The Blaine Site - South Dakota State Historical Society

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c○2008 by the South Dakota State Historical Society Archaeological Research Center All rights reserved Printed in U.S.A.
Abstract Under contract with the South Dakota Department of Transportation, the South Dakota State Archaeological Research Center undertook mitigative excavations at the Blaine site, 39CU1144, in western Custer County, South Dakota. The site is in the Red Valley physiographic zone of the Black Hills. The site contained three components. Component A comprised four stone circle features (tipi rings) and two cairns exposed on the surface, as well as a small assemblage of lithic tools, ceramics, and lithic debitage on or near the surface. This component dates to the Late Prehistoric and late Late Archaic periods, based on diagnostic artifacts. It represents a few short-term transient camps at which hide working, tool repair, and general group maintenance activities took place. Component B dates to the Middle and Late Archaic periods, based on diagnostic artifacts and a series of radiocarbon dates. This component represents a residential camp at which biface reduction, tool repair, and group maintenance were primary activities. Component C dates to the Early Archaic period, based on two radiocarbon dates (6940 and 5870 B.P.). This component represents a periodically reoccupied residential camp at which the processing of fibrous material such as roots or wood, lithic tool production and repair, and group maintenance apparently were principal activities. Lithic materials suggest weak ties to the west (Powder River country) during the Late Prehistoric. Weak ties to the east (Missouri River) are indicated for the Late Archaic, while the Middle and Early Archaic components appear to represent wholly localized cultures. The site demonstrates that Early Archaic cultural material and Altithermal age depositional features are preserved in portions of the southwestern Black Hills. Terrace formation in the project area is hypothesized to correspond in part to a regional alluvial terrace sequence developed by Leopold and Miller (1954). v
Page 3: The Blaine Site Research Report No.
Page 9 and 10: Acknowledgments The Archaeological
Page 11 and 12: Contents Abstract . . . . . . . . .
Page 13 and 14: CONTENTS xi 8 References Cited 187
Page 15 and 16: List of Figures 1.1 Location of 39C
Page 17 and 18: List of Tables 1.1 Results of test
Page 19 and 20: Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO THE PROJE
Page 21 and 22: 1.2. HISTORY OF INVESTIGATIONS AT 3
Page 23 and 24: 1.2. HISTORY OF INVESTIGATIONS AT 3
Page 25 and 26: Chapter 2 ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT 2.1
Page 27 and 28: 2.1. THE BLACK HILLS ENVIRONMENT 9
Page 35 and 36: 2.2. THE SITE ENVIRONMENT 17 Figure
Page 37 and 38: 2.2. THE SITE ENVIRONMENT 19 game,
Page 39 and 40: Chapter 3 ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONTEXT OF
Page 41 and 42: 3.2. PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS 23 fro
Page 43 and 44: 3.2. PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS 25 The
Page 45 and 46: 3.3. PREHISTORY OF THE BLACK HILLS
Page 55 and 56: Chapter 4 RESEARCH ORIENTATION 4.1
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4.3. FUNCTIONAL SITE TYPES 39 Figur
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4.3. FUNCTIONAL SITE TYPES 41 Table
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4.3. FUNCTIONAL SITE TYPES 43 resou
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4.4. THE RESOURCE BASE 45 the ripen
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4.5. SETTLEMENT AND SUBSISTENCE MOD
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4.6. LITHIC RAW MATERIAL STUDIES 65
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4.7. SUMMARY 71 based on horse past
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Chapter 5 RESULTS 5.1 The Blaine Si
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5.1. THE BLAINE SITE EXCAVATIONS 75
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5.2. RADIOCARBON DATES 77 Figure 5.
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5.3. FEATURES 79 domly distributed
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5.3. FEATURES 81 Table 5.2: continu
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5.3. FEATURES 83 Figure 5.6. Featur
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5.3. FEATURES 85 Figure 5.9. Featur
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5.3. FEATURES 87 Figure 5.12. Featu
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5.4. CERAMICS 93 Table 5.5. Compari
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5.4. CERAMICS 95 The rimfield area
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5.5. LITHIC TOOLS 97 Missouri and e
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5.5. LITHIC TOOLS 99 Table 5.6. Too
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5.5. LITHIC TOOLS 101 Figure 5.23.
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5.5. LITHIC TOOLS 103 Figure 5.25.
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5.5. LITHIC TOOLS 105 point (#1637)
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5.6. LITHIC DEBITAGE 107 The remain
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5.6. LITHIC DEBITAGE 109 Table 5.8.
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5.8. TOOL KIT ANALYSIS 111 (Trateba
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5.9. LITHIC SOURCE ANALYSIS 113 spu
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5.9. LITHIC SOURCE ANALYSIS 115 A v
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5.9. LITHIC SOURCE ANALYSIS 117 The
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5.9. LITHIC SOURCE ANALYSIS 119 and
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5.9. LITHIC SOURCE ANALYSIS 121 and
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5.9. LITHIC SOURCE ANALYSIS 123 Tab
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5.9. LITHIC SOURCE ANALYSIS 125 Tab
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5.10. UNMODIFIED ROCK 127 of exotic
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5.11. FAUNAL MATERIAL 129 Table 5.1
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5.12. FLORAL MATERIAL 131 Identific
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Chapter 6 GEOARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTI
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6.4. RESULTS 135 possible, samples
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6.4. RESULTS 137 Figure 6.1. Geomor
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6.4. RESULTS 139 Figure 6.3. Compos
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6.4. RESULTS 141 Figure 6.4. Unit N
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6.4. RESULTS 143 Comparable pre-Kay
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6.4. RESULTS 145 Figure 6.7. Pedon
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6.4. RESULTS 147 Figure 6.9. Geomor
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6.4. RESULTS 149 Figure 6.11. Geomo
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6.4. RESULTS 151 Figure 6.13. Unit
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6.4. RESULTS 161 Table 6.1. Sedimen
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6.4. RESULTS 163 Figure 6.23. Windo
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6.4. RESULTS 167 Figure 6.25. Grain
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6.5. CONCLUSIONS 169 within the pro
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Chapter 7 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 7
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7.1. SUMMARY OF INTERPRETATIONS 173
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7.2. SETTLEMENT PATTERN RESEARCH HY
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7.3. SUBSISTENCE ECONOMY RESEARCH H
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7.4. CONCLUSIONS 183 examined from
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7.4. CONCLUSIONS 185 served in area
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Chapter 8 References Cited Aaberg,
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189 1977 Forty-seven Trips: A Case
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191 DeMallie, Raymond J., editor 19
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193 1984 Cultural Resource Investig
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195 1982 Ceramics from the Highwalk
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197 1988 Geology of the Frazier Sit
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199 1941 Indian Picture Writing in
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201 Roper, Donna C., editor 1981 Pr
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203 United States Department of Agr
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Appendix A Supplemental Data 205
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Table A.1: continued Period Site Da
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Table A.2: continued Excavation Uni
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A.1. TOOL DESCRIPTIONS FROM 39CU114
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A.2. FAUNAL DATA FROM 39CU1144 257
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