The case of smallholders in Sierra Leone - agrilife - Europa

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Figure 37: Evaluation of benefits from membership in farmer organisations, Eastern region Figure 38: Evaluation of benefits from membership in farmer organisations, Northern region. In the Eastern region, access to specialised knowledge (for both marketing and processing) as well as access to markets is perceived as the key benefits from joining a farmer organisation. This is congruent to the needs of cocoa and coffee producers. In the Northern region access to seeds and tools are the most perceived benefits, thus reflecting the particular production challenges of staple producers. These results could partially be explained in terms of particular production process necessities which are different between rice and coffee or cocoa growers. In the Northern districts, farmers aim at securing input access and increasing their productivity and overall output while in the East, farmers are highly concerned with guaranteeing cash crop output is marketed and sold at sufficiently high prices for which improved management strategies at pre and post-harvest stages are crucial. 89
6.2 Evaluation of the economic performance and viability of smallholders In order to evaluate the economic performance and the viability of farm households at farm level, first the smallholders were grouped into different farm types depending on their crop orientation. This farm typology is important in order to understand to which extent the farm production system affects the performance of the farm households given the resource availability they have (6.2.1). Once a detailed typology is in place, the results of the farm household income calculation are presented (6.2.2): i.e. the Farm Net Income (and Cash Income) calculations at farm level and Gross Margin (output value and input costs) calculations at crop production level, focusing especially on rice as the main staple food and coffee and cocoa tree cropping as the main cash crops. Then, economic results are analysed in relation to the reproduction threshold (in order to assess farm viability) and the poverty line (for evaluating household viability) (6.2.3). 6.2.1 Farm typology The typology of smallholders is based on clustering them according to their similarity/difference in terms of socio-economic and agro-environmental characteristics. In order to characterise the farms within the regions – first step of the typology - the main criteria often used are biophysical conditions, resource endowments, land use, specialisation, intensification, farm managements and socio-economic conditions as well as orientation of production activities (market, self-consumption), position of the household in the ‘farm developmental cycle’ (Forbes, 1949; cited by Crowley, 1997) and main sources of the income for the household (Tittonell et al., 2010). The description of farm households in section 6.1 shows that within regions very similar socio-economic and agro-environmental characteristics are shared among smallholders. Differences between farm households are mainly found in terms of crop specialisation and crop mix. The differences in crop orientation also mark a difference concerning production activities for marketing or self-consumption. Thus, the smallholders were typified according to these two main criteria. The steps followed to set up the farm typology for the Sierra Leone survey consisted of first classifying the main production activities (in terms of crop mixes) across all surveyed farms for the Northern and Eastern districts. Secondly, farms were split into farm types according to their dominant production orientation for either market or selfconsumption. In the studied areas the main crop production activities are: rice production (upland and lowland rice), tree cropping (including cash crops: cocoa, coffee and self-consumption tree crops: oil palm), and other food production (including all other food crops produced e.g. vegetables, cassava). Consequently, farm typology was initially defined based on the mix of these three main crop production activities. Accordingly, farms may as a first step fit into one of the following options: - rice only, - rice & other food crops - rice & tree - rice & other food crops & tree, and - tree only. 90
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Rural poverty reduction and food se
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Rural poverty reduction and food se
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VI ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This study is ba
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VIII EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Agriculture
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X the local circumstances (mainly i
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XII 4.1 OBJECTIVES OF THE STABEX FU
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XIV LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Distrib
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XVI Figure 9: Sierra Leone export v
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XVIII Figure 47: Farm Net Income fo
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XX Figure 87: Adequacy of support p
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1 Introduction Sierra Leone is a We
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and sales, but also questions aimin
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official language, but Krio (a Creo
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found in the Northern and in the Ea
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Figure 3: Economic Growth in Sierra
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2001 and -3.1% in 2002 (Jalloh, 200
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According to the first (2003) and t
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According to MAFFS (2001) the count
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the production of major annual crop
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Note: 2009 - 2015 figures are proje
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attributed to favourable world mark
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the national herd. Prior to the war
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Table 7: Agro-Ecological Regions in
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potato are substitutes for rice for
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Northern region (Kambia, Port Loko)
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In the lowlands rice is the dominan
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defined physical features (Grigg, 1
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thus has an important role in decid
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equirements, particularly seedling
Page 60 and 61: Although IPRSP and NRS did not have
Page 62 and 63: The latter is accompanied by a chan
Page 64 and 65: 3.5 Sector Constraints and Challeng
Page 66 and 67: Fertilizer usage was less than half
Page 68 and 69: Figure 18: Number of agricultural w
Page 70 and 71: Jalloh (2006) argues that it would
Page 72 and 73: not entirely explained in terms of
Page 74 and 75: 4 EU Support Programmes for Rice an
Page 76 and 77: Welthungerhilfe (Welthungerhilfe, 2
Page 78 and 79: paid as compared to previous years.
