; ihci! 3hould b. 8ridraccr cousl,lg elt B for 6c 

studdts in rhe Egi@ $ th.t lh. stud.!r, @uU b. .Ue b gct their 3tlrdy qElrj@ 

cl.3Erl (TabL 4.3.9). MoE eani3 Bbould bc Brstlsbld in @ M@ ese s rrst 0E 

rlud.nts @uld be abL ro g.t tuiEb bcD.fit Aod rhe 6tas, F-,niniiio.3ydd 

nc

'ft! s..rio! r!?l€613 ttG opili@ of b.di. FndE! rc*i.g d ArOU, 

Ilr|nrlr It i5 a uda, 

4.4 QUESTIONNAIIE I1OR MEDIA PRODUCDRS 

DEc4!.l. ori)@ abota ealta nva,ws-t r.Anadi.ld tutdr (N_6) 

ff srdo* rer r.g*y "*"". 19 e$ 

Mcdit ptugtll!@s 

idividalizd study. 

sA 03 

A03 

tNc 00 

DA OO 

SDA OO 

50 

50 

00 

@ 

00 

4.50 02 

Tb€ r.bb 4.4.1 3lbw rhrd t@96,slDEdats .eE d io the srlroht th.t b.dia 

pFgrDlc @ l|@ t lptul in idividud ,!dy, tu Frqt of th. BlE rtdr 

db.gtEcd M@ 9t tu {.50 rnic.h ! Fvonbt. to tb. sl|r6t d r!. ird s 6ni!! 

T.b|'4.42t n 

No. 

2, 

tagu.ge s&nft of rh. 

nstia pmg'lr!fus ig 

helpiil for w ides i! UNC 

tacl Prqfty PffiEse 

DA 

SDA 

02 

03 

00 

00 

00 

tl 

50 

t7 

00 

o0 

4_t7 

Ir is cflccted Aod th. r.!lc 4.4,2 rhlr 83% r.3polddr, .g!cd ro lh. st Ll@t 

tlDr ldgrugc sreie of th h.

T.b1G4.4.3, Opittmolwdtdptodacdsobo u. of tuds postdrw, N-6) 

l. 

U* of d€dia proelr|!|e SA 

4|t6 rbe i_-hng 

laEiiS lNls E@ 

.ectiE ir i!de@d.n 

UNC 

DA 

SDA 

0! 

0l 

00 

0o 

00 

50 

50 

00 

00 

o0 

4.50 g2 

I is rcll@ted ion rbc tabl.4,4.3 thd 10e,4 Espold.ns lgEd ro ibe st r.m.ni 

rhlt e of E dis pogl@€s o!f.! th. t r.bilg t .nirg Fo6 d@ cr€riv. ir 

i4l.!@rLat strdy ed ao F@t di!.grF

Tftl€ a.a.5: ltaryoi r.gatdig t .dta Fognnw-tetphg @lditr @_6) 

__ 

No. sEtdor L!v.l FEqE4y po*r"* Y- W 

sA 02 3J 

M€dia Fogr.ol6 b.b ,{ 02 33 

5. tb. 5tuddts to bc cuio!! UNC V2 B 3.33 07 

in irdivi

'ttu.4.4.71 Optnio' anou qwrtry aedja Fogrm.shetp h wotit, of vork (N_6) 

No, 

7. 

Quliry Ddi. !rc8r@€ 

h.lp in FodEirg qudity 

of wt i! i.dividdiad UNC 

L€ld FEqEncy p.'HEg. 

SDA 

0l 

02 

0l 

o0 

50 

l3 

t7 

0{ 

00 

1.37 0l 

It is ryitl€lt Aon &e tlbtc 4.4.? thlt E3% Espofttcds |gr€€d ro the srar.nFDt thll 

qu.lity hcdia prc8le@ het! in prcdwirg qu.lity of turk in individ!.liad !tudy. 

z@ p.!E .l disged white 17% l@ ucqt!i!, Me sE ij 4,33 *rdc! is hvouFlt. 

b ln. rtai.eat. T!. tulilg orkr ofrhc it n B S.No Ot. 

T.bL4.4.E: Opitnon ahou qsriry @dia Fog,M-eo,,@!, o1ql@ttiry of wtt 

E, 

QrElity n di! Fosllma 

N oE v.lary of 

q@tiry of ML i! ItNC 

lrv.l Ft!qu.!.y Pdrlrrage 

SDA 

02 

0l 

01 

00 

00 

33 

50 

t7 

00 

00 

4.t1 04 

TtE tau. 4.4.8 depi.ts rbar 8j% Gpold. s |eE d b 1lc stareE@t itlr qudit, 

6.urE FognEe6 @ tb. vtutt of qlr ir, of eon i! in&p.rdc srtir, 4rc 

pcc!| dt grEd *tile tr./c EFrd@ts q4 nralt iL Maa sE is 4.1? qti.,h 

&vou tlE si'r.odt. Thc ir@ E &llii8 |l S.No 04 itr @lirg. 

t27

TabL 4.4.9: Opkion abou! n dta pog@,JEIp ih @ri,e fie Fid wriat ltr. 

9. 

Mdit Fosrlm6 t lp in 

D.L'D8 ee Filr ornqid 

t v.l FEql@y Pa!.es. 

sA 

IJNC 

SDA 

g2 

0l 

0l 

00 

00 

50 

t7 

00 

00 

4,17 04 

It is efl€.ted ton lh! r.bL 4,4.9 rbd 83% ElDolddis .gFd to rh. 3l!tan@t 

ihai m.dia prcgmlG h.lt ir lElii8 rh. plirt b.t riat tiv.ly in ind.p€ndcnl stu(tx 

alo p@at disg!.d wbit |796 qlG w.nrin. M@ 9@ ir 4.17 rrtic! i! hrqnbL 

ro |b.sbr.ffi! I! iGhE fitting.r S,No 04 in tulirg, 

T&L4A.l0: r@poitt Eqod'ug qallr tuAaqogMJ,tp rcne.d,I rc.er 

Qulity n€dia progtuaB 

10, help m.dial lr@B in 

t v.l FEq|@y P.t6t s€ 

SA 

UNC 

DA 

SDA 

0l 

02 

0l 

00 

00 

50 

33 

t1 

00 

00 

4,33 03 

Tb. tlbL 44.10 dsl5 rbrd 83% tEloldal! .gr..d ro lhc atattut rhrl qlrtity 

m.dit |'ogtuD6 h.lp @.dirl |tBu.s h ini.lErdan study, zm Frm diegt!.d 

enib l 9@ eqtaio M@ sE L 4_33 wbich 6rcb th€ statenor Th. rekira 

ordd ofdE ir.m w S.No 03. 

l2E

T&|.4a,ll: Opbno, M Cubtt tt dtaFv&aosJy/tp L bnat g the &turano, 

No. l4l Fltq@y Pd.ss. 

Qulity ndia Fod!.rioc 

r l h.lp th. d'ioh i! 

bFal&g rh. Lolatioo 

UNC 

DA 

SDA 

0l 

03 

00 

0o 

00 

l0 

50 

00 

00 

00 

4,50 02 

It is E0.d€d AoD1l r|bL 4.4.lI rllr loogl Bpon&tus.g&ed ro tb. stat lHr 

tbit qlality ned:r pr.ft.tiou hctp th. lrudaB i! hr.!E!g th. i$t tio4 re Frat 

diiaeEd *n c 4fu Fcd e@ urErtsir Man rcoc L 4.50 *iich is hrulabL to 

th.$d@.n It ird B hUing d S.No 02 i! F!ti!e. 

Ta}|e1.4.12: ui.wpobrt thd t uhi,S t@nrl1f Fo4s, @ b. Nd. i,,ta.,ti,A d,o,Ch 

Ta.hids l@iag pt!€ 

t2 @ be dd. il|r.!6liDs TJNC 

t v.l fFcE rcaruc l@ tu4 

DA 

SDA 

04 

02 

00 

00 

00 

ll 

@ 

00 

00 

4,67 0l 

It is ddLd tom iL bblc 4.4,12 thlt l0O% rclpolddt! s$ed ro th€ srat nmi 

lhat Laching l€mjrg pros3 cd bc h!d. int r.$irg iluolgn m.dia dd arc F@ar 

disagre(I I&d eoE is 4,6? *tich favos rb. star.edr. TI!. El}jrg orrlq of ihe it o 

t29

Iab]G4-4.13: t wpitu thd tudta proAuta HF in brtagbg o,tt w id.4t (N=6) 

M.dir prcdlcdo hclp! 

t3 rlc slrdclrs i! hdlgrls 

t!e.l FFqu@y P

&k 4.4.15 rEvtoli! Eg@dtg poshUtry o! @ird@ luvotwnt of sttd. t 

No. 

MaiEM involv@ar of 

15. the snrd.rb h pdribL 

ttrcugl nedir ptld@rioi 

L*l FEqhcy P@us. 

UNC 

DA 

SDA 

02 

03 

0l 

00 

0o 

3l 

50 

17 

00 

00 

4.t7 04 

The rable 4.4.15 Bcds &n 83% rl'o!d@t3 sert d ro rh. srlre|Mt tbsr 

l4iom jrrclr@ot of r[. rtu& ! ir Fsibt. ttrq4h n di. poducrioq ao Frr@t 

disg!.d u,hilc l79t E! ucqt ia Mtu $@ ! a.l? *bich i! hvouluc ro tbe 

staraat Th. ir.o B blirg .r S.No 04 i! rulilg. 

Tfi!'4.4.16: Opi,n@ abotl ,'stth itr d@ga @tunr.nnAdiaprcFM N-6) 

T{gd diat d n dir 

16- preetud @ Fssibl. 

h .lisralc cdw.tion, 

tsll FGqlEry Pclqllge 

0l 

TJNC 

DA 

SDA 

11 b cla EoD th€ r.bt. 4,4,] 6 lhrt I00alo Bpond.nt| .gred to rhe 3trretMt ihar 

ta4d onenr.d media po8l!!]G a& F$ibl. in disdce .dwario4 h p.r6l 

disgEd wbil€ d$ 4rc pd.qlrfr @ld. M@ sr is 4.50 whid favow rtE 

iaerMt. IrE dnliie odq ofth. ir.6 B S.No 02, 

l.]l 

03 

00 

00 

00 

50 

0050 

00 

00 

4.50 02

T.b1t4.4.17: Opt to, aboa @rc ,ostbtlt|! ofu..t bar..! $,at , (N-6) 

ff sbr.od r.Er FEq6., pdcarllc Ya R * 

sa 0t to 

Na

Tfi.a.a.lg: lt vpowdgs&g ttfu*don dd @'@i.dbr drrtott , (N4) 

No, Lld Frqrey F..d- lbo R+ 

19. tdEloti.r r! e! 

!6ibb &!oth o.di. 

SA 

IJNC 

SDA 

02 

(X 

o 

(I, 

00 

67 

00 

00 

00 

431 03 

It i! ricd.d a@& trbb {a,19 dd loott ElDod.d.gr!.d b t!..rrlodr 

dt t i!frrdIim d comEic.dd lf.hotosiB !! ed! po..ibt thqglh D.di. 

F8i.nD.c ,eo Dq6t dit C!.d lvtib ,!ro !.t ..r g! @nt! ldd |coc i3 

133 sijdi!Atour|blctott @ar Tb it@ r$ d S.No 03 h roti!& 

r.*4.4fii OpU6 6o'a tttt*atr. nlraprgM C,t4) 

No 

m. 

bb in rhidiis Etlla 

IrEl FE$n t Pardg! 

