1 Samuel M. Scheiner and Michael R. Willig, eds. 1. A General ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Literature Cited Allen, T. F. H. and T. B. Starr. 1982. Hierarchy: perspectives for ecological complexity, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 310 pages. Andrewartha , H.G., and L.C. Birch. 1954. The distribution and abundance of animals. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Barot, S., Blouin, M., Fontaine, S., Jouquet, P., Lata J-C, and J. Mathieu. 2007. A tale of four stories: soil ecology, theory, evolution and the publication system. PLoS ONE 2(11): e1248. Belgrano, A. and J.H. Brown. 2002. Ecology: Oceans under the macroscope. Nature 419:128- 129. Brown, J.H., Gillooly, J.F., Allen, A.P., Savage, V.M., and G.B. West. 2004. Toward a metabolic theory of ecology. Ecology 85: 1771-1789. Brown, W. L., and E. O. Wilson. 1956. Character displacement. Systematic Zoology 5:49-65. Camerano L. 1880. Dell’equilibrio dei viventi merce la reciproca distruzione. Atti della Reale Accademia delle Scienze di Torino, 15: 393-414. Case, T.J. 2000. An illustrated guide to theoretical ecology. Oxford University Press, 449 pages. Clements, F.E. 1916. Plant succession: An analysis of the development of vegetation. Carnegie Institution of Washington, publication no. 242. Cohen, J. E. 1978. Food webs and niche space. Princeton, Princeton University Press, 189 pages. Connell, J.H. 1972. Community interactions on marine rocky intertidal shores. Annual Reviews of Ecology and Systematics, 3:169-192. Connell, J.H. and R.O. Slatyer. 1977. Mechanisms of succession in natural communities and their role in community stability and organization. American Naturalist 111:1119-1144. Dwyer, G., Dushoff, J. and Yee, S. H. 2004. The combined effects of pathogens and predators on insect outbreaks. Nature, 430:341−345. Elton, C. 1927. Animal Ecology. Sidgwick and Jackson, London. Fisher, R.A, Corbet A.S., Williams C.B. 1943. The relation between the number of species and the number of individuals in a random sample of an animal population. Journal of Animal Ecology 12: 42- 58. Fitz, H.C., E.B. DeBellevue, R. Costanza, R. Boumans, T. Maxwell, L. Wainger, and F.H. Sklar. 1996. Development of a general ecosystem model for a range of scales and ecosystems. Ecological Modelling 88:263-295. 48 48
Forbes, S. 1887. The lake as a microcosm. Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin 15:537-550. Gause, G.F. 1934. The struggle for existence. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore. Reprinted in 1971, New York. Golley, F.B. 1993. A history of the ecosystem concept in ecology. Yale University Press, New Haven. 254 pages. Gould, S.J. 1979. An allometric interpretation of species-area curves: The meaning of the coefficient. American Naturalist, 114:335-343. Grant, B. 2007. The powers that might be. The Scientist 21 (3): 42. Grisebach, A. 1838. Genera et species gentianearum. Cotta, Stuttgart and Tubingen. Hagen, J.B. 1989. Research perspectives and the anomalous status of modern ecology. Biology and Philosophy, 4:433-455, He, F. 2005. Deriving a neutral model of species abundance from fundamental mechanisms of population dynamics. Functional Ecology, 19:187-193. Holling, C.S. 1959. The components of predation as revealed by a study of small mammal predation of the European pine sawfly. Canadian Entomologist, 91:293-320 Holling, C.S. (ed.). 1978. Adaptive environmental assessment and management. Chichester: Wiley. Hubbell, S. 1997. A unified theory of biogeography and relative species abundance and its application to tropical rain forests and coral reefs. Coral Reefs 16 (suppl.):9-21. Hutchinson, E.G. 1961. The paradox of the plankton. American Naturalist 95:137-145. Hutchinson, E.G. 1965. The ecological theater and the evolutionary play. Yale University Press. 139 pages. Jørgensen, S.E. 2006-2007. An integrated ecosystem theory. Annals of the European Academy of Sciences, 19-33. Keddy, P.A. 1989. Competition. Chapman and Hall. New York, 202 pages. Keitt, T.H. 1999. Ecological scale: theory and applications. Complexity 4:28-29. Kleiber, M. 1932. Body size and metabolism. Hilgardia 6:315–332. Knapp, A.K., Sraith, M.D., Collins. S.L., Zarabatis. N., Peel, M., Emery, S., Wojdak, J., Horner- Devine M.C., Biggs, H., Kruger, J., and S. J Andelraan. 2004. Generality in ecology: testing North American grassland rules in South African savannas. Frontiers in Ecology and Environment 2:483-491. 49 49
