The case of smallholders in Sierra Leone - agrilife - Europa

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official language, but Krio (a Creole language derived from English which incorporates words and syntax from other African and European languages such as Yoruba, French and Portuguese) is the lingua franca spoken by 97% of the population (WHO, 2009). Krio unites all the different ethnic groups (in total 16 2 , each with its own language), especially in their commercial interactions. Transition from civil war Since the mid 1980's, Sierra Leone has suffered economic decline and political instability 3 . Between 1991 and 2002 the country has gone through several military coups and a brutal armed conflict. The civil war started in March 1991 when the Revolutionary United Front (RUF) initiated a military insurrection in the east (close to the Liberian border) with the intention of overthrowing the government. However, by 1992 a group of young military officers, led by Capt. Valentine Strasser, launched a military coup which sent President Momoh (who had been elected president in a one-party referendum in 1985) into exile in Guinea and established the National Provisional Ruling Council (NPRC) as the ruling authority in Sierra Leone. Despite the change of power, the RUF continued its attacks. As a result of popular demand and mounting international pressure, the NPRC agreed to hand over power to a civilian government via presidential and parliamentary elections, which were held in April 1996. Ahmad Tejan Kabbah, a diplomat who had worked at the UN for more than 20 years, won the presidential election. The RUF did not participate in this process and thus continued the conflict until the Abidjan Accord in November 1996. The agreement was derailed by another military coup d'état in May 1997. This time the army joined forces with the RUF and formed a ruling junta: the Armed Forces Revolutionary Council (AFRC). President Kabbah and his government went into exile in neighbouring Guinea. An oil and arms embargo followed, and in 1998 the ECOMOG (Economic Community Monitoring Group) and ECOWAS (Economic Community of West African States) intervention force counterattacked the AFRC junta leading to its defeat. President Kabbah returned to power and the country was progressively pacified following the 1999 Lomé Peace Accord and a United Nations peacekeeping mission (UNAMSIL) ensuring a return to democracy in 2002. In May 2002 President Kabbah was re-elected to a 5-year term in a landslide victory. Sierra Leone's current economy is still suffering the consequences of this decade of civil war and displacement (up to two million people according to the Country Strategy Paper (CSP) 2007 were displaced). While some progress has been made in terms of economic and political stability the country is far from recovering or from being close to a sustained growth path (PRSP II, 2009). The necessary resources and capacities to support Sierra Leones political and socio-economic recovery are largely missing. It is in this context that the present study draws its attention to rural smallholders who represent the vast majority of the rural population in one of the world’s poorest countries. Next, we will review general aspects of Sierra Leone concerning its population, health and education, key macroeconomic indicators, labour and major productive sectors. 2 The Mendes, Temnes and Limbas are the three largest groups comprising 60% of the population. 3 UNAMSIL (United Nation peace keeping mission in Sierra Leone) (http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/past/unamsil/background.html: Accessed September 2010). 5
2.2 Population As mentioned in the introduction, the Sierra Leones population is estimated at 6.7 million in 2008 and it is mainly young with 6% over 60, 34.7% under 15 and 59.3% between 15 and 59 (CWIQ, 2007). The result is the pyramidal structure (Figure 2) of the age distribution including the youth bulge, typical for the pre-industrial/industrialising world which is in the first stage of demographic transition (in contrast to the elliptic shapes of industrialised/service-based economies, with stationary or even contracting population growth and increased life expectancy). About 55% of the population are Muslims while 30% are Christians; the remaining 15% has indigenous beliefs (Jalloh, 2006). Figure 2: Structure of the population of Sierra Leone in 2008. Source: World Population Prospects 2008 (UN) Although fertility rates are high in the country (estimated at 6.5 births per woman), life expectancy was recorded at 47.3 years in 2007 (UNDP, 2009). This results in a population growth rate of 2.5%, as estimated in 2008. If this is compared to GDP growth rate of 5.5% in the same year (World Bank, 2009), it means that the economic growth is potentially sufficient to stabilise the overall level of impoverishment of the population. Data from the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Security (MAFFS) survey showed that in 2004, agricultural population was estimated at 4,976,871 (i.e. roughly two thirds of total population) of which 45% were women. Likewise, it was reported the great majority (70 – 80%) of households were engaged in full-time farming (Jalloh, 2006). According to FAO (2003), highest vulnerability levels due to market exposure (i.e. agricultural price volatility) experienced by the farming population of Sierra Leone are 6
Page 1: Rural poverty reduction and food se
Page 4 and 5: Rural poverty reduction and food se
Page 6 and 7: VI ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This study is ba
Page 8 and 9: VIII EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Agriculture
Page 10 and 11: X the local circumstances (mainly i
Page 12 and 13: XII 4.1 OBJECTIVES OF THE STABEX FU
Page 14 and 15: XIV LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Distrib
Page 16 and 17: XVI Figure 9: Sierra Leone export v
Page 18 and 19: XVIII Figure 47: Farm Net Income fo
Page 20 and 21: XX Figure 87: Adequacy of support p
Page 22 and 23: 1 Introduction Sierra Leone is a We
Page 24 and 25: and sales, but also questions aimin
Page 28 and 29: found in the Northern and in the Ea
Page 30 and 31: Figure 3: Economic Growth in Sierra
Page 32 and 33: 2001 and -3.1% in 2002 (Jalloh, 200
Page 34 and 35: According to the first (2003) and t
Page 36 and 37: According to MAFFS (2001) the count
Page 38 and 39: the production of major annual crop
Page 40 and 41: Note: 2009 - 2015 figures are proje
Page 42 and 43: attributed to favourable world mark
Page 44 and 45: the national herd. Prior to the war
Page 46 and 47: Table 7: Agro-Ecological Regions in
Page 48 and 49: potato are substitutes for rice for
Page 50 and 51: Northern region (Kambia, Port Loko)
Page 52 and 53: In the lowlands rice is the dominan
Page 54 and 55: defined physical features (Grigg, 1
Page 56 and 57: thus has an important role in decid
Page 58 and 59: equirements, particularly seedling
Page 60 and 61: Although IPRSP and NRS did not have
Page 62 and 63: The latter is accompanied by a chan
Page 64 and 65: 3.5 Sector Constraints and Challeng
Page 66 and 67: Fertilizer usage was less than half
Page 68 and 69: Figure 18: Number of agricultural w