SA 

uNc 

SDA 

03 

03 

00 

0o 

o0 

50 

50 

(n 

00 

00 

4.50 vt 

tr i! 4i.hr a@ o. rlbL 4.a20 dtd lot4 n!Fo!d@ |gtt d to tt d.ra.d 

tld ilta&tiE Ddir FoSr@ e Dd! b.tpnt i! l..hi!vi!8 ir.S.r, i! die@ 

.{xdio! ed ao F.@i di.gtlcd Md '.4 i! 4,50 etich firc|!3 t sto.oar 

Th ito E bllirg d S.No 02 i! rdlilg. 

133

ftbl.4.42l: Opi',rh zhdr col,,,futcdiqa tctpng.t ,Eat u @Aa pogw 

cbnnhr.#m is 

lFll FEql@y P@.tus. 

2t_ UNC 00 00 4.50 U2 

DA 

SDA 

It is BqLd &.d r!. tsbL {.4,2t thd lO tllpondors .gred to rh. sidd.nr 

tbr @@eicaio! G belti.8 .ld.at i! D.dit fmgt-* i! di!r!@ ed@rioa zm 

pclet disgtE d @d 3l$ ao F!.d 9w u!€i.ir Md $@ i5 4.50 stich is 

tuur.bL ro tb. strcEor Th. iro s! &llii€ d S.No 02 itr @ti!s. 

T8}'b 14,': rtrpontt hd taa@.ldt te'6 ht tt pratag Man dia sblt, 0r-O 

22. 

Inicractid iD di6n- 

cd@tid h.lp! rlc 

stud.ots in idp@in8 

@mui€tion itil.. 

0:l 

03 

00 

00 

50 

50 

00 

00 

L€!.t FEoE v P* "'. !&"" Rf'k 

uNc 

SDA 

03 

0l 

02 

00 

00 

50 

t7 

33 

00 

00 

4.17 04 

The ralL 4.422 indic.ls rhrl 6 t!!po.d.ots !gr.d to rb. 6b@t 6!r 

ilter&rio! i! di$rtrc..durion h.lp3 r!. stud.d! i! irproving.rFn .dq stiUs, 

tu Fr6r disgred to th. stsL'Mr rviit 33% re te6t ir Men $* js 4l? 

*ticl hrcB lIlG addar Tlc E Ljlg odq ofrtE ird B S.No 04. 

134

.bl 1.1.23: Opt'ton obotd .:td!, het*re,rt or tM.rE-r6'ny or q'dar oI 

EE..dE idohad of 

ta|rltl|! i! Dcdir 

23. Flgdn.. n 6. 

s$89 of qtditr of 

wrr i! dirbe 

L.rcl FcqlEy lq!.da. 

vNc 

DA 

sDA 

00 

04 

a2 

o0 

00 

00 

51 

00 

00 

\a 06 

Tic l|bl€ a3.23 ildidbr ttd 6?96 t!qood6! |gtlcd ro tb. nd.d.d lh 

cft.tivc i!rclvqn ol of an Lrr3 i! E di. Fogreffi i! th. siEry ot quliy of 

w* in dintG cdn aioo, ao F!.d di!.gtEd rn . 33% re !!6ni!- Itaa 

&@ L 3.67 wtich ir frvoubt lo rh. !t!Eo.d- Tb it@ urs .i SNo 06 iD tuti&. 

r.bhaA2r: opry!.qd 6@d1e tswtse'n d 'd.,r,-v@r61, of q6n, oJ 

No. Iftl Fttq!6.y Pa!@r.g€ 

s,4 q) 0o 

lr.fury of q&dty of 

wt i! tL .ftctiv. 

2't bbtv.@ot of lh. 

$rLot3 i! 6cdir 

UNC 

SDA 

05 

0l 

00 

00 

83 

t7 

00 

00 

3.E3 05 

Tb rrbL 4.424 iDdicd.. tb.l E3% tr?ddab tgE d ro lh. ddd.or Od 

lrrbty of qunr'ty of !,!!l i. th. .ftdiE iNdv.dar of ti. stud.d in D.di. 

ptqroE6, zao F@r dir.sr!.d stiL lTt( v@ uc.(rlir Ma joF b 3.E3 liich 

frrca tc st.I.Edt Tb! llltiDs ofttd ofibc irh *$ S.No 05. 

lt5

T&4.1.Ut n epob,t N.Ita Fog.dwt bb tlrqoar.s h 

No. 

4 

l*l FEq|Ey Por.dgc 

IJNC 

DA 

SDA 

03 

03 

00 

00 

00 

50 

50 

00 

(x) 

00 

t.50 02 

ft i! F€kd nlo rh. tibt 4t25 ttd loott rqoD.t ot' .9!cd to rt jG6r 

th.l i a-dE odL Fogen . b.tp ioFoviis t tadbitiry of th. |dllt.d of 

dir@ cdadioA z-o F6r dirlsld stir. dro ao F6r r!.! @q!.ir Md 

scoc b 4.50 stict L nvoqblc to rL rhr6dr. TL ir.o I d S,No 02 i! E!&i,S. 

Tr6|E4/'. : Optnlon.ld irtqeN* we b Mpfut tn."tuaLd1l,s cqctly of 

No. 

26. 

lnt lrctiE D.di. ir DoG 

Lvd FE$d.y Pd@t s. 

UNC 

DA 

SDA 

u2 

0o 

00 

(n 

00 

00 

(x) 

133 03 

Ir i. cvitlor A@ tt. cblc /1,4-26lt l t00tt r!.!o!d.nE .gr!.d to ti. lar.oat 

tn i!'drdilr D.di. i! no!! h.lpftl h .obEils lc.ntt'g .{r.city of di!!c 

.drx!ti@ orLoE, zao F6t di$glcd vtiL ao F.6r q..! eLr, Ma! @E i3 

4.33 *ticl &vfu! th. rdai, Tb. 6!ti!s dda of rh. iro w s.No 03. 

t!6

DOCUMENTARY ANALYSTS OT SECIION D 

'Ihb ldio @d rbe v{ioN sp*t! of t@hirg r.dDg Dbes or did!&. 

qlEtlionvihcf.!!@ rothe6di6 of dilrae..du.lrioaitisus.di.r!. Sdy,,ftc 

n di. pbdu6 so*i.s i! AIrDi lqbd Op6 Uii6ir, rft siv6 . qBdomic 

@iniDe of rh. qBd@ b.!.d @ lbc tllori6 s l@tiotr d .toE. IX@ *s . 

wi.iy of opilioE @iv.d toE rh. rtspor.t nE. The BFod€oc llptBi.t d rhc 

dtdr. .dMtioo syst@. Ac@rdilg r. rh.n ophioa r!. srsttu w pllyilr . Fi.nrial 

reI. i! thc dclivay of difer.Dr lmrneB 0!n son rary t*l !o ph.D l*.t (Iablc 

4,4,1). Arytow, r!@ v4 sonc w!t!.sd in t@hing r@rg pDes of djsra@ 

cdestion. The Bpordor obsd.d thd it i! vdy.rq€divc ed i.kd lolg tjnc b 

@bpbtc i!. pbgt:@e. A.adcEjc .glld! e.t @ir @@r b. El.rjErt b.c|e 

of vqr IMiioriog. It t .ts .Lhat of dilet r.d.rng. M.ilia Ptogtuc .E Dr 

.uibua C@eEicdio tlld is in

TTALE O! XEAII ItOOAIA AI,L IIOIJR CIREAMS OF DAAA 

nr@ iEd itr !..ei$ bhi.t 

2. t,i3E@ c+rdon erLd! i! 3,90 4.17 

P*i'r.n @ ontitu. th.ir 

lnrdi€ssrrt i!Mf...- 

3. DisE@ cdrEdid ro&d .|n 3.E3 42i 

Cus rlen $d6 eddirg io 

ibn.icd@. 

/t All tu o.lar. of ,irh^r 35t 1.t7 

?[-do @ rL.r drdr 3trdy 

Eb e'diryroii.nw l 

5. Ditr@ .dErho ryri.o i! 1,07 4.U2 

b.!d @ ildcFdld !tdy, 

6. Tdbilg lealiEs pro.r3! 4.03 a.05 

deddr l&gcly tao! l{niEg 

7. Ddoe .d$do! ltlLlt! a.ll 4,15 

ut &cilid imtP..lidry. 

1tql.aidE Te! tu.\'ttt3 M.di! 

131

E. bd.Ftrl ltnr h.tF ia a.03 3.7t 3!1 1-50 

dldilS na id..r. 

9. Dbt oc! .ad@ 3tuLot e 4.09 1.11 33E 333 

@ioa ofs.rilg opporrulity i! 

t ld.g ir!ru.tio!& 

r0. ErcdiE bcrins haDi!8 1.07 4.55 

t3!€33 i! &.dr of id.oliE 

Frt@toty wL 

11. Didre LeilS ir t ed oo 1.t2 4,.3 

cfidiE !ld|ji!€ .!d 

d8Diriog ofL..hng 

rz sl6 of l|iift! c6Ed@ 420 arl 

to{rlly d.fad! t4o! 6. 

Frt ddy!e.* 

13. Dtue dgrlirdod D.&d a.tg 3.E5 

p.6ribL ftr rU t rnl.t o! io 

@irc r.t?rEt nrrdrl i! 

!eonl6c. with !oi.dd.. 

14. All nrtoE !rcvid. id.r&dvc 3.92 3.79 

elide@ ro tb. !tut or! i! 

139

f 5. Iai.g ii A. itn d rhbu3h 3.95 {.lO 

rh My co@uicniot 

16, Af&ctiE bh;.g lelile 4.02 4.03 3.lo 

pDB i. fa.ilitlr.d rhreWh 

i.fo.d!ti6 od cdn@i.{i@ 

17. Trc ely comuic.rioB 4.01 4.tO 

duing thc *r*shoF f-itird6 

lE. Comuicdid r6h!oloei.! 4,03 3,,tO 

e [.tptul in q!.litaliv. 

tacnilg leiDilg Fft4 

19. Iltra.tirr etivitiB Fovid. 4.0r 4.t4 4.50 

h.ner EsulB i! qualitaliv. 

r.a.b!s leEiDg Fcs, 

20. Tutd pLF . si8'ifi€lr olc 3.99 4.2s 

t .tq@ srudat .nd ilBtindo!. 

