The Blaine Site - South Dakota State Historical Society

More documents

Recommendations

Info

18 CHAPTER 2. ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT Figure 2.3. View of the Blaine Site showing site environment. the site. Dominant plant species at the Blaine site are western wheatgrass, buffalo grass, blue grama, sedges, sagewort, ball cactus, pricklypear, and segolily. Mountain mahogany occurs as an understory species within open ponderosa forest on the limestone ridge overlooking Gillette Canyon and the Blaine site vicinity. The large number of archaeological sites in the vicinity attests to its importance to prehistoric peoples. More than 50 sites have been recorded near the Blaine site. These include a variety of tipi ring sites, small lithic scatters, and seasonal habitations. The Jim Pitts site, with Paleoindian through Late Prehistoric components, lies only 75 meters from Blaine. A major rock art complex lies a few miles west of the site in Whoopup Canyon, Wyoming (Sundstrom 1990; Tratebas 1992). The location of the Blaine site at the juncture of the Red Valley, Limestone Plateau, and Hogback would have afforded its inhabitants access to a wide variety of natural resources. Chert outcrops in the immediate site vicinity and a variety of cherts and chalcedonies occur as secondary deposits in the gravel terraces near the site. Pricklypear, segolily, wild onion and other edible plants are abundant. Perhaps the greatest resource advantage of the site vicinity is a combination of the natural attractiveness of the Red Valley to bison and pronghorn and the local occurrence of features such as arroyos, knickpoints, and canyons that could be used for trapping game. The location also offers an easily accessible route to and from the high plains to the west. The tipi ring sites in particular may represent encampments of plains-based groups seeking shelter,
2.2. THE SITE ENVIRONMENT 19 game, lithic raw material, or lodgepoles in the western Black Hills. Although the role played by this locality in earlier times is not clearly understood, excavations at the Jim Pitts, Hawken, Vore, and Sanson sites indicate a long and nearly continuous tradition of bison trapping in the Red Valley. Rock art in Whoopup Canyon and other southern Black Hills localities spanning the Archaic period illustrates a deer-trapping tradition of comparable intensity and duration in the nearby Hogback canyons (Sundstrom 1990; Tratebas 1992).
Page 3: The Blaine Site Research Report No.
Page 6 and 7: c○2008 by the South Dakota State
Page 9 and 10: Acknowledgments The Archaeological
Page 11 and 12: Contents Abstract . . . . . . . . .
Page 13 and 14: CONTENTS xi 8 References Cited 187
Page 15 and 16: List of Figures 1.1 Location of 39C
Page 17 and 18: List of Tables 1.1 Results of test
Page 19 and 20: Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO THE PROJE
Page 21 and 22: 1.2. HISTORY OF INVESTIGATIONS AT 3
Page 23 and 24: 1.2. HISTORY OF INVESTIGATIONS AT 3
Page 25 and 26: Chapter 2 ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT 2.1
Page 27 and 28: 2.1. THE BLACK HILLS ENVIRONMENT 9
Page 35: 2.2. THE SITE ENVIRONMENT 17 Figure
Page 39 and 40: Chapter 3 ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONTEXT OF
Page 41 and 42: 3.2. PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS 23 fro
Page 43 and 44: 3.2. PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS 25 The
Page 45 and 46: 3.3. PREHISTORY OF THE BLACK HILLS
Page 55 and 56: Chapter 4 RESEARCH ORIENTATION 4.1
Page 57 and 58: 4.3. FUNCTIONAL SITE TYPES 39 Figur
Page 59 and 60: 4.3. FUNCTIONAL SITE TYPES 41 Table
Page 61 and 62: 4.3. FUNCTIONAL SITE TYPES 43 resou
Page 63 and 64: 4.4. THE RESOURCE BASE 45 the ripen
Page 65 and 66: 4.5. SETTLEMENT AND SUBSISTENCE MOD
Page 83 and 84: 4.6. LITHIC RAW MATERIAL STUDIES 65
Page 85 and 86: 4.6. LITHIC RAW MATERIAL STUDIES 67
Page 87 and 88:
4.6. LITHIC RAW MATERIAL STUDIES 69
Page 89 and 90:
4.7. SUMMARY 71 based on horse past
Page 91 and 92:
Chapter 5 RESULTS 5.1 The Blaine Si
