The Blaine Site - South Dakota State Historical Society

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Contents Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii 1 INTRODUCTION TO THE PROJECT 1 1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 History of Investigations at 39CU1144 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2 ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT 7 2.1 The Black Hills Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.1.1 Physical Geology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.1.2 Geology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2.1.3 Drainage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.1.4 Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.1.5 Biology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2.1.6 Distribution of natural resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2.2 The Site Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 3 ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONTEXT OF THE PROJECT 21 3.1 The Area and Its Significance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 3.2 Previous Investigations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 3.3 Prehistory of the Black Hills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 3.3.1 Paleoindian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 3.3.2 Early Plains Archaic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 3.3.3 Middle Plains Archaic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 3.3.4 Late Archaic and Plains Woodland . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 3.3.5 Late Prehistoric and Plains Village . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 3.3.6 Protohistoric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 3.3.7 Historic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 4 RESEARCH ORIENTATION 37 4.1 Research Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 4.2 The Blaine Site Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 4.3 Functional Site Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 4.4 The Resource Base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 4.5 Settlement and Subsistence Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 ix
Page 3: The Blaine Site Research Report No.
Page 6 and 7: c○2008 by the South Dakota State
Page 9: Acknowledgments The Archaeological
Page 13 and 14: CONTENTS xi 8 References Cited 187
Page 15 and 16: List of Figures 1.1 Location of 39C
Page 17 and 18: List of Tables 1.1 Results of test
Page 19 and 20: Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO THE PROJE
Page 21 and 22: 1.2. HISTORY OF INVESTIGATIONS AT 3
Page 23 and 24: 1.2. HISTORY OF INVESTIGATIONS AT 3
Page 25 and 26: Chapter 2 ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT 2.1
Page 27 and 28: 2.1. THE BLACK HILLS ENVIRONMENT 9
Page 35 and 36: 2.2. THE SITE ENVIRONMENT 17 Figure
Page 37 and 38: 2.2. THE SITE ENVIRONMENT 19 game,
Page 39 and 40: Chapter 3 ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONTEXT OF
Page 41 and 42: 3.2. PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS 23 fro
Page 43 and 44: 3.2. PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS 25 The
Page 45 and 46: 3.3. PREHISTORY OF THE BLACK HILLS
Page 55 and 56: Chapter 4 RESEARCH ORIENTATION 4.1
Page 57 and 58: 4.3. FUNCTIONAL SITE TYPES 39 Figur
Page 59 and 60: 4.3. FUNCTIONAL SITE TYPES 41 Table
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4.3. FUNCTIONAL SITE TYPES 43 resou
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4.4. THE RESOURCE BASE 45 the ripen
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4.5. SETTLEMENT AND SUBSISTENCE MOD
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4.6. LITHIC RAW MATERIAL STUDIES 65
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4.7. SUMMARY 71 based on horse past
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Chapter 5 RESULTS 5.1 The Blaine Si
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5.1. THE BLAINE SITE EXCAVATIONS 75
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5.2. RADIOCARBON DATES 77 Figure 5.
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5.3. FEATURES 79 domly distributed
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5.3. FEATURES 81 Table 5.2: continu
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5.3. FEATURES 83 Figure 5.6. Featur
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5.3. FEATURES 85 Figure 5.9. Featur
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5.3. FEATURES 87 Figure 5.12. Featu
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5.4. CERAMICS 93 Table 5.5. Compari
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5.4. CERAMICS 95 The rimfield area
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5.5. LITHIC TOOLS 97 Missouri and e
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5.5. LITHIC TOOLS 99 Table 5.6. Too
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5.5. LITHIC TOOLS 101 Figure 5.23.
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5.5. LITHIC TOOLS 103 Figure 5.25.
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5.5. LITHIC TOOLS 105 point (#1637)
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5.6. LITHIC DEBITAGE 107 The remain
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5.6. LITHIC DEBITAGE 109 Table 5.8.
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5.8. TOOL KIT ANALYSIS 111 (Trateba
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5.9. LITHIC SOURCE ANALYSIS 113 spu
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5.9. LITHIC SOURCE ANALYSIS 115 A v
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5.9. LITHIC SOURCE ANALYSIS 117 The
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5.9. LITHIC SOURCE ANALYSIS 119 and
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5.9. LITHIC SOURCE ANALYSIS 121 and
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5.9. LITHIC SOURCE ANALYSIS 123 Tab
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5.9. LITHIC SOURCE ANALYSIS 125 Tab
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5.10. UNMODIFIED ROCK 127 of exotic
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5.11. FAUNAL MATERIAL 129 Table 5.1
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5.12. FLORAL MATERIAL 131 Identific
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Chapter 6 GEOARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTI
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6.4. RESULTS 135 possible, samples
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6.4. RESULTS 137 Figure 6.1. Geomor
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6.4. RESULTS 139 Figure 6.3. Compos
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6.4. RESULTS 141 Figure 6.4. Unit N
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6.4. RESULTS 143 Comparable pre-Kay
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6.4. RESULTS 145 Figure 6.7. Pedon
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6.4. RESULTS 147 Figure 6.9. Geomor
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6.4. RESULTS 149 Figure 6.11. Geomo
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6.4. RESULTS 151 Figure 6.13. Unit
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6.4. RESULTS 161 Table 6.1. Sedimen
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6.4. RESULTS 163 Figure 6.23. Windo
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6.4. RESULTS 167 Figure 6.25. Grain
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6.5. CONCLUSIONS 169 within the pro
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Chapter 7 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 7
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7.1. SUMMARY OF INTERPRETATIONS 173
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7.2. SETTLEMENT PATTERN RESEARCH HY
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7.3. SUBSISTENCE ECONOMY RESEARCH H
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7.4. CONCLUSIONS 183 examined from
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7.4. CONCLUSIONS 185 served in area
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Chapter 8 References Cited Aaberg,
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189 1977 Forty-seven Trips: A Case
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191 DeMallie, Raymond J., editor 19
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193 1984 Cultural Resource Investig
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195 1982 Ceramics from the Highwalk
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197 1988 Geology of the Frazier Sit
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199 1941 Indian Picture Writing in
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201 Roper, Donna C., editor 1981 Pr
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203 United States Department of Agr
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Appendix A Supplemental Data 205
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Table A.1: continued Period Site Da
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Table A.2: continued Excavation Uni
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A.1. TOOL DESCRIPTIONS FROM 39CU114
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A.2. FAUNAL DATA FROM 39CU1144 257
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