DIIICUSSION 

FroE thc rrrlFis of.bra @Ucd.d toD th. ..!ddi.i.ru, nnoB, $rud.ni, erd rb. 

m.dia Prlducd i! th. lighr of thcolid of disran€ €duc.nion dd tlEii imper on 

t*birg l.niog p|r)c6, the l[o.y of &roMy 4d i!d.r@de* Eaer.d lblr 

iidnt .du.did oddd5 -r s frd.mit i! r@liog l.@i!S Ftr:6 Th. studalB 

t40

of dirt @ qh&ation lclel th.ir !tudy lsks acddilg ro rhcir oM will .rd tbey 

co ioe rh.n {udie Bt it n oM Fe IL, djust rb.ir !tudi.s ir gsd,e wftn 

t!.ir.iErDst @s. SoMi@ thlr fel 6.6*lB is.bt d b..@ rh.y c anldyiDg 

i!d.!cnd.ntly, Bul .t rhc @. tim th. lre of n di. p|ogr6d6 @ t!.k rh.ir 

ieLlid hforbltio! .n l co@6icrri@ E hlolori6 uy .bo Ltp thc slrdant in $. 

risr. of tuoldiD Th. rnd. @ o& th. diorlE! .6 m {.gai.l lhoug! 

tt w ofinqnet CDi, U$ of iltcma @y c.et ilrdBt ed rlE lelm Esy b. d@ 

.uioB, Tl€ th6ry ofiodBtidizd@ Ffl.cr! rh.t.U rhc p'!.B ofdbt @.du.tior 

.c.ds i.t6ire hloE.!d .ftdirc plsinS If th. u.ldids e Fit r.d sirh blrt 

sdq n L mil€d.t t[c Fops $h.dulc.rd lic 6ulte e dlilEd at r[c F.D.r tiD., 

ih. iq.biDs teeilg Fo.* of dilt&€ .du..tid is .u.c€3tuI. Maimm dk Bim 

ofpdtritiG @ qlird b be E & sibble for thc !tud.ds. Tnc rhe.y of 

ill.d.tiod o@@i..tion Ed41s rhrr orials, ft*lboF &d @i!s @y .l$ 

w. thb pupce wlich ir so inpd{irc. I! |[is Ey qu.lity of wort tuy b. cxlelcd 

i! lh. la.birs l.dir8 FtEs. lr 6 t4l de pcopl. *!o rcIld otbd*ie be 

d.Fiv.d ofopFrteili6 to lan Ir i! b.lpilg h io!rcving th.lirr&y.d. ofp.ti3r& 

Th. @6e @1erid i! upto the nd{b8t bll stil ir !erl! qd.lirg, Or lh. orhd hdd, 

lh@ e s ,My d!.e!a.Ls i! t[. did{e .dErioD s]stcD, Sdicing $!Et i3 poo. 

&d it !..dr diG ielbllenr Mlling of rb. idai.t, qoirh.nt of @6Frdr tub6 

.!d pllp@tiod ofFsull! !.!dr a,tlenrioD Oa rh. $lFL, di5r'@.dMrion syicm b. 

'Ile objdtiB @@iEd fd Ub tt$.r.! rqt i!.hdc{t Ealaj! tb. con@pl of 

dilire .dretio4 $.r. the iF^hi.g lcMi.g pr!6s of disrsle ed!.rdo.. DisN 

l4t

t!. |I@ri6 ofrtbtle eduqrid. Ev.lua& bov de lheda ofdid&cc cdElrion EE 

u.d in te&hilg lcdi4 p!@s ed whai B then inpa.t. Suggdt frlila |l@!h* 

Ar fir a objetiv. wi!. di$Bior is @@d, it k n€adoncd tllt th. @Mpr 

of dii&€ .d'sti@ ba b..o !,rs,.ed vdy cte.dy i! l!. b.gioiog of chatd U of fr 

rh.!is, Lita!$e ai* Ef-r! rhe cft.pt of disranc! .duerio! &d s rbe objcritr 

No,l ha ba! &hieEd. A fe * objdtiE No.2 b @ncd,.4 th. t!*e!6 ha 

rljlcus.d th. chr-t rinic$ of distad@ Gdu.dion dd.te ttc 6bpo@ts of dk s€ 

cdrcation h d.i!il. ft6c p6ges e fio*ug rL @hpt.t picre of Liehing lcddng 

F!6 oI

low U. tl.rn6 of trrd-G .du.lliod *F b.i.g u*d @d sn't w d.ir iblacr 

Vlilc conparing tLe .\du!ds Rlrs E.itld non $. Bpod@rs it q!, .ticitcd th.t 

th. sd.nts lafu n!b.,*nrty .r tn ir oh F.., dilrrrcc .(t.+@ i! b.!.d 6 

pLr!i!8 .nd oradiariooj ti&E of dilroe ..tuc.ria ww tui rtel8h ldoF 

snxr.oa spporr wic.€; cow ortcibl, E dia proglltwq w*sbop! ed tutdial, 

vd th. @w of id.r..rioq bqinu w of t-tnoto$, i. Dedia @uld @t itc 

la-tilg laliDg pR.ss mft o)mllicjirc. tdp..l of dBt s. c+-rdon thdid 

tu rbrt n@ cbsifi.d @ws &.1 progtu@ @y b. off.Fd by AIOU. So the 

snllaG @t cn(@ FlStumd .!d c4uB a.edirg ro th.irued, &d 

circu$.eBi pbF e oforr.ri6b by rh. nlroB dd in tie. fraljzrio! oftt cutts 

@y bc dcou$ged; ilt r..tio! a@ng lh. r@hd{rrdaB my be edE!.!d, bBt @ of 

tutoE b. lEder i o.riw guidd@ i! tu ori.ts @y b. Idini4t !, of 

@@uicrliotr l6lmlosie @y tr @@egcd fd quatity L.!chi!s ldEiag pl!c*. 

Th.last objqctive ofrhe rtrdy re! to susscat for ilthq.e@h6. Thc !tudysugsBt d 

rhlr l[i3 !!!ach uy b. E9li.{.d @ Mrric, Fe, BA pTC, CT, B.E4 M_E4 MA 

(Ed@ario!). M.Phil (Eduxioa) rmslimd of AIOU. Ttis F$eh tuy b...!dEl.d 

on oilirc progt!@6 of AloU. 'fti! rca.atch @y ste be caEicd out d tle 

!reg!lm.. of virnd ui6ity. A srdy @y be c@dEtd d rhc tuq! of orLd 

pmgI!I']M. I! l[is wy, .ll tbe nrc objariG of tbe €.sh re &biacd 

143

5.1 

CIIAPTER 5 

SUMMARY, F'INDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND 

RECOMMENDATIONS 

SIJMMARY 

Ibdi6 day e inpotum rot. i! rh. d.rclopoot of &y ,'s@ !@ i! 

th. .& wfth rh. th@ri$ of dist e. .d@riD Tba.fG, rh. focrE of rhis sbdy 

w io .\dlute thc rlFrid of dturlsc cdeation o t rheir inp@i on t a.hilg 

Ih. 3tudy es sFr.d ow fou populatios i... Aclddicie! (Iaoerq 

Asi5tiai Prcf6$s, As@ilr€ PDfesot! ald pFf6loB of .I th. DcFltu@ts) 

wdti.g .l Alou klr[rrt/ Tulo6 of8.E1d FoenDe Aun@ 2005 to aur@ 

200? sm.3t rs, Snl(lcnts of B.Ed proglmE of rh. sm mc!G! ed M.di. 

Prod6 s*i.g at IIOU kltuh.r. 

Ih. F3po!da.! r@li€d acb stlrtur ThG

5.2 TII\DINGS 

5.2.1 findirg of.tc Qo.rrionr.tr! fo. Ac.dcnici.I' 

It@tl€ of^qtdody .!d IniL!A&!.. 

l. 8016E9or&sts.er!.dlotb.sru@6rd!t

Tiori6 oflld6.idiEdd 

10,75% 6F!d.d3 .grEd ro rb. srir.Dat thlt idasiE ritf..dory *o* 

oisht hlt i! .tretiw ta.hirS lcmilg proe$ Gable 4.r.lO). 

I l. ?7% E{o.d6E .gt!.d io thc !ne|d lblr dBhe i..Di!8 w b&scd oo 

.f.ctirc pl@irg @d o{seizlrior (t blc .t.l.l I ). 

12. 8l% F!po!d.nl! .grEd lo tic d'.!qr ist r!.c6s of ;iG.€ cdu.ldon 

d.p.(lcdtDo!t Fqd{.rtp[.s(LblG4.|.|2). 

l3, El% €spord@! igE d b rh. !t imc rbat dktsm..d@tion olg&jzllior 

@d. posibb for !I rhe !!ld@r3 io @i€ Glc@t b!r.ri.l i, &.dd.E 

*irh $hc&b Cr.bb 4.1.13). 

14. 78% c?ondelte !g@d to th. sii!F.!r tbal diltl@ eduario! m{.dal B 

previd.d fo. a L.g. 'ebo of md.'a G.blc t.l.l4). 

15,75% c!ord.!r3 .gE d to rh. dr.ncnr th{ pFDding ofltki.nc. @tai.l 

r.quiEd inrddv. l.bou (l!bt. 4.l.r5). 

16.7E% Es!@d.d !g!cd b rh. 3rdddi d{a lolic, deilio$ cgedilg 

dht n@ cde.ri@ 3t3teE wr. bI6 in difr.r. bodis of th. ui6i9 

(Ltle 4.1.16). 

l7. ?5% Esp@.ldt3 lgted ro $G 3idddr that t rg6 of disirnc. .d#o! 

wr. E et thrcush P(.pltltiotr &d uitilg thc rDr.dat (Tabl. 4.1.14. 

tE,73% EFntbll3 agr!.d lo rh. lhrcoat rbd uqcts of dinalc cduc.rion 

rys€n lw Da |heug! uitrg th. n tcrisl by th. 3tudars (I!bl. 4.1.18). 

t46

19.73% EQond@r! rg!.d to thc atrl@t lt t rgcts of dilnle .dqrid 

5t3td re E i t!ftlgh Birg lb. Eratal by rb. tnm &d 6Eliali@ of 

m. r$dt3 (IabL 4.l. l9). 

la@rn olba.E dod Couduiqd@ 

20. ?96 Bpond.lr! .gled ro th. 3ra@r &.r .lt 116 provid.d i!&c.liE 

suidrle 1o thc ard.nrs i! trorial! (r.ble 4. l2O). 

21.78p/4 rBponddrr .g!€d ro lhc drr.E d tt l l.dilg nighr b. b.itijd.d 

lhtuWh t$t Ey @Mhicltion Fabte 4.1.21). 

22. ?E% 6!ond.!rs.grEd ro lh. rlllroot tbtl .trlctiv. t4birg 1tui.8 

prc..s w a.i[l!r.d btuugh iDfor@dd rdt co@uicdi@ Ec[lotogid 

Gabl€ 4.1.22). 

23. 76% r!*odo& .gr.d to tt rl!&4!r rbrl rro ssy @@onicdid dsi.g 

rh. wortshoF &.ilitai6 r...bjrg lc@jlg !@ds Cr.U. 4.l.2t). 

24. T rspordot! !g!€d to U. dd.hnt tblr co@@ic5ri@ tecblologie 

q@ h.btul ia qulrirariE i...[i!s tc&!i.g F!€ GlbL a.!.24). 

25. 7?9/o sponddb agF.d to r[. !t tcnEir thlr i .n li!€ ..rivitie Fovid.d 

bcnd 6ults in qudit tile iea.hing l6ir8 pt@s (r6lc 4.1.2J). 

25.75% tlsFrddli rgrEd to rh. !r.l.@r thar inta!.d@ b.rw.c! it).l6rs 

.ld te&h4 ard .mong the sndclrr Dotiv.i.d rh. studlnis (t blc 4.1.26). 

27.7 c!od.!r3 rgrEd ro rh. rr.r@e!t lb,r atoB ilvotlr@at itr rb. 

rbdy b.ncn l.a.hd ed rh. taugbl oDlribdGd to jorAI bminS Oabt. 

4.1.27). 

147

28.7t4 E{@d@r!.€F.d io rh.6.,n lij a ticldly Fsd roE 

cotdh.n d positiEly i! r.aching l.dilg !rces (rahl. 4. L28). 