Page 1 and 2: TABLE OF CONTENTS THE THEORY OF ECO
Page 3 and 4: Chapter 1: A General Theory of Ecol
Page 5 and 6: Chapter 10). Without such boundarie
Page 7 and 8: profound. As the statistician Georg
Page 9 and 10: In general, the domain of a theory
Page 11 and 12: Physiological ecology is likely ano
Page 13 and 14: of a theory. A theory is constantly
Page 15 and 16: component of the process of natural
Page 17 and 18: Literature cited Arnold, W., T. Ruf
Page 19 and 20: Scheiner, S. M. submitted. Towards
Page 21 and 22: Table 1.2. Definitions of terms for
Page 23 and 24: Chapter 2: Theory Makes Ecology Evo
Page 25 and 26: captured the multifaceted complexit
Page 27 and 28: proposition is less formal, some mi
Page 29 and 30: diversity and the size of the area
Page 31 and 32: a systematic analysis of the struct
Page 33 and 34: circumstance related to theory that
Page 35 and 36: vegetation types, a simple combinat
Page 37 and 38: author) was impressive. Although fe
Page 39 and 40: separate theoretical problems that
Page 41 and 42: indirect effects and enemy-mediated
Page 43 and 44: effects of diversity on the stabili
Page 45 and 46: to any major extent. Although ecosy
Page 47: • A larger, integrating theory is
Page 51 and 52: MacArthur, R.H. and E.O. Wilson. 19
Page 53 and 54: Strong, D. R. 1984. Exorcising the
Page 55 and 56: Table 2.1. Major theoretical develo
Page 57 and 58: 1969 Individual thermodynamic budge
Page 59 and 60: c e n e a ra p a p f r o e rd O 20
Page 61 and 62: Figure 2.4. Number of papers found
Page 63 and 64: Chapter 3: A General, Unifying Theo
Page 65 and 66: the number of predators and the gro
Page 67 and 68: Robert MacArthur, E. O. Wilson, Egb
Page 69 and 70: Suppose we have a phase space where
Page 71 and 72: group. The state variables and para
Page 73 and 74: superset of the former’s domain;
Page 75 and 76: Literature Cited Abrams, P. (1983)
Page 77 and 78: Figure 3.1. Density-dependent selec
Page 79 and 80: foraging for resources. Although pr
Page 81 and 82: foraging on the same prey, and on p
Page 83 and 84: environment). In a later section, I
Page 85 and 86: published a seminal book that summa
Page 87 and 88: always be taken when encountered. S
Page 89 and 90: analyses of optimal sampling (DeGro
Page 91 and 92: previous models, dynamic state-depe
Page 93 and 94: functions that are part of these mo
Page 95 and 96: Foraging behavior often balances th
Page 97 and 98: esources. In recent years, renewed
Page 99 and 100:
foragers often show adaptive respon
Page 101 and 102:
y species of conservation concern.
Page 103 and 104:
Charnov, E.L., G.H. Orians and K. H
Page 105 and 106:
Lima, S.L. 1998. Stress and decisio
Page 107 and 108:
Salo, P., E. Korpimaki, P.B. Banks,
Page 109 and 110:
Werner, E.E. and J.F. Gilliam 1984.
Page 111 and 112:
12. Foraging behavior often balance
Page 113 and 114:
113 Figure 4.2. A graphical present
Page 115 and 116:
Chapter 5: Ecological Niche Theory
Page 117 and 118:
ecologists, and evolutionary biolog
Page 119 and 120:
simply intended to serve as a backd
Page 121 and 122:
esource is in mass balance (sensu H
Page 123 and 124:
Proposition 2 For more than one spe
Page 125 and 126:
non-equilibrial (cycling) dynamic i
Page 127 and 128:
also likely as a result of disturba
Page 129 and 130:
Literature Cited Abrams, P. A. and
Page 131 and 132:
Gravel, D., C. D. Canham, M. Beaude
Page 133 and 134:
Shurin, J. B., P. Amarasekare, J. M
Page 135 and 136:
Table 5.1. The background and propo
Page 137 and 138:
Chapter 6: Single Species Populatio
Page 139 and 140:
DOMAIN OF THE THEORIES The domain o
Page 141 and 142:
As another example, one can focus o
Page 143 and 144:
where adults lay eggs, which are su
Page 145 and 146:
We note that both of these solution
Page 147 and 148:
density dependence has long transie
Page 149 and 150:
ecognizing these assumptions is an
Page 151 and 152:
Literature Cited Caswell, H. 2001,
Page 153 and 154:
Chapter 7: Natural enemy-Victim Int
Page 155 and 156:
among species in the kinds of resou
Page 157 and 158:
2. Satiation in predators, and time
Page 159 and 160:
eproduction. Because natural enemy-
Page 161 and 162:
assume the natural enemy is a speci
Page 163 and 164:
A series of fundamental constraints
Page 165 and 166:
General (but not universal) dynamic
Page 167 and 168:
in demography and physical biology.