Page 93 and 94:
5.1. THE BLAINE SITE EXCAVATIONS 75
Page 95 and 96:
5.2. RADIOCARBON DATES 77 Figure 5.
Page 97 and 98:
5.3. FEATURES 79 domly distributed
Page 99 and 100:
5.3. FEATURES 81 Table 5.2: continu
Page 101 and 102:
5.3. FEATURES 83 Figure 5.6. Featur
Page 103 and 104:
5.3. FEATURES 85 Figure 5.9. Featur
Page 105 and 106:
5.3. FEATURES 87 Figure 5.12. Featu
Page 107 and 108:
Page 109 and 110:
Page 111 and 112:
5.4. CERAMICS 93 Table 5.5. Compari
Page 113 and 114:
5.4. CERAMICS 95 The rimfield area
Page 115 and 116:
5.5. LITHIC TOOLS 97 Missouri and e
Page 117 and 118:
5.5. LITHIC TOOLS 99 Table 5.6. Too
Page 119 and 120:
5.5. LITHIC TOOLS 101 Figure 5.23.
Page 121 and 122:
5.5. LITHIC TOOLS 103 Figure 5.25.
Page 123 and 124:
5.5. LITHIC TOOLS 105 point (#1637)
Page 125 and 126:
5.6. LITHIC DEBITAGE 107 The remain
Page 127 and 128:
5.6. LITHIC DEBITAGE 109 Table 5.8.
Page 129 and 130:
5.8. TOOL KIT ANALYSIS 111 (Trateba
Page 131 and 132:
5.9. LITHIC SOURCE ANALYSIS 113 spu
Page 133 and 134:
5.9. LITHIC SOURCE ANALYSIS 115 A v
Page 135 and 136:
5.9. LITHIC SOURCE ANALYSIS 117 The
Page 137 and 138:
5.9. LITHIC SOURCE ANALYSIS 119 and
Page 139 and 140:
5.9. LITHIC SOURCE ANALYSIS 121 and
Page 141 and 142:
5.9. LITHIC SOURCE ANALYSIS 123 Tab
Page 143 and 144:
5.9. LITHIC SOURCE ANALYSIS 125 Tab
Page 145 and 146:
5.10. UNMODIFIED ROCK 127 of exotic
Page 147 and 148:
5.11. FAUNAL MATERIAL 129 Table 5.1
Page 149 and 150:
5.12. FLORAL MATERIAL 131 Identific
Page 151 and 152:
Chapter 6 GEOARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTI
Page 153 and 154:
6.4. RESULTS 135 possible, samples
Page 155 and 156:
6.4. RESULTS 137 Figure 6.1. Geomor
Page 157 and 158:
6.4. RESULTS 139 Figure 6.3. Compos
Page 159 and 160:
6.4. RESULTS 141 Figure 6.4. Unit N
Page 161 and 162:
6.4. RESULTS 143 Comparable pre-Kay
Page 163 and 164:
6.4. RESULTS 145 Figure 6.7. Pedon
Page 165 and 166:
6.4. RESULTS 147 Figure 6.9. Geomor
Page 167 and 168:
6.4. RESULTS 149 Figure 6.11. Geomo
Page 169 and 170:
6.4. RESULTS 151 Figure 6.13. Unit
Page 171 and 172:
Page 173 and 174:
Page 175 and 176:
Page 177 and 178:
Page 179 and 180:
6.4. RESULTS 161 Table 6.1. Sedimen
Page 181 and 182:
6.4. RESULTS 163 Figure 6.23. Windo
Page 183 and 184:
Page 185 and 186:
6.4. RESULTS 167 Figure 6.25. Grain
Page 187 and 188:
6.5. CONCLUSIONS 169 within the pro
Page 189 and 190:
Chapter 7 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 7
Page 191 and 192:
7.1. SUMMARY OF INTERPRETATIONS 173
Page 193 and 194:
7.2. SETTLEMENT PATTERN RESEARCH HY
Page 195 and 196:
Page 197 and 198:
Page 199 and 200:
7.3. SUBSISTENCE ECONOMY RESEARCH H
Page 201 and 202:
7.4. CONCLUSIONS 183 examined from
Page 203 and 204:
7.4. CONCLUSIONS 185 served in area
Page 205 and 206:
Chapter 8 References Cited Aaberg,
Page 207 and 208:
189 1977 Forty-seven Trips: A Case
Page 209 and 210:
191 DeMallie, Raymond J., editor 19
Page 211 and 212:
193 1984 Cultural Resource Investig
Page 213 and 214:
195 1982 Ceramics from the Highwalk
Page 215 and 216:
197 1988 Geology of the Frazier Sit
Page 217 and 218:
199 1941 Indian Picture Writing in
Page 219 and 220:
201 Roper, Donna C., editor 1981 Pr
Page 221 and 222:
203 United States Department of Agr
Page 223 and 224:
Appendix A Supplemental Data 205
Page 225 and 226:
Table A.1: continued Period Site Da
Page 227 and 228:
Page 229 and 230:
Page 231 and 232:
Page 233 and 234:
Table A.2: continued Excavation Uni
Page 235 and 236:
Page 237 and 238:
Page 239 and 240:
Page 241 and 242:
Page 243 and 244:
Page 245 and 246:
Page 247 and 248:
Page 249 and 250:
A.1. TOOL DESCRIPTIONS FROM 39CU114
Page 251 and 252:
Page 253 and 254:
Page 255 and 256:
Page 257 and 258:
Page 259 and 260:
Page 261 and 262:
Page 263 and 264:
Page 265 and 266:
Page 267 and 268:
Page 269 and 270:
Page 271 and 272:
Page 273 and 274:
Page 275 and 276:
A.2. FAUNAL DATA FROM 39CU1144 257
Page 277 and 278:
Page 279 and 280:
Page 281:
show all

The Blaine Site - South Dakota State Historical Society

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?