29. ?E!,6 GpoDdaa !gt!.d to lh. 3ttuar d.l !n6 pt Fd ! .;siifiF,r rct. 

b€tsro sn d6r .!d ictimio! aTa!|. 4.1,291, 

5.2.2 Findirg. of thc Qu.stiolnrlrc for Tulors 

Ttori6 of^liolort &d I!d.!Fd.@ 

l. ?9/. rspoldab !gt!.d to ib. nr.dat rtlr iad.!a&!r ludy dEaid B 

lhe b4k bole of distatre €du.rio! (rablc 4.2.1). 

2- E5% tBp@.lo& !g!.d to rt ,tui tl'r rhe $!tdi,! @d

9. E5% aFrd6l! .gr.d to th. ilrcndt rhrt dis!a!@ .(hbrio! 3tlrdds 

9F qi$ ofg.nils olDornDfty i. rr&i.8 idtfu.riotr G.blc 42.9} 

T[.oii6 otlldui.idldion 

l0- 9t% E po!d@& .g!Gd ro rh. si'@Fr l!!t prpdltdt *o* m nNr fd 

.&.tiE kri"g (T.bL 42.t0). 

11,82% qlE!&ds tglEd io rh. sr.r@Eot rhal intdlivc pleirg ard 

olgairlli@ E rlqriFd fd t6.liDg talile ptus (Irbt. 4.2.1 l). 

12,82% cFldob.gr!.d to rh. d!.d.rll!.r p€p&alory pL& FDvid.d rlE 

b4 for the @c.r of disl,aa .d@iio! (I!bt. {.2.12). 

13. 69% rBpordda !g!.d to &G 3l|tdar tbrl nrto. w tEdy fn sisti.g rhc 

stud.fl!atsb.duLdtin (tablc4.2.13). 

14,69e,6 Gtold. s rgt!€d ro lb. s!rl@.!r rhrt quality coe ouc@6 

dcFldcd qor ilking the b.e e ofuivGity idos (t bt 4.2.14). 

15. 7l% €spord.Er3 lgEd ro lLc lM.ff tb!! dl thc Foilt! i! tbc cycb A06 

!dd4r b disrr* rtuhing olgEianid 9@ d.L@iacd *dty GtbL 

4,2, t5). 

16,7l% tlqoqkols.gF.d ro tL. sLr@@l th.l orgeizdotr E & posibL fd 

.ll lh. studat! to rceire r.qrircd &.@rdDardi.l !l .ppoini.d tic 

G.bL 4r.lO. 

TLei6 otl!t6.dor/ Co@ui..tto! 

17.66% BpoD.Lats agcd to th. lrrtcdcnr rhAt ilt @tivc guid.M to .I th. 

slut n$ s posibt. b uorials (T$te 42.I?). 

t49

18. 7Plo l.spoodlnts .{r!.d to ih. natdElt ihat tc&hiDg Lsine Pro@s @ul.t 

b. e. il.I.d $rcleh ts wy.oEDEierio G.blc 

4.2_ I E). 

19.77. rE3po!d.Gr! .gr€€d to th6 3r.tdcnr r!!t idodstio, ,!d 

co@ui6rio! t .b!ologi.. hclp.d ef.cdv. rachirg laeiog pro.e3! 

Grbb a.2.19). 

20. 7q,6 r.sFndats lgEd 10 thc ltarcDat t!.t {o*!bops prcvid€d bcitq 

opponuins of ts hy cfuui.rri@ (I6lG 4l2o) 

21. 79lo F pondda leE d to rhc srd.ddt thir qu&titativc iachilg Ituirg 

p@$ E p6libL thious! idormdion &d co@uic!1ior ccblobgn, 

cl6b a2.2r). 

22, 8l% rcipoidats ogrEd !o &. rrric|M1tbd i a!.rirc *tiviiis lrcvi.!.d 

b.n r oppornbiti6 tu($EliLliE Fring larilg FDc* Cr.bb 4j_22} 

23.81% tlspordcds aged b th. sEr@61 thd idoDrtio! ald 

@@eic!ti@ tcchslogiB h.b.d @G t eitrg pt {w h te.hilg 

lcmidg Ftls Cr&1. 4r.2t. 

24, 860/0 Epondent! agFed b lb. rt r.6€n1Ihd Ai@dly altinrd. of tbe taahq 

rltl 6. r&lglt h.lFd FsitiE in iachilg tcdilg Foc.s$ (TaUc a2ra). 

25. E?96 asporddts !gE!d ro rt sbLo.d l!.r or *2! rt ber sl@ of 

@@wietid bctwh 3tud.!1 ald de inslitlnid (tauc 4,2.25). 

I50

5.2.3 Fildirg' otth. Qr.rtioruir. for S.rd.rti 

Tn..d.! of rrloloDy .rd t!d.p.!dde 

l. 52% Elpotrd.ll3 !gr!.d to rt lbr@dt th! r!. 3tud6l! rc *[ .qe 

anout thc ildividudiad rtldy G$L 4.3.1). 

2. 53% Btorddrt .grEd to lh. od.@t thd ind€p6d@r 3rdy E D@ 

h.lptul for the $ud.d! Cralb t.3.2). 

3. 54% Bpo!d6! lgE d to rh. 'llr@@r rlrr ind.r{d-r st)d, h.lD.d 

dEdrc d,inr.:ns G.blc 4.3.3). 

4- 55% G3pordlrrs .grEd ro th. 3trr.m@l th.t heliIa rh. ilol|rio! ofdrc 

sodlols s lt@ b.lptul for b.tLr r..chi!g lalilg Foes (Iablc 4.3.4). 

5. 5n6 FlFnd€nlr lgEd to thc aid@.d thd qusnon dw mery B 

tut FsibL i! i!d.!.oddt nudr Cllbb aj.5). 

6. 76% Bporddc .gr! d to d. slli.lFtrr thlr i!depc!d.!n jnldy l&k d t!. 

oppolrEi9 of dislesi@ (rlblc 43.66)_ 

z 52% Gpord.lt3.g!!d 10 rt nd@dt thrr i!d€Fd.!r studt w h.lptut 

in b.ilsirg o,ll tw idas Gau. 4.3.6b). 

E. 5l% rlrFrderr rged b i!. sLt@or trr ild.p.rdd lnrdy !.lpcd in 

ELndon of l@ing 0able 4.3.6c). 

9. 54% E Flde s .grcd io itc 3r.r.!@t rhtr j!d@.!dqlt $udy ge Eod 

quality of l.dilg Cl.ble 4.1.6d). 

10. 52% cp@dors .3rEd ro th. jrrrcfrr r!.t nc qu.tig of rc* s 

posibL in indeFad.m ,ndy (r!bb a.3.6.). 

r5t

ll,5l% 8potrd. 3.gcsd to th. 3t.ldEnt thlr ir?-,rFt !tudy h.lpcd thc 

!&datl io b. cEiou! (tablc 4.3.6f)_ 

12.55% BPodat! lged io t!. !td@

21.5794 rlslood.ots rgr!.d to th. d.hdt thrt @m6i€rio! bclFd w 

id.$ in rahils lediD8 F@ss Gablc 4.3.21). 

22. 53% e{o!d6a .gEd lo tb rtal@... rllt colloEidtio! D.b.d 

bEking d. tuoLlid ofthc rld.dE b nd L..!i!s (IaU. 4.322). 

23. 53% apoldcdl! agEd tbrt codnuication e.! h.lpirg in thc inpolhat 

of dis$i@ i! rL soi6r' (T$t 4.323). 

24.52% l6Io!d.ot5 .9..d io llt. iln o6t t,r cotMuic{rid r.bologie 

M& t achilg lming F@s .ort ctratvc (Iablc 1.1.24). 

25.52% cF!.lds lgrEd lo thc c!tc@.r l6.t @muic.ii6 lehnologi6 

sc h.lptul in ibpovirg th. qu.lity of tabing l.hirg pt!.4 (Iable 

4.3.25). 

26. 5a% Eqod@ts .g!.d ro rh. !!|rdat th,r quiity of $o* s F$ibl. 

withlb. e of ffiuicadd t .,bnotogi6 (t bl.4.3rO. 

27. 55% rE+on !.nls sgcd to th. 3talddt th! !!. of @muiclrioa 

iehmlosi.3 E!d. th. rehilg l.eilg piol6 !t@ cfoliE G.bl€ 

4.7.21). 

5.2.{ Fidi[g! of lhe QftsrioD.irc for Mcdir Produc.n 

TL@rt ! olAuto.ooy ud Ind.pmddc 

l. 10e,4 E pold.nts lgrEd ro th. daiclmt tbat @dia pregtams wF noE 

bdpftl b ildieidud stdy Grbk a.a.l). 

2, El% eponddts aged b ihc aut m€nr that lagug. sti!.tu€ of th. b.dia 

!rcg'lll]lB wa hdpnn for w idca in ildividul $odr (Idlc 4.4.2). 

lt3

L l00% FFldds .grE d lo l!. 3bMt that e of bcdi! !rw'm6 

or& tn. i.r^hhg ldiDg pFas M .trc.rirc i! ild.' !&nt ebdt 

(Tablc 4.4.3)- 

4. El% FAoldaa .gFd !o iL. tu tblr dcdir pregr.|ttc @ld lmvc 

to bc tuE u&tul i! bdeFDd! dudy (IaU. 4.4.4). 

5. 66% Fsloitbnis .g!.d io rb. d6..r th,l o.dir prorr@rE hcb.d th. 

ntd..E ro b. Nioa i!6. ildivi.lt tiz.d $dy G.bL 4.4.5). 

6, 100% Elondcnr! .gF! to ihc !t tem6t tllll ocdia prcgm.s h.lFd in 

cEting iDtaEt i! the studat5 i! ild.Fadld sbdy (I6lc 4.4.O. 

?. E3% 6Frd@|,3 .gE d lo thc lriL|Mr lllr qulity dcdit Fogo@6 

h.lpd i! prcdrcing qu,.lity of s* in individudiz.d srudy Grblc 4.4.7). 

E. 83% Espod@r3 .gEed lo llc atat lmt ll qlrlity n dh legl'alB 

r@ th. q'mty of q@tity of mrl iD indet Eddl $dy (I&L 4.4.8), 

9. 83% Blord. s agred to l!. tr.t a@r l[!i 6dia Foer.&n6 hebed j! 

E*itrg rb. pri.r lornairt tiEly i! iD&p@d6r srdy G!!b a.4.9). 

10,83% ds!dd.!t3 .gr.d to th. dd.lMt thd qudig h€dia pDgtucs 

hlpd mdi.l d.rsG i! ind.p6de srdt Cl.blc {.4.|0). 

tl. 10096 tqpondlds .gtEd io lh. stsr.nol rb.r qurlity Dcdjr ptldEtiolt 

h.lp.d the studar! in be5lins thc istariotr Crabb 4.4.I 1). 

T[@.i6 of l!&rnridt 60! 

12. 100/6 GFnd.nB .ereed io tlE natendr rler tca.hilg leing p!@s 

6uld be Ddc itri.r61ils thrcwh m€di! (Tablc 4.4. t2). 

154

13. 10e,4 Fponddt3 rg!€d to th. dai.E6t 0l!t d.dis Flttu.tion helpcd lh. 

$rloE in bri.gi!8 od |g i.t 8(t bb d4,|l). 

14.81% r.3F da ! .€t!.d to th. 3t rda1 rhll wfirt di!.,ue!i@ M E@ 

losibL in qu.lildiv. E di! Fod&riotr (I$t 4.4.t4). 