Page 70 and 71: Jalloh (2006) argues that it would
Page 72 and 73: not entirely explained in terms of
Page 74 and 75: 4 EU Support Programmes for Rice an
Page 76 and 77:
Welthungerhilfe (Welthungerhilfe, 2
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paid as compared to previous years.
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In the survey (as in the case of th
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4. STABEX Support: Type of support
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Farm Net Income (FNI) is determined
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FNI/hhWU = (FGO/A - VC/A)*A/hhWU -
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prevailing price difference between
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Household Labour Wage (Opportunity
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defined as the level of expenditure
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Figure 20: Combined productivity ra
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Figure 21: Average gender compositi
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(determining the demand for labour)
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Figure 24: Average acreage under cu
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6.1.4 Resources of smallholders Res
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2 acres per household unit. Figure
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Figure 33: Total household labour a
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Concerning communication infrastruc
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Figure 37: Evaluation of benefits f
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The number of farms and the proport
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Figure 43: Percentage of farms crop
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Agricultural income of smallholders
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Table 27: Economic results of the s
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Table 29 Economic results of the sm
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To visualize the difference between
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Table 31: Different output values a
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Figure 50: Output value of food and
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Figure 54: Distribution of food cro
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calculation the labour costs accoun
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Figure 61: Farm viability of smallh
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Figure 63: Farm viability per farm
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Figure 66: Farm viability per farm
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Figure 68: Poverty level per househ
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6.3 Input factor productivity of sm
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Figure 72: Cocoa and coffee output
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the differences between the Norther
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(Figure 80) that farms in the Easte
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Figure 83 and Figure 84 present the
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6.4 Evaluation of the influence of
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the last two years (when the STABEX
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Figure 87), most of the smallholder
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Figure 87: Adequacy of support prov
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Figure 91 and 137
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Figure 92: Adequacy of support prov
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Figure 93 and Figure 94) the rest s
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Figure 96: Change in income as a re
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Figure 98: Impact of support on dif
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After having analyzed relevance, ef
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production and marketing). One part
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Figure 103: Average farm net income
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Figure 107). 153
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Figure 108: Sex of household head f
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Figure 111 shows the relevance of d
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Figure 113) but mainly concerning h
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Figure 115: Number of tractors hire
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Table 34: Basic Comparison of small
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indirect/transaction costs associat
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above mentioned crop diversificatio
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Sustainability of smallholders in S
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in which personal income and busine
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CSAO/OCDE (2007), Foncier, transfor
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Howe, P. and Devreux S. (2004): Fam
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Ministry of Finance Government of S
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Welthungerhilfe (2009) Support to C
Page 202 and 203:
Section Village Household number HO
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Major Economic Activities Sources o
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COMMUNITY LEADERSHIP/SOCIAL PARTICI
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INSTITUTIONAL SUPPORT technology /
Page 210 and 211:
Impact of support on food Security
Page 212 and 213:
Level Of Improvement In Income As a
Page 214 and 215:
FARM CHARACTERISTICS household Heal
Page 216 and 217:
Precise the number. Externality Cat
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Input of other type of mulch/soil c
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Infrastructure/communication Please
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Appendix II. Questionnaire B SMALL
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Tractor Tractor hire Drying Floor/e
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Now we will want to have some infor
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Appendix III. Farm types Figure: Nu
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Figure: % of total land area per fa
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Appendix IV. Combined productivity
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213/231
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Figure Labour productivity for Coff
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The case of smallholders in Sierra Leone - agrilife - Europa

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