Page 80 and 81: In the survey (as in the case of th
Page 82 and 83: 4. STABEX Support: Type of support
Page 84 and 85: Farm Net Income (FNI) is determined
Page 86 and 87: FNI/hhWU = (FGO/A - VC/A)*A/hhWU -
Page 88 and 89: prevailing price difference between
Page 90 and 91: Household Labour Wage (Opportunity
Page 92 and 93: defined as the level of expenditure
Page 94 and 95: Figure 20: Combined productivity ra
Page 96 and 97: Figure 21: Average gender compositi
Page 98 and 99: (determining the demand for labour)
Page 100 and 101: Figure 24: Average acreage under cu
Page 102 and 103: 6.1.4 Resources of smallholders Res
Page 104 and 105: 2 acres per household unit. Figure
Page 106 and 107: Figure 33: Total household labour a
Page 108 and 109: Concerning communication infrastruc
Page 112 and 113: The number of farms and the proport
Page 114 and 115: Figure 43: Percentage of farms crop
Page 116 and 117: Agricultural income of smallholders
Page 118 and 119: Table 27: Economic results of the s
Page 120 and 121: Table 29 Economic results of the sm
Page 122 and 123: To visualize the difference between
Page 124 and 125: Table 31: Different output values a
Page 126 and 127: Figure 50: Output value of food and
Page 128 and 129: Figure 54: Distribution of food cro
Page 130 and 131: calculation the labour costs accoun
Page 132 and 133: Figure 61: Farm viability of smallh
Page 134 and 135: Figure 63: Farm viability per farm
Page 136 and 137: Figure 66: Farm viability per farm
Page 138 and 139: Figure 68: Poverty level per househ
Page 140 and 141: 6.3 Input factor productivity of sm
Page 142 and 143: Figure 72: Cocoa and coffee output
Page 144 and 145: the differences between the Norther
Page 146 and 147: (Figure 80) that farms in the Easte
Page 148 and 149: Figure 83 and Figure 84 present the
Page 150 and 151: 6.4 Evaluation of the influence of
Page 152 and 153: the last two years (when the STABEX
Page 154 and 155: Figure 87), most of the smallholder
Page 156 and 157: Figure 87: Adequacy of support prov
Page 158 and 159: Figure 91 and 137
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Figure 92: Adequacy of support prov
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Figure 93 and Figure 94) the rest s
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Figure 96: Change in income as a re
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Figure 98: Impact of support on dif
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After having analyzed relevance, ef
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production and marketing). One part
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Figure 103: Average farm net income
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Figure 107). 153
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Figure 108: Sex of household head f
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Figure 111 shows the relevance of d
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Figure 113) but mainly concerning h
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Figure 115: Number of tractors hire
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Table 34: Basic Comparison of small
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indirect/transaction costs associat
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above mentioned crop diversificatio
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Sustainability of smallholders in S
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in which personal income and busine
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CSAO/OCDE (2007), Foncier, transfor
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Howe, P. and Devreux S. (2004): Fam
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Ministry of Finance Government of S
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Welthungerhilfe (2009) Support to C
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Section Village Household number HO
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Major Economic Activities Sources o
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COMMUNITY LEADERSHIP/SOCIAL PARTICI
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INSTITUTIONAL SUPPORT technology /
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Impact of support on food Security
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Level Of Improvement In Income As a
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FARM CHARACTERISTICS household Heal
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Precise the number. Externality Cat
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Input of other type of mulch/soil c
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Infrastructure/communication Please
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Appendix II. Questionnaire B SMALL
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Tractor Tractor hire Drying Floor/e
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Now we will want to have some infor
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Appendix III. Farm types Figure: Nu
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Figure: % of total land area per fa
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Appendix IV. Combined productivity
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213/231
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Figure Labour productivity for Coff
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European Commission EUR ….. EN -
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The case of smallholders in Sierra Leone - agrilife - Europa

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