15,83% !!.F!d6r .gG.d to lb. sdd.nr rhr tMitu irvol@t of rhc 

studcdr! m po$ibl. rhrcugh ncdia Frdurio! Cl. bte 4.4.l5). 

15.100t6 rlspordcnb rg!.d ro rhc $a.!Fl 611 llrga diai.d D.dia 

pror'll!re *@ F$ible iI djltse adu.rion (t u. 4.4.16). 

l?- 100% rspond.ds agrrd to th. !id.|Mt rblr &.d bas.d 3nrdi5 ffi D@ 

posibl. throlgh qudity b.di. FodEliG Od. aa.t4. 

TAori6 of llt hcdo Co@diutlo! 

1E.6796 EIbidaE .gr!.d lo tt r6-d rhrr diatogrE h65.

5.1 

23,6 Gpordac lgred b lh. n&|Fr ll.1 .ftdiE ilbltfur 

3tudeats iD Dcdia pogt!l!@! w rhc l!futy of qudity of w* 

itd4 €dtxltid (T!lL 4.43). 

24. E3% rEsF.dal3.grEd io rb. tu 6rr glmty of qodrity of eort 

E th. .tr.tiv. ilvollllMt of tE !tud€ars iD rcdia prcgd|]ws (rlbte 

4!.24\. 

25. 1@% rsro!.la!.g!ed b t dd.o@t rlrl intaa.{ivc n d.pregllnq 

h.b.d i,nprcving th. l6nulili9 oftb. studmre of dist@ cdu.rd@ (r.ble 

4.4,25). 

26, 100,6 tspond.lts !g!ed b rb. rat a6t iaar ilt.r&liE d.dj. B mF 

lElptul in cn!&i!g l@jrg crrr.iry of diitamr .de{rion stu t ots (IaU. 

4.4t4. 

CONCLUSIONS 

Tbc fouo*iry c@lBioa gw dFs @ rt ha3i! ofthc 6",ri"s. of rt 

t. Mon of th. €p@

2, 

3, 

Ai llorlt lt opinid of n dn !m&.dg rh. E dia prcg@! ve 

h.lpitg iI th. ildividlalizd !tudy. Ihb @!.lNion b6 bM dBM on lhe 

b.!i! of*.ring. No.4 t.l, rt 2.t. a.3.I !d 44.1. 

l,lajd nbb.( of th. eToidatr s of i[. opilion tbd tb. odat3 of 

dislrc .du.tion coDtilE th.n dudis .t th.n ou F@ *bich i! la.onting 

lo tbir citlrn nc.!. A ra$[blc ndbd of rldal3 e! i! hvou of 

id.p.d.d fitdy. Medh Fs@l mpbAia on rb. Irgu.gc lrunE. ft 

va h.bias in tlE cE tid of w id..r ftis 6Dclui@ ns b@ dreu on 

ibc bosis ofih. fi.iing. No. {.1 .Z 4,2.2"4.32 .d 4.4,2. 

It ws @elutt d ttat th@ B 0*ibility ir dii.@ cdr€dd. Ir B on 

thc Pdt of rb. sntddt !o dlcidc &d adjusl tbc sntdis in ecqde.c wirh rh€ 

PrEiliry sitrlnior Tahilg l@Diog Foc! b d$ .f&.1i8 if ec 

3rni6 pbglll!]EB qft ulctl liDutta@sly i! a ffopei !l|y. ILis 

@tuluion h,l be! dtEfr o! rbc bsis of th. fildil8s No. 4-1.3, 4.2.3, 4.3.3 

4. It *q otsrl)d ton ttE Bull! gim by th. E.pod!.|! rlrr a brg€ 

pd6t2g. B of the viw poim thlt disra@ cdeation sysEn B bsed 

6 irdcpatddt ,rud, Tb. s rba of di{'ie .dEsrio! $l4r 6.n l!!&r 

ind.!d@tly, M€dir pogt!@e potEd to bc Nftn i! rhi5 $n of 

ind.p€ftle 8tudy, ftis @lcl$ior hls b€n d6m d th. bsk of the 

Gndings No. 4.1,5, 42.4, ed t.43. 

t51

5. It a ddircd ton rh. Erlts 3hon i! th. s dy rtd djdiry of th. 

EpondclE 14 of rh. vi.w tld most of the le!.hing lei.g p .s 

d.p@& bigcly 'po! th. Ldnirg dibnrndr A dqiD@ nbb6 of 

Eryordqrt5 aer.d thlt i!d.r.n& stldy hclped cr..rivc rtidiilg rt!I. 

hEli.g lD. isoldid of rt 3nlans E 6@ belpfirl fo. t lta taclirg 

lmins Plo.*. 'Itb @elulion ha b.6 dEM o! rh. b8is of &. fldirgs 

No 4.1.5, 4.1.1 ed 4.4.3. 

6, M.jdity of tt Bpondars agtEd lhd dLt nce cde.ijo! srud.nl drd. 

i-iliG iodeladatly. thjs.odlEiu h8 ber &ru o! tbc b6sb of rbe 

fndi.g! No, 4.1.?. 

7. It E d.dEd th.r @3t of lb. Gpoad@r w@ of dc vid rhd iDdcFdat 

study h.lpcd in dqtilg lew i.L$. It .bo h.lFd i! givile tuE qudity of 

l@i!& It h.lpcd i! Et&tion of ltuilg deo. If itw eryon dwithth. 

hedj! FogtlllG! it e6 mE iltdGting for rhe snrd.oa!. 't s @ncluio! 

ha h€ dnM o! ib b€si! of tN. c'rr.Sa No. 4l.E, 4.2.8, 4.3.6q a.1.6d 

E, Dist !e .deatid 3trd.dis *c cEiou lrd t€dird olrinDuly 'r 

s@! of dy olpofiuily for g.ltiq iBrudio.. A tujority of llc 

BFad.ats sw oftu opinion. Thd w a falilg @ong thc rndois 

of di{rre.dnrid thit thirn of dillNio! B still lyir€ atdgwirh thd. 

AIy how. qlality m.dia pbgtue v.E IEbtul itr ptudails qudity 

158

dieBion h indrpcndetrt study. 'ftjl odlBion bs b..n &lm @ lh. 

bsir of rh. Eryri,g. No. {. L9. a2,9. 4J.56 Dd 4,4.?, 

9. !rr.siv. F.peloly qqr B 6c die DEd b *nim the d6idl 

objetivG. $e B rh. c4 *itb dicd* '.+ *ig ldni!8 Fo6s. Th. 

tuiDu iDlut i! lbe pryl.lory *o* @uld stlt in tNidh.frelirc 

tc.chils lc@os Focs. Mrjdirr of tbc i!3poDddrs k! of rh. !@ 

vid. MN qurlity of ftd

D.dia prcg'lnlnm ftE also smlty of qwtity of e.t i! ildividud 

3lu1y. 'ftjr c@clGid ha h..n dr'm on lb. batis of thc cryri.gq No. 

4.1.10, 4.2.10, 4.3.64 4.3.6e &d 4.4.8. 

10. Efc.tit pLDtriog ed cr8&iztid of ta.hilg E dr b.e of h6rning. 

Mljori|y of rspond@ts 9w in NpFrt of tlt $oE Mrion d staLftnt 

If thc Me a di.d oa ar th. lFFErory n!9., di5t *.du.fi@ w 

s@.$tur Ir d-"d.d al @d .frd@y o! tb. Fn of sdac *tb 

6uld cet hcb Aom $c ncdia ptust!!)F in th.ir sntdics. nft cwluion 

h$ b*r dnu oa th. b6sis ofii. fr'dingq No. 4,l.l l, 41.I l. 

I L Mos of$e 61D!d6ts l@ oftb. vis th.l rt rlspoBibility E lyinr on 

tbc dhi!@ .du.diotr o.geird@ to rulb thc nar€ridr !o tbc su&nr3 

'@ding to rhc ct!.d,|.. Mon of 6. 6?otrd..ls ld of th. !.ft opiliotr 

Ihc o4&iziiotr did lnar .fici.ntly b€M. a lar8. rub.r of rrud@$ q@ 

l@kilg for @ioudy- Thjl co*luio bls b6 d8u on th. b.dr oft[. 

ftdings No- 4.1.13, 4.2.13 rld 4.2.16. 

159

12. Mo$ of rbe ffipond@ls q@ of rhc vi.w thlt dista.e cd{.diotr blteNi.l 

.LbEd.d i @riE bhoE *in. n B bcirg FqoEd. Hdc., rha! 9E 

$ tuy bodi.! coltitd.d i! ihc uiBity fd @tiag Folict deiliong 

egadiDg diltaa! .duiri@ ryrh ftd! irvohql a&y ard o6y 

qlrnd itr $. .ynd, Prebld @!d dilc in rb. ey' rhs{dr, buch of 

lhc mcdial ocaB wde EquiFd to be iekc[ Thi! colclBion ba h.m 

po€s, Tlt @mluion hls b€n.!!h @ th. bst oftlF ftding! No, 

4 2. t E, 4 2.t9, 4.1.n, 4,2.23, 4.2 24 d 4.1.t - 

i6, A Eeeblc !@hd of lt! Gtblddt3 l@ of thc vid ihaa 

cl)@uicltion h.lFd lw id* iD G&hing lamilg pe.s. It E 

belpi.g i! br!.rirg th. i$ldio! of $. md.tnr *tich Eulr.d i! @F 

L.Di!s. It (6@@icdim) E .bo b.bDg i! ih. ioprovlmr of 

dis.Niol Thb enctuion hd ba &.M oo thc b@i! of rt. fndirss No. 

4.1,21, 4.1.t .d 4.3-23. 

17. M4jodty of th. GslDlddr vw of Ihe opili@ thal !Ddi! pogtu b6 

hebed th. snld.aB i! biidsils out !.w idla aii.r havils etul disrusioD. 

A Lrg. leba of stll.Lra @qftt b. i!rctrd i! this ..tivit . N.Gd b.!.d 

sntdie jn th. 3bry€ of di.logu re tD@ F$jbl€ rbDugl quslig ocdir 

prcs.!m6. 'ni. coDcluion iG b€€n dhM on lhe bt!i! of th. tldinss 

No. 4.4.13, 44.l4 41.15, 4.,a.15, 4.4.1? rnd 4.4.1E. 

18. Mos of the r.sporddrs re oftbe vi* rhar ir&r..rid hb.d th. lrrddts 

in iEpbvir€ co@uiorio! !ti[3, Eff.srjre invotvmdtt oflhc arudeDrs in 

dedia Folrtud E rh. 9!ruty of qu.lity of *o* ia dijt &. 

du.trior It hclp.d i! inPllvilg r!. tddbitiiy of lb€ sruddrs. tr 

.Dleed thc lcming capeiry of lhe srudans dso. Thie @ehsior hB h€.n 

dmu d rb. b8is ofrb. tudilgs No. 4.4,22,4.4.21,4.425 d\d 4!.26- 

l9. Rc@6Eadatio6 for filIha GcacbB', ,5.6 - Fftccr th. rhicvhenl of 

t6t

COMPANIs'ON OF TEE OPIMONS OF RDSPONDENIS 

5.1.1 Accunuletlv. CotrclNior 

IE!&t of disl.sc! .du.ni@ rb6d6 G s @da. It is i! &3cadj!g od.a 

l. lrt 6ctio/ Comuic.don 

2- AuoeEy.od lrd.pad.@ 

t6t

Ar fir a th. tunctioa of the lndics u

5.5 RECOMMENDATIONS 

Kelias in iid lh. lrdings ud gtrbrim of 6. sdy, ib. blldi!8 

ioo@dddioN s@tmposd: 

l. It mLlilb ofdisrlc.duc.tion l4w nbctioningj8l lit. a Am4qr itr 

lb. tody. If lhc Eioa p{t3 of lh. body w@ euld &d talbt ih. 

freli@ of lb. bo

5_ 

6. 

dukot B in i$l4ioE, idoEnid dd co@@icdio! E rDobgiB oay 

btsl bis i!o!rti@ 8a! typ. of dilt@l muld D. helpfrrl ir hi! 