Page 169 and 170:
∂f N ∂fP ∂f N ∂f P > , (9)
Page 171 and 172:
interactions. In addition to its im
Page 173 and 174:
many examples and so is a reasonabl
Page 175 and 176:
ecause goose defense strategies bec
Page 177 and 178:
So a ratio-dependent model such as
Page 179 and 180:
aggressive interference) due to cau
Page 181 and 182:
dS = R − i( I, S) − mS + γ I d
Page 183 and 184:
zero, the model becomes identical t
Page 185 and 186:
alternative food resources than the
Page 187 and 188:
theoretical extensions for understa
Page 189 and 190:
Literature cited Abrams, P.A. 1992.
Page 191 and 192:
Deng, B., S. Jessie, G. Ledder, A.
Page 193 and 194:
Hochberg, M.E., R. Gomulkiewicz, R.
Page 195 and 196:
McCauley, E., W.A. Nelson and R.M.
Page 197 and 198:
Schoener, T.W. 1986. Overview: Kind
Page 199 and 200:
Density Figure 7.1. An example of d
Page 201 and 202:
numerator), and so weakens the appa
Page 203 and 204:
metacommunity theory is still in it
Page 205 and 206:
1) Dispersal contributes to local c
Page 207 and 208:
theory in its general form is to hi
Page 209 and 210:
to disturbances and environmental c
Page 211 and 212:
more realistic view would model dis
Page 213 and 214:
diversity’ starts out high and de
Page 215 and 216:
• Niche Theory (Chase Chapter 5)
Page 217 and 218:
iogeographic contingencies that cha
Page 219 and 220:
interacting organisms in metacommun
Page 221 and 222:
Cottenie K. & De Meester L. (2005).
Page 223 and 224:
Skellam J. (1951). Random dispersal
Page 225 and 226:
Invasible local communities should
Page 227 and 228:
Patch Heterogeneity Figure 8.2. The
Page 229 and 230:
Figure 8.4 Experimental results of
Page 231 and 232:
to each other, and the meaning of e
Page 233 and 234:
adaptation, physiology, and plastic
Page 235 and 236:
Proposition 2: Successional pattern
Page 237 and 238:
particularities required through it
Page 239 and 240:
immigration. Thus, although the spe
Page 241 and 242:
and Shelford 1939), or of Holdridge
Page 243 and 244:
egion. The length of the resource g
Page 245 and 246:
succession states that 1) if sites
Page 247 and 248:
transition probabilities from earli
Page 249 and 250:
exploiting contested and low levels
Page 251 and 252:
appear in those current communities
Page 253 and 254:
from society. When the theory was i
Page 255 and 256:
systems. That spatial and temporal
Page 257 and 258:
Botkin D.B. and Sobel M.J. 1975. St
Page 259 and 260:
Farrell, T. M. 1991. Models and mec
Page 261 and 262:
Keever C. 1979. Mechanisms of plant
Page 263 and 264:
Pacala S.W., Canham C.D. and Siland
Page 265 and 266:
Tilman D. 1991. Constraints and tra
Page 267 and 268:
Figure 9.2. An idealized filter mod
Page 269 and 270:
Figure 9.4. A model template for th
Page 271 and 272:
Patch Dynamics Metapopulation Dynam
Page 273 and 274:
Table 9.1. Contrasts between classi
Page 275 and 276:
and to state the permissible relati
Page 277 and 278:
Principles underlying the ecologica
Page 279 and 280:
As suggested above, not all authors
Page 281 and 282:
Channel Islands of California (Diam
Page 283 and 284:
increased if dispersal limitations
Page 285 and 286:
some are larger, some more fecund,
Page 287 and 288:
the 19 th Century (Sax et al. 2007)
Page 289 and 290:
nearly-flat, but increasing very sl
Page 291 and 292:
question remains whether modificati
Page 293 and 294:
maintained, despite turnover in spe
Page 295 and 296:
Literature cited Allen, A. P., J. F
Page 297 and 298:
Huey, R. B., G. W. Gilchrist, M. L.
