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Life styles Species Juncus acutus Experimental Scales Algae inhibited References Typha latifolia, L/L* Anabaena flos-aquae, [69-72,91] Typha minima, Chlorella vulgaris, Typha angustata, Chlorella pyrenoidosa, Typha domingensis Scenedesmus obliquus, Scirpus validus, L* Chorella pyrenoidosa [90] Sagittaria sagittigolia, Saprganium toloniferum, Zizania caduciflora, Carex diandra, Scirpus triqueter, Trapa incisa, Nymphoides peltatum, Oenanthe javanica, Polygonum amphibium, Beckmannia rucaeformis Microcystis aeruginosa Floating Brasenia schreberi L* Chlorella pyrenoidosa, [33] macrophyte Anabaena flos-aquae s Alternanthera philoxeroides, L/L* Scenedesmus sp., [35,48] Lemma minor, Spirodela polyrrhiza, Azolla imbricate Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Stratiotes aloides L/F/L* Nitzschia palea Synechococcus elongatus Scenedesmus obliquus [36,49,55,56] Eichhornia crassipes L/L* Scenedesmus sp., Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Porphyridium aerugineum, Anabaena azollae, [38,75-77] Nuphar lutea Cryptomonas sp. [39,40] Cabomba caroliniana L/L* cyanobacteria [47] Potamogeton malaianus, L/L* Scenedesmus obliquus, [78-81] Potamogeton maackianus, Potamogeton crispus, Potamogeton natans, Potamogeton pectinatus Microcystis aeruginosa, Pistia stratiotes L* cyanobacteria, green algae, golden algae, red algae [73,74,91] Nelumbo nucifera, L* Microcystis aeruginosa, [90] Salvinia notans Chlorella pyrenoidosa Submerged Elodea canadensis L/F/L* Nitzschia palea, [28,49], macrophyte cyanobacteria, Erhard et al, unpublished s green algae Elodea nuttallii L cyanobacteria, green algae Erhard et al, unpublished Ceratophyllum demersum L/L* Nitzschia palea, Chlorella pyrenoidosa, a variety of diatoms, cyanobacteria, green algae [31,32,36,49,87,88,91] Vallisneria spiralis, Vallisneria denseserrulata, L/L* Microcystis aeruginosa [37,47] Limnophila sessiliflora, Egeria densa L cyanobacteria [47] Ruppia maritima L Chlorella vulgaris, Selenastrum carpricornutum [59, 60] Hydrilla erticillata L/L* Microcystis aeruginosa [61] Myriophyllum spicatum L/L* globular cyanobacteria, fibrous cyanobacteria [41,42,82] Myriophyllum alterniflorum, Myriophyllum heterophyllum, Myriophyllum brasiliense L/L* cyanobacteria, green algae [84] Myriophyllum verticillatum, L/L* cyanobacteria, green algae [85,86] Potamogeton lucens L* cyanobacteria [36] - 4 -
80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 Life styles Species Experimental Scales Algae inhibited References Potamogeton crispus, Potamogeton oxyphyllus L cyanobacteria [47] Potamogeton pusillus L* Microcystis aeruginosa, Chlorella pyrenoidosa [90] Najas marina L cyanobacteria [50] Chara globularis L/L* diatom, cyanobacteria, green algae [49,51,57,58,88] Chara rudis, Chara tomentosa, Chara delicatula L* cyanobacteria [51] Chara vulgaris L/F cyanobacteria,phytoplankton[51,52] Chara contraria L/L* cyanobacteria,green algae [51,88] Chara aspera L* Phytoplankton [25,51,53] Chara fragilis L* cyanobacteria [36] Chara hispida F Phytoplankton [54] Nitella sp. L Nitzschia palea [49] Nitella gracilis, Nitella opaca, Nitellopsis obtusa L* cyanobacteria [51] L:Lab-scale,F:Field-scale,*:only with plant extract 2 The allelochemicals from aquatic macrophytes on algae To date, there are a variety of allelochemicals having been reported. According to the basic organic units, Rice summarized the potential types of allelochemicals into 14 kinds: water-soluble organic acids, simple unsaturated lactone, long-chain fatty acids and polyalkynes, quinines and anthraquinones, simple phenols, benzoic acids and derivatives, cinnamic acids and derivatives, coumarin derivatives, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids and steroids, amino acids and polypeptides, alkaloids and cyanohydrins, sulfides and mustard oils, purines and nucleotides[27]. In terrestrial ecosystem, all the styles of allelochemicals were reported. Especially in the field of agriculture, forestry and weed control, the most familiar allelochemicals included long-chain fatty acids, phenolic acids, terpenoids, etc[27]. However, the reported allelochemicals of aquatic macrophytes on algae (seen in Table 2) are still in deficiency compared with the allelochemicals discovered in terrestrial ecosystem. The allelochemicals of just some macrophytes were fully investigated, so next they were introduced in particular according to the life styles of aquatic plants(emergent, floating and submerged plants). 95 Table 2 Antialgal allelochemicals identified in different macrophytes and the algae inhibited Life styles Species Allelochemicals Algae inhibited References Emergent Eleocharis microcarpa 3-hydroxy-cyclopentenone Haematococcus pluvialis, [29,30] Macrophytes octadecenoic acids , Anabaena flos-aquae, 3-hydroxy-cyclopentyl eicosapentaenoic acids Oscillatoria tenuis Phragmites communis ethyl 2-methylacetoacetate, Microcystis aeruginosa, [45,73] p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, Chlorella pyrenoidosa, vanillic acid, mustard acid, syringic acid, caffeic acid, Phormidium sp. - 5 -
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