"Di*si@" tbc @i! L.diDg d@Et a b.lils i! irdividal $dy. Tbe 

studants of dbtrne crlu€iion v@ sitirg for lh. olportuit for biviIg 

di!.Bior Woikt F rw th. a.tud fq@! of di$!.i@ sticl t!. 

std.nti bly bc previd.d !r tb. oAid6. Vid.o 6arrte3 uy bc provid€{t 

for th. stud.lt3 *iih the vdi.ty of topica disu$cd uong the rno*ncd 

PtpaEtory worli, i! 6. oihd wds n My be ird.d s "hofus*" fo 

9@ tasr. IrEeiEFrtd&tivity. Wh€n rle *!s io@ $n ofEsk 

for oDrldion, t!d! c 9@ poifts leilirg i@cdi.Lly iD ltc oird 

'nE* poirt! led imcdior. sollnio!. B.f@ dtcring tE actu l t da th.& 

poift a@ dieus.d ed clditr d. Ilis *dvity provid.d 6. ba. for 

su.cs of th. &nld telL lcp.r.tdl wort etdch B tot ly our of iLe 

3.!q B r.qui.r.I to b. odid.r..l d @ TO! PRIORITY. 

Pltuirg ond orgeiadotr alolgvith iE l@or.don .d 3!!!g @iiod.g 

w the @rc of l.hi!9. rlhc drtedsk lw pFpd.d.nd @ilcd io r!. 

strd.nts i! tiE , wrkshols wF orseiz.d i! tide 

lfug.d ar popd titu ed th. EdB 9@ amw.d &@rdiig i,o rLe 

*h.dulc dkidce .ducltid stsldt @ 3ll.cstul, 

Dis|!@.ducdior @rqiaL ebit ir w b rh. poc* of pc!.rdioa 

rccd€d inr€sive laboq. It rquired tad vork for its finali?rio!. tr hld to 

165

. p.n d tbrcWb e tuy s.ndory 6odid. h sj, tbefoq prclo!.d rhd 

t'e bodi6 dy @oFir 6 .rg.n Fof*idr&. Ih* FofBlio lj Dr, 

b..ffici@t ard a.rirc, A MonrlL .@ut of dn my b. gihto tbis 

F.e$. ID rh.b sy, r r.!&d Edoid eoutd b. FrTaqt od thc d6i.!il 

obj*tis @dd be &!icv.4 

E. Dilrle cd!.{id Fro€s E @bpta.d in difEtur s&p. i... F!p&!dd 

&d @ili.g 6. Ddai.t, Eing it by t!. fir

.6 nIOOitUtNDAtIOt{gArrnnxgInl]tsAIcEES 

Ar tb iopic w to !r4 6.. Dry t tu6e rfld.. dn rt . bDi.. 

l. rftF.rdq t ltli.d o raah, F4 BA plc, cI, xr4 x/l 

(tlnl.d.d} rI.lhil @.di.o) E@ ofAIOU. 

Z rlnn.rdryt d q;b Fo.@ oft()u. 

3. rt. F...rt ry d& t di.d (|r o e @ d lnEl 

dvr!d!y. 

{ AEdtryLco&do&edo6.Fqt@ 

t67

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c,'[i$i, D.l- (r9t0) U,&rnardi,lA Di$M Edrcato,: A Fr@oL lo tra 

Id!ru. Lordoa Routt.dgc, 

Crniea R. (2000). ftcdlticat c!.ttc!s6 fd DisrlD@ Eduerid in th.2tsr 

CahE r A Shin frm Srucnld !o T@rioaal L.6 /zr.,,rcr,,ul ldifu 

oft teuch ih Open a"4 Dilqe rz*niae, 4r, ! - t 7. 

169

ct y, L.8" Qc{o) Edtcdiottt Re@.tr Co,tp.t rcj., Jo ,lnab'k aad Appli.ato, 

(5d Ed.). Islad!!!.t Nltiorrl B@t Foudatiotr 

Gww!rd@4 C. N., Mcts@, M. O. eoo4r. Dbtance Eduztton. Lo'{Jn: 

kvhe Edbre Alsirr.s 

s'so4 A" & Jo!e4 D. (2@t). "Co@ui.5rid qlh ! BANO (.!d r.w 

\tndpca)." Lirnoy Tdt 1a(): !0_r2. 

trrris lDr.dcriE & Te! R€at! Unteitud (2@3). Don to B. wrr.!: I,tc Rot. of 

New Medtalol a Digral ce@tado^ A Nq Media Laa^cap. Cms ofAge, 

Et.tutw Surr@r. Sblyidq CA & Ns yo*: C.m l!rd&1iE 

HiEbc4RE-(t988) M6t U.dta Z tjo.t@: h"g^" 

Hiltor, ,1, (200t. iDigjtal As&t M!a!gd@i Sy5tm." TjDUCAUSE Rlviry 

3E(2)i52-5a. Hilc, s. R (1994).\tE V:irnbt cLsoM: r,.ornhg flinbrl 

Linits vid ttu Co"An r,Nuqoo4NJ: Abbx, 

I{otun, D. (20t)4). En rclop.dtd of Edrcditul Technoto&l. R.niqcdMtch 2, 

2lx!4, Aob ltF//@.sd$.dr/@r/Anicl6ftrlsrdisidrcdh 

Holnbd8" B. (t986) Cruvrh zM Soutv. of lrBt@e Ezu.alton rdd@: Cr@b 

Eohb..g, B- (19E8) CtuA.d Di.tadi. Conqrali6 k Di,ttu Edu.diu: 

Intematiotut petspecttw. Nes lotk: &o&tdlA.. 

t70

Foleb.8, B. (r9EE) flcot, ot'.! pretice i, Drst@ Etudtoi. Nq ydt. 

notDttfeB. e$3, Ditt@. L@rlng. Nry yo*: bfo.Dnid Ag! huiqtioB. 

frohtag, B. (2003). A-ftery of Dilbe Ensri@ Br*d d EbF!b,, h c. M, 

MooE & a" W. C. (E .), Hdnfroot of Dbt@e E&cdioh tltp. 79-g5). 

ro ^r L.erloe Ettb.r arsi.t s. 

tloErio Arsd Ascinid eoor. nE std. ofov Ndi.n\ yorf, Alaoo&ia, vA: 

Hotstio AlSd &niation, 

Hoito4 V. (1991, J@) Aop ,. Coureriorr, plF !dar.

Y\qt\D. (r9E6r. Th. Foaraatw ojt DLn@. E4u!fiM. Lr,l&. Cr6d'ld^. 

Kes.4 D. (r99t). Di'ta@ Uuation T*t-otos lq tte Nd L|lttutd: 

Conwsk.t n ko T.@hi,e.P'{.i@.ERJC. 

K€g.a D. (Ed.). (r94). Oiro lcr.r on Disturc. E&.atie Th2 Ldstiatizzlion 

ofTeehbA @d lzq,ttne.raldol ad Na Yorl: Rou{.dse. 

Kba\ A.H. (1991) secud4ry Eduqtior in Patjlt@L IsLmbld: Oorcmot of 

P.rka4 MilisE of Educdior 

Ktu\ B.E. (2@1, WeLBa..l T.d'tt''€. EnslsDod Cti6! N* J@y: Edu€ri@al 

Tebnology ?ublicltioa. 

Mr,tni{d, T. 12002) Impti.atto8 of |k@is of Di$M e.aid t" D@toptzS 

I$tltctional Design at lliglet S.@n loy Lel Istae.ba4 AIOU, 

Me4 R. & Kayc, T. (r 990) ?owod a New pta gh fo Dirtarce E&.ztioa N.e 

McN&b, ,. (199r, Odob

Lf Wl e . 099aJ. tuiri,A 6ultd@da nainitg tith itt.grc.d sit tulditu PW 

pFstcd at t!. Wnt n' Rlllld o! ld@.tivc T@blology .!d lquiptrhr, 

v.lxo|rc, BC: 'D. Ulihity of B.iri$ Cot@bir Cldidils St!di6. 

MistF, r. & Ko.6la, lv{-l (2005) Tah6loei.al P.eeoshd Mqt Ktuwt dE : 

A FtMtfu T.ehzt rML&. colubi.: Micbigm Sl!i. Uni@it. 

MisLl, C.G. & Hoy, V,K, (2005, Edtccio/al khn.k|ation: Tlzory, Reech 

art Prd.ttc.. Ut.d@tM.cav HiU B@k Cor!F.y. 

M@, M.e. (972) Lotut .4u!o@ny: TlE S.cord Dtne8im of Indzpend.nl 

L@itr& C@vas@ E ll 7688. 

M@,M.o. 0991) 1fuo,y of Di!'t@ Eddrtrn Irndd CmoD ttcto 

ir,l@c, M.C. (1991). Editori* D!ta@. E&MlanIher. flu 1tu4c6 JoDrt of 

Dd@c. EA.caio,\ NiJ, 1-6- 

NdioEl C.dcr for EdEdi@ Stdistic! QOCzr. n Coadtton of Uvdi@ 2N2. 

Washilglo4 DC: U.S, De?arrlcar of Educltion, Naiioiil Coter fd 

Eduetid Strtidiq. 

Oblios6, D. (2003). '8oofu6, cat(q!, lrd MiXdirb: U.daridi.g the Na 

S n iis." EDUC|LSE Rqitu (hyAue)3717. 

t?l

Pul|A\ M.F. (1917, Tr4 EL.nMic V'nw'itr: Conptq Coal.rcuil8 ta MAt 

E htdioL Nq Yo*: Tle AGi6 C.nrd for tb. Study of Di!@ 

Pa.$, O. (2003). lrmilg with Nry Mcdi! ir Din @ Edrsri@. h O. M. M@F 

&. A. W. O. G{s.r, A nEo,, of Di!;t@. Enrcati* B44t on E ,Fai\r bD. 

E7-112). lrndo!: LimG Etlb.u6 Asci!r6. 

Pofla, D 0994, M{(i). Nd tu.cti@ it dxta@ L@tn& I"tain Ept| 

(AEilablc: Dlvid ?ort r. Mdlgd, Schook cuiculM PDg!!s, 4355 

Mdlbissi Ple, B@by, Bc', CsldA Vsc 4SE.) 

tond, P. & Ocomr, L. (2001r. ||hat Mal@s DtttM. I2@rn C weciw? Swott 

M.cht iM to Msiniz. rhe tip4ct 6Dhtd. Leni,e in Attult EAtditt 

Cmbdgc, MA: Ms hlleiion. 

Pailkl,M.11990) Di!'td@ E lrcatid: C@cepts and Methotb- lsldEhzAtl:ldiottt 

M3hi4 M. (1993) Di'ra.. Edao o',\ Srudrcride 711, bt@abln lj)u. 