Page 299 and 300:
Simberloff, D., and E. O. Wilson. 1
Page 301 and 302:
Table 10.1: Propositions of the Equ
Page 303 and 304:
Figure 10.2. The Equilibrium Theory
Page 305 and 306:
NEE, net ecosystem exchange, is the
Page 307 and 308:
Application and advancement of thes
Page 309 and 310:
activities, they control the elemen
Page 311 and 312:
Theory 2: The effects of disturbanc
Page 313 and 314:
fuels, forest products, water, and
Page 315 and 316:
Literature cited Aber, J., and J. M
Page 317 and 318:
Odum, H. T. 1983. Systems ecology.
Page 319 and 320:
Table 11.1. Relationship of Ecosyst
Page 321 and 322:
Figure 11.1. Net ecosystem producti
Page 323 and 324:
Figure 11.3. There are 4 possible r
Page 325 and 326:
Ecosystem responses to global chang
Page 327 and 328:
Proposition 1. Interactions across
Page 329 and 330:
where dispersal to other patches be
Page 331 and 332:
environment is often altered to per
Page 333 and 334:
transport of propagules, toxins, an
Page 335 and 336:
develops into a hurricane (Gray 199
Page 337 and 338:
ecognized and better appreciated as
Page 339 and 340:
multi-site analyses has been access
Page 341 and 342:
Literature Cited Albertson, F.W., a
Page 343 and 344:
Goldenberg, S.B., C.W. Landsea, A.M
Page 345 and 346:
Liu, J. and J. Diamond. 2005. China
Page 347 and 348:
Peters, D. P. C., R. A. Pielke, Sr,
Page 349 and 350:
The State of the Nation’s Ecosyst
Page 351 and 352:
Figure captions Figure 12.1. Two pr
Page 353 and 354:
Figure 12.1. 353
Page 355 and 356:
Figure 12.3 355
Page 357 and 358:
Chapter 13: A Theory of Ecological
Page 359 and 360:
Although the constitutive theory th
Page 361 and 362:
the world: we do not claim that all
Page 363 and 364:
esource is limiting for all species
Page 365 and 366:
areas of greatest resource or least
Page 367 and 368:
about the long-term persistence of
Page 369 and 370:
the species and type of environment
Page 371 and 372:
from principle 7. Proposition 3 is
Page 373 and 374:
that species-abundance curves are d
Page 375 and 376:
level of resources, it may be usefu
Page 377 and 378:
confronted by such challenges, ecol
Page 379 and 380:
Literature Cited Abrams, P. A. 1988
Page 381 and 382:
Grime, J. P. 1973. Competitive excl
Page 383 and 384:
Oksanen, L., S. D. Fretwell, J. Arr
Page 385 and 386:
Waide, R. B., M. R. Willig, C. F. S
Page 387 and 388:
Table 13.2. Models of diversity gra
Page 389 and 390:
Figure 13.1. Gradient theory and sp
Page 391 and 392:
Chapter 14: Biogeographical Gradien
Page 393 and 394:
scale spatial context of biogeograp
Page 395 and 396:
each for many compelling and longst
Page 397 and 398:
heat source). Parameters were varie
Page 399 and 400:
et al. (2001) (Proposition 9). In t
Page 401 and 402:
anges are larger, given the same to
Page 403 and 404:
Models in this group have begun to
Page 405 and 406:
exploration. With the empirical spe
Page 407 and 408:
example, nearly 70% of the 241 spec
Page 409 and 410:
that the latitudinal gradient in me
Page 411 and 412:
fourth issue is that the absolute s
Page 413 and 414:
Literature Cited Bell, G. 2000. The
Page 415 and 416:
Dobzhansky, T. 1950. Evolution in t
Page 417 and 418:
Kerr, J. T., M. Perring, and D. J.
Page 419 and 420:
Rahbek, C. and G. R. Graves. 2000.
Page 421 and 422:
Willig, M. R., D. M. Kaufmann, and
Page 423 and 424:
equires additional exposition to un
Page 425 and 426:
population, community) may conspire
Page 427 and 428:
evolve.” Using a historical persp
Page 429 and 430:
dynamics theory (Hastings Chapter 6
Page 431 and 432:
group of ecologists who were frustr
Page 433 and 434:
understanding the conditions that f
Page 435 and 436:
the end. But it is, perhaps, the en
Page 437 and 438:
Hagen, J. B. 1992, An Entangled Ban
Page 439 and 440:
Figure 15.1. The biological organiz
Page 441:
Figure 15.3. This conceptual model
show all

1 Samuel M. Scheiner and Michael R. Willig, eds. 1. A General ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?