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Double JPEG compression<br />

Main idea / background<br />

◮ digital images are often already JPEGs before being further processed<br />

◮ digital images are often re-saved as JPEGs after processing<br />

◮ usually, we will see different quantization tables<br />

quantization of<br />

DCT coefficients<br />

QFpre<br />

pre-compression post-compression<br />

quantization<br />

factor q0<br />

» –<br />

c<br />

cq0 =<br />

q0<br />

=<br />

QFpost<br />

quantization<br />

factor q1<br />

" » – #<br />

c q0<br />

c (q0,q =<br />

1)<br />

q0 q1<br />

Gloe & Kirchner Digital Image Forensics slide 38

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