Rtt\i4M. (200)J AUied Matnial ot Dist@c. Edtcado. 71t. rsl6,'s4t ATOIJ. 

Pdvitcb, D. 09E7). Tehslos' dd ihc @iqljm. I! M.A l/hit (ELt, ytd 

tuidt"m fot th4 t,fonztion ase? llillsdale NJ: Lare4 Ertbdu 

t74

Faa4. L l20c4) Evaturu ofT.el* baiii"g Pbjat, lDB tlssttu4 Ia@ No. 

1210 PdL (54, trabd of F/sdton lilrarLd: IlrFlllith.d Mtbil r!6tu, 

AIOU. 

Pickcls, C., & Wil}o! S. €002). 'rdprevilg sbd.at Pcrfo@c. rhouet 

Cooprt{-B.!.d AK.nt h5igbt toD Rent R.gth', /tlret ad 

Etulualon i, HEh.t Ed@ation 27(t):47t-A0. 

Rob, K a CoUr, T- Q@5) I2dnl"g D6isn: I Ha"dh@t on tbd.Ing @d 

D.livtlng N,ttott tl Eduatton od bdnthg. Loado\. Sptugd. 

RlIo, SJ. (2004) Itp Codnbrti4t .f N*Fqral sclbolt k Ert@i"e th. 

Pmilion oJ B@ic Ed@dion ln (.r)a K.!t!: Rrttraht (sb Uni!.Eitar 

Irdd.lb6g. 

st a,P. (1990).7h. E ohntu of l@tn U..diMlTelwtosl.Endcrtrf1- 

Co: LibEiB u.liDic4 bc. 

S.v{y, rR, & D&, rM. 09t pr.bld h...d t.@i!g: A! iistErioo.t bod.l 

&d i6 coBructivid t!mM*- EducatioralTectrblog, 35(5), u-38. 

sdEr..J,/s Comisior o! Achiwilg Nc€sdy Skilts (192). Lmidg r Livilg: A 

Bl@ Print for gigb P..fo@. W.shirgroD, Dq U.S, D?ehd oflabo. 

S€liigo, J, 2001, Algusr 14. "A! &b&d ConKts, S.hook K..p Vigit for 

Irtmet2.' Nd Yort Tie6.c@ ReEi.vcd oa Aqu$ 28, 2003, nod 

175

d:l. 

Sb@i P-A & Holsd! KS. (2005) D.vbpw"t of Er.di/n h Pddtt@r 

I!l&!h.d: Ac!.Lby of EdBldonrl Pbdi.g .dd Mssg@! Milistry of 

Sh!id@r4 B. (199). D.ligntns tlt wt i'ttui@. i.adtr& MA: Add:!o!- 

st o, P. & StoE, R (I02) "Ptul Digi$t Asill.nr!.d Pssd: A Mo&l ror 

P..cor Collrho6tion ir Sch@l D$iplis." Jod,al of F6 r Studiss 

8(2):226-3e- 

U.S. C.!NBltr'@(200D. frn. Conptds dtd I mr Uk in thz Utdt .l Slnes: 

2000 WsshiDglolr Dq U-S. D.lddrot ofco@ 

U.S. D.Frhed of Edrcdion (2000). 'S@tn/3 C@fctq@ o! Erdu.diodd 

T.ch!olos/: Mdllrins lopa.ts .nd sbapiq rh. !une.' Pdr.t ptue,red dr 

ia S.cr.ttt\ Co!{.rcE @ EAaar@l Te.h,vtos/: rk@i,A IDW.B 

ard glpita ttu Fuse- V.*i\gto\ DC. U.S. D.psrnelt ofEdu.lrio!, 

wcb B.5.d Eduotid Cll,@issior Q@}r. Ib PNet of th. httqartot l@nide: 

M@ingftu PNnb. to P/@tia. w.!bi.gto!, DC: U.S. Colgrss. 

116

wni., M-A. (!987). Idorbltion.!d inlgdy cdEriod ro M-A" vhir. @r), rral 

tui.rtM lq th. tnlotmdio, 4s.7 Ei[!drL, NJr tlrlwc Erlbsu 

v,liL, v .

QIJDSTIONNAIRf, FOR ACAJE}trCIANS 

I m doing ny Ph-D rc!@h 6rd ey taic is .'Evotu.rior of Tbdi.! of 

Dbi.E EdEsdo! ard rh.n hr&t o Taching r.ui!8 pl@s". Tt @i! 

fdpd. oflhc study ! n i.|.dil tb. Fobl@ iMlvcd i! 6. !yst@ of .ti!h. 

.dtrdioo. tuAIOUi!rt pioer iurinrid fddisle cdurri@ i! p.kill.!, $ 

colFibulion of A.addics d.p€rtd@ls of AIOU @d bc iSnor.d j! rhis rcgld. 

'nj@foF ,!E vababte G,9cri@ b AIOU eix b. @otribdio! for rbj! 

rE d.h" A $stioqiF d 6rc !oi!r titai $dc is ,!r.r.d witb. KDdly !pd! 

so. ti4 b 6U i! tic q!.$i@iF rld ctm n with you opi!io!. 

Plas D*. @ thar you idomllion od sugg.stios will b. t pi 

6!6d.frid {d Es.d ody for rtis te4t. 

t78 

ArrAur!-A 

Muherld Mr@r M.lil 

schob Ph"D (EdB.don) 

F&dty ofEdlqdo!, AIOU, 

Isrffi.*ri

QUESTIONNAIRE P'OR ACADEI|TCTAXS 

BA'B,SC. _ M/Xrld --- 

M.Ptit 

- 

PhD 

soe .ffidr c! giv6 b.tov pl@;inn yo6ls.l of |stElMr br. 

ticlilg (,.) rhe +pepdst box. 

SA Stolgly Agr!.d 

a Agld 

UNC U!€rlin 

DA Dilaged 

SDA StoDely DisagEd 

SNo UNC DA SDA 

k'dividul study d.t rid a.1s a 6iEdt&k 

nr rr^hing lahilg Fc* 

2. T!. stldda ofdi3'!e .du!rio! i! 

P.ldstar q @ntinE then studiq !t th€ir 

1, Dsrs! duc.dd tud..r @ .djusr bis 

!n)di4 @rding to his cilliuranH. 

All ltc st)iLntr ofdi$rD€ cd8ldd @ 

*let lhlir study Glb &cqdilg !o ihcn 

vi . 

5_ Uarr@ .duqiion 3tsEo i. t !.d @ 

6. T@hilg l.an n8 pffi d.F!d! bteety 

119

uDoo 6. l@iDs @yi!!fu.!L 

7. nr. dtt@ .a-",1o. .rudd ortd 

E, I!d.p.!&ot 3tudy b.lps i! cudng lw 

ida in tqahilg l@liag proci. 

9. Ditde cl'rd@ $ri.d3 G oritq of 

g.rirs oPponEiry ii tst i!8 i!du6i@ 

I0, Efic.liE t l.bilg LaDjlg pt64 i! Bolt 

of in&ndE pEP€Etory rcrt, 

ll. Dislec. l@i.s is b!!.d d ffi 

plrMile .!d org&iztid ofla.hile. 

t2, T!. 'lE* of dillane d,r.dd dt 

d.!a& upor th. !rcpsrrory phse 

ll. Di!l!!6 cdEltior org.rizdo! tuka 

posdblc for dl the snddts io r&eiE 

td.Er e.rldrial i! 4cdd,e *ir! 

14. Diglle.dEsid eatdisl i5 prcvid.d for. 

Llg. nMbq of sDldati. 

15. Pr.lorilg of di$&e drt drl Eqrnd 

16, Policy desioN rcgutiag airooe 

l8o

.du3rios sy.r.o c trtd i! dift.@r 

t1, Tat8.c of {ti!ta!c. .duc.tion rylt n @ iA 

i! difaat Ei.d rt ps i3.: 

' PFpddion ald Milirg rlc E tdisl 

. UdDg it by ih. !tuddts 

r UsilS it ur..iat by nn6 dd 

Srrlization of rb. rdli!, 

18, All in6 Fovid. i aEdiE oib@ b 6. 

19, L.ming i! f!.ilitstcd .t!tuii.ly thbug! r*! 

20, Eft.lire tc!.hi.g ldilg DrcB is 

ft.ilir.r.d d@g! h&mdid 

co@dieri@ i..b@loei6. 

21. Tm-Pt comui€dd dubg th. 

*uk[oF fr.iUtd6 t...hilg tdi.€ 

22. Cotidui@tioa t htrologi6 e h.lpfi{ in 

qu.in sdrc la[iD8 Ldrirg F@s. 

23. Ilt 6.tiv. &tiviti.s pDvile 6.tE! Gults in 

qudiiltiE &&hin8 lLi@ilg pl!6!. 

l8l

24. IrllF.tion b.tqa !tud6s .!d ta.!d! 

rld dolg rbc andqE @tiEte &. 

Z.dou! i!@lvcnelt in th. lMy betlh 

raalF &d drc hlgh colribdcs ro joytul 

26, A iiadly p6$@l to; croribG 

po3itively in ralilg teEjlg fioc€s. 

27. Turd pbys a digniff@1 oL bdi@ 

24, Pla!. gire sr6grb! ofdi5i.n@ 

Pl.& giE rErrB!6 ofditu . .dqtio 3rnd 

Ploc givc srsscrtioro fd iEprov@e!fia diG;ffi;ion svsIlbj 

lE2

29. I r'r.dio!F!tl@Fsili!8ildrtuGdr.d6ryndirP.taid& 

Eqri&d btpl@irg, ind#trn ed 6Lq 'p: 

' AbouadEiBio3yddof AIOU 

. PnlIdidof@wn tcid 

' 

Mrili!8 of 6. od6id 

t83

QIIESTIONNAIRE FOR TUTORS 

I .E doi.g ny Ph-D r6€atl .!d ry topic i5 "Evdu.ti@ of 11Eoti6 of 

Did.m. EdEntio. &d tbcir L6!!ct @ T{nirg frding prc6s',, Tlc @i! 

FtpoF of lhe snrdy i! to iddri& lbc Fobld iNolv.d i! 6. stsre of dilrrne 

.(|[.5ii@, As AIOU i! tbc piotE irorirrid tn di6L@ cdu.di6 ir p|lie!!, s 

etrotu of Acaddie dcprhdts of AJOU c€Mr b€ igiorld itr rbi. Fgsd. 

K.?irs i! vi4 you vd@!t. cxp€ri@ i! AIOU, ! $Btio@iE j! 

&li!E!d pclo&Iylpdt d to yG lr i! ny h'DbL Equ.d io hldly &ns th 

qE lio@irc wirb you Feiou opinioi. You vi$ will .€rraidy prcvit€ . 

defniL suM of info.eltio! i! fi. lioB ofDlta Coledo 

Kildly tick rh. cl.let bd t foe rb. srd@6r. Ma&e s rhn you 

inforutjon ad sttgg.srioB will b. k pt confiddtirl. 

t84 

MulEa'lEd Mai2oor Mrlik 

Scho|{ PhD (Eduod@) 

F-ul9 ofElsdon, AIOU, 

I!Ldrbod

QTIESTTONNAIRE TOR TIJTONS 

aA/3.S.. 

M,Phit ------ 

So@ 3trIct@E e gib b.!o* na$ ildicd. rou Lvd of -!s@.d 

ty 

ticli.€ (r') U. ryprpritL bo& 

SA StoiglyAged 

SDA Slrolsly DiidgFc.l 

- 

rrlu.Ed 

S.No. IJNC DA SDA 

i, I!dc!.n&nt 3trdy @i.ri.l i! th€ 

ba.kbde ofdilt ne .duoti6, 

2. Disrnc. .dBdid sru&d in P.tiste 

M ..dr4 th.ir $rudi6 ar ib.ir oM 

3. Di!i.!c. .dution snlddE oy rdjusr 

tb.i. studiB .@di.g to 6.ir 

All lh. studdts of diEt !e cduc.rion 

.& EE i!tt s.l*tion oftun tBb. 

5, Ind.lctrdot study is tUc b* of 

dislrE .dEtion syd.o. 

6. I*hing t.di!8 poes tohtty 

t85

d.p..ds 'pon th. ldmirg oviFndrd. 

7. Th. stud.d! of dil(.tr@ cdu.a'iotr t le 

E. I r.!6&.r lady is d@ h.tpntl i! 

@ltiDg lw id* i! le&bing l.@i!g 

9. Dirt@ .dlatid 3rublts @ tuioN 

of geftilg opponu y in skine 

10. PFFdory vod( ir disr@ .dultion 

i! 6usl tur .fccdk &a.hiig. 

lt. hGcivc pL@ilg .rd o4ei2did is 

Fquied for 4..l|lng leaoins riEe. 

t2. lEpaabry pbre pNid6 th. b.!. for 

lh. $I]3 ofdiEle€.ds!dod. 

ll. T'td i! .llrys sdy fd Elsinilg th. 

3ludas al $h.dulcd ti@. 

Qulity @u$ old6@ d.!.!d |po! 

mNting th. bqt B ofuivdity tuton. 

lt, FtuD snd6t b distac. r.&hing 

or8&izlio4 ![ rh. poi s i! rh cyclc 

186

16, ol8eizalid brk6 r@ibL tu all the 

tldalr to E .iE tEqritld d@e.rb/ 

ma&rirl d alPointld tihes, 

17. I!r.r..riw Srridae to dl rh. lndds is 

18, Ta.hins lcdilg pieqa @ b. 

icilird.d lbrclgh rw Ey 

19, tolotnaioo ad ooauicaio 

t ctmlosid Llp .fledivc c..hiag 

I.oohg pr@6$ d.6nit ly. 

20. vo*sb.!6 Fovid. bdE oppolnbnid 

of te wy @mEic.to. in the 

t r.hiae l@i.S proc*. 

2t. awftdw t4hnq Iartug F!(s i5 

porsibl€ through inf('@tion dd 

co@uiori@ telnologiG, 

t2, lfidiairc !.tiviri.s prcvidc bate. 

opponutics fo! quslit tiv. t &hing 

2t. btomatio ara comuicado 

Iehnologid hclp @r l@ing 

ta7

pL'sr i! tlebirg l.milg lMdt 

24. Fdddly .tti!d. of c.cha !!d E 

tanelt h.lF pqdtiE i! ELiry 

Tdor b tb. b6t NoE! of 

co@uicai@ baaq sd@t !d 

fl* girc fi6gl!! ofdi$le durrio. rt!l@ ii p.tijE!: 

no* girc mfus of aistare cAraio s1-"ro a* 

Yq rdublc.-rcstw fo iapor@otofEGdaio rrsrco 

188

QUESTIONNAIRE FOR STI'DENTS 

I @ doing my PILD rcs4h &d E lopic is ..Ev.lu.rion of .IlMi€e of 

tlidrG Edued@ &d tt ir IbF.t 6 Tabirg I6ing pro.d". I!. Mjn 

puF6c or e. sdy is ro i(hit lb. lobLdj i!rchld i! tL. qdd of di

QIJESIIONNAAE TOR STIJDENTS 

Sofu elrdd! e gih b.low, Plas ildicdc yor Lwl of lgEful by 

d.ring (r') th. apFopri.t boe 

(.INC 

DA 

SDA 

rh. stuLors e *I .re slnn lbe 

[d.p@doi sody i! oN h.lpfrrl for 

Indelddht study LdF ccsrirc 

Bqtilg ri. irold@ of ddats is 

EoF helpftl &r b.na E chirg l.oilg 

QEti@ a"!l divity is dt polsiu. 

r ta.kr tt @poftDirt of 

190

i 

13 b.lpfrtl i! hini.g ou !B idar 

rl.|F i!ct ndmof l@iog 

oive noE q!.lity of l.!din8 

MoF qurlity of w* ! Fsihlc 

HdF t!. 3nrt s b D. ffioB 

7. indctadlot 3t!d, h€lF {E 3nrd6b of 

di*!e cducltio! to bc not! z.dou. 

8. D$ee .du.did b @E t Fn l for 

9, Rtucdi.l 8EB @ r*d.d tD@ in 

lo Distc .dEdid a Fwi& 

g!ruty of qur y of w* fo( t!. 

ll Disae .(t[cnio. is onFdiv.ly 

t lptul i! d.rdlg w id.8. 

t2. Ustuhcs of c!.hi!s LrEilg !r!@s 

is DG p$ribL i! distae educdioo. 

13. I!r6&:lion inpreG .dEbioriotr 

skins ia t .Ehilg l.dirgFs6a 

t4. Irt€n liv. lctivitiei belp cuidrty in 

lhe snrd6t! of disi!re .du6tioL 

l9l

l5_ Co@@ic.rid rcdnlogid pLy 

signif.aot bl€ ir cr.dilg i!&rsr i. tbe 

16. c.@ic.ti@ h.&6 |w id..r itr 

E .bEg Lalile Fa4' 

t7. Comlnicstid belp€ h6!i!g ilohio; 

of 6c ahd.oa ir e@ ta6ilg, 

tE. c@iuicdid i! h.lPi!8 i! rhe 

iblrov@@r of dis.BiG in th. 

19. Cl)@uicati@ tc.-helogiB hlE 

Drd. th. L..niDg l@i.g pllGg co{ 

20. Co@uiclri@ te.h@logia @ 

belptul i! i$plovrng tb. qudity of 

t ..[i!8 L&EilgFrcq. 

2t. Qu&nny of hrL is Fsiblc *irh ric 

w of colrIlMi@ddpt chbtogi.s. 

22. U* of @@6i.rtiotr r..bnologi6 

h!rc D& tt ta.[iog leoirs pc* 

t92

23. Pl@. 8ir€ dagtu of dill.Ica .dudo! 3Fr.n i! prEnD: 

narc 6w raanes of aiaocc rauaior systco rto 

Ydlvdutt rrggGiiod, tu iry(w@t of aiaroct crnglo ry$n: 

193

QUESTIONN{RE TOR MEDIA PRODUCf,RS 

Arr.ruFD 

I @ doinS oy Ph.D tlgth ed Dy topic b "Etdulrio of ,ndi6 of 

Dstrff. Ede.rion ed lh.n h!..t o! Te.binS tming pc.6s", Tb. @iD 

puipo8. of rhe sndy i! to id€ iry thc tmbltu iDvolv.d in the s/sran of dist3trc. 

edutri@ Ar AIOU b iL pi()lE iininjtiotr for distse cd!.dim i! p&irt a e 

.6orts of M.dia ProdGE of AIOU c|mr be igloed in rhis Egad. 

K€.ping h vi.w you vatulbL cxpdide in AIOU, a qu..ri@iE is 

d.livq.d pdeEly/po$d b yor rr i5 Ey bubtc r$6r b tirdty rllD rbe 

qudtio@ic wilh ylu FEiou opid@. You vis *i[ c..tainjy Flvid. a 

d.finit see of iDfomrion in rh€ procBs ofDara Colle$on. 

Kindly tick rb. cl.fur box b.for rh. strl@@r Pt@ Nlc @ tbAt y@ 

idodrlriotr ud $gaeri@ will b. k.!r @nfdoiirl rld ed oily for this ee!. 

194 

Mrianniir Meler Matik 

Schold Pb.D (E!u.rtid) 

F&ulty ofEduetioq dOU, 

Isbnabld

QUESTIONN{RE 8OR MEDIA PRODUCERS 

BAD,Sa, 

Mrr/lr.Ed _ 

M.Phil -______ Ph.D -_______ 

S@c ati.@d ft gihb.loq pt .s indic{.you lGEt of .er@l61 by 

dcri's (/) th. pFopii.r. hor 

SA SrolSly ASI! d 

A Ag.cd 

UNC UGnitr 

DA Di!.8!!.d 

SDA StdglyDiqglEd 

S.No, IJNC DA SDA 

l M.di. Fos.l]re! e tl@ b.bnrl itr 

2, L.lgugc sEie of rb. D.dia 

plosllm* i! ldpnn fd w i.t8 i! 

3. U* of ucdia progm*s rukcs rle 

ta.hing l.@i!g ptlce tur..E ciiE 

M.di. prcgr@ @ pDw to be 

@G Ecnn ir id.Fd@t 3tldj,. 

5. M.di! ptug)tM.! [.t! ihe sful|dts tij 

h. @iN iD iidiyitllfzd srdy. 

6. M.di. proer.Dmd Lelp i! .rarins 

t95 

-

ilLrgr in tt dtd.d3 in ti/?F.r-{ 

7. Qrditr D.dit FosE'lc h.tp 

prcd&iag qu.lity of v!* 

8. Quli9 n di. prcstllllG e lhe 

IMety of qlaltiiy of ro* i! 

9. Mcdir proere aap ia nrrireEJ 

10. 

Fint Ealcirl [v!ly in ind.lad@r 

qdiq D.dir !reser€ b.t! 

@.dirl daiw! in hdeF.dcnt sludy. 

ll qdirr odi! Plldsti@ h.lp l!. 

loxLnts inbrqldlg rt iloldio!, 

t2, T.!.bing le@jlg pres @ b. @rL 

ilidtsdlg trclSl ocdia 

ll. Mcdi! prod@tion !.lps ihc $udmrs i, 

t4. U!.ftI disBion is tur po$ibte i! 

qulilslirc D.di.Fodu.dor 

t5. N,l4in@ irrclvhd of th. nud€nE 

t96

is posibte d@ue! od;FG; 

t6. Tagct diatd n di. p@; 

t7. 

18, 

pGiblc ir di3rbe dlaltioa 

rE @E posibte 

lhrolgl qu.lity m€dia podedor 

ueoae |ed dql!/| prc8:|''G e 

tuc bdptul i. d6tre .dusi@ 

19. ro|rrEotr ed comEi..rid 

lclhtulogis e EoE pGsibl€ rlrough 

20, [t|.|@EE da pregtr@6 e @E 

bdptul in ahi*irs r.rgets in

Vadtrty of quldty of w* is 6. 

etr*livc inrcl@r of 0E 3ird.nr i! 

IlcmtjE ddi. prca.eG b.tp 

'iFwlg th. leb4biliry oa rlE 

3nrddr! of distsa!.duerio!, 

bt rnivc D.du i! Ee b.lpfrI i! 

a'Ieing ledilg cqa.ity of disE!€ 

Pl4s 8iE sragLr of dBE@ .dr.doi rrna i" prrist!,, 

fl .e 6rc watns* orosramEuc{liiiiffig|lo-: 

vou vrlurltc ogs..tior rd rh. iDproro;i;iGFedlcrio!;G; 

198

evaluation of tseories of distance teaceing leari\ing process

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