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Life styles Species Allelochemicals protocatechuic acid, gallic acid, tetradecanoic acid, palmitic acid, nonanoic acid, stearic acid Algae inhibited References Berula erecta falcarinodiol 1, falcarinodiol 2 Nitzschia palea [49] Acorus tatarinowii (1,2-dimethoxy-4-(E-3'-methyl oxiranyl)benzene), 1,2,4-trimethoxy-5-(E-3'-methyl oxiranyl) benzene, β-asarone, α-asarone, γ-asarone cyanobacteria, green algae [62] Acorus calamus α-asarone, β-asarone, γ-asarone, trans-isoeugenol methylether cyanobacteria, green algae [62] Zantedeschia aethiopica cycloartane triterpenes, sterols, neolignans, phenylpropanoids, α-linolenic acid, linoleic acid, neolignans Selenastrum carpricornutum [64] Juncus effusus phenylpropanes, glycerides, dihydrophenanthrenes, tetrahydropyrene Selenastrum capricornutum [65,66] Juncus acutus 9, 10-dihydrophenanthrenes, dimeric phenanthrenoids, 9, 10-dihydrophenanthrenoid Selenastrum capricornutum [67,68] Floating macrophytes Typha sp. palmitic acid, cholesteryl cis-9-octadecenoate, 20(S)-4α-methyl-24-methyl enecholest-7-en-3-β-ol, 2-chlorophenol, salicylaldehyde, linoleic acid, α-linolenic acid Stratiotes aloides Lipophilic compounds Eichhornia crassipes N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine, N-phenyl-2-naphthylamine, linoleic acid, linoleic acid, benzoindenone, dimeric phenalene, phenalene - 6 - Anabaena flos-aquae, Chlorella vulgaris, Chlorella pyrenoidosa, Scenedesmus obliquus, Nitzschia palea Synechococcus elongatus Scenedesmus obliquus Scenedesmus sp., Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Porphyridium aerugineum, Anabaena azollae, [69-72,91] [36,49,55,56] [38,75-77] Nuphar lutea Resorcinol Cryptomonas sp. [39,40] Pistia stratiotes linoleic acid, linolenic acid, cyanobacteria, green algae, [73,74,91] hydroxy fatty acid, α-asarone, polyphenols, steroidal ketones golden algae, red algae Potamogeton malaianus linolenic acid or isomers Scenedesmus obliquus , Microcystis aeruginosa [78] Potamogeton natans lactone diterpenes, furano diterpenes Selenastrum carpricornutum [79,80] Potamogeton pectinatus labdane diterpenes Selenastrum carpricornutum [81] Submerged Ceratophyllum demersum instable sulfides, Nitzschia palea, [31,32,36,49,87,88,91] macrophytes element sulfides Chlorella pyrenoidosa, a variety of diatoms, cyanobacteria, green algae Vallisneria spiralis 4-oxo-β-ionone, dihydroactinidiolide, 2-ethyl-3-methylmaldeimide Microcystis aeruginosa [37] Nitella sp. Dithiolane Nitzschia palea [49] Chara sp. 4-methylthio-1,2-dithiolane、 5-methylthio-1,2,3-trithiane Nitzschia palea [49] Chara globularis dithiolane, trithiane diatom, green algae, cyanobacteria [49,51,57,58,88] Ruppia maritima ent-labdane diterpenes Chlorella vulgaris, Selenastrum carpricornutum [59,60] Hydrilla erticillata 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid diisooctyl ester, Di-n-butyl phthalate, N-butyl phthalate 2 - methyl propyl, etc Microcystis aeruginosa [61]
96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 Life styles Species Allelochemicals Algae inhibited References Myriophyllum spicatum ellagic acid, eugeniin, globular cyanobacteria, [41,42,82] pyrogallic acid, gallic acid, (+)-catechin,nonanoic acid, tetradecanoic acid, palmitic acid, octadecanoic acid octadecenoic acid, fibrous cyanobacteria Myriophyllum alterniflorum, Myriophyllum heterophyllum, Myriophyllum brasiliense polyphenol-like alleochemicals cyanobacteria, green algae [84] Myriophyllum verticillatum, α-asarone, phenylpropane, glycoside-like allolochemicals cyanobacteria, green algae [85,86] (1) Emergent aquatic plants ① Genus Acorus Della Greca et al. first discovered the genus Acorus could produce a variety of phenolpropane-types of allelochemicals to inhibit the growth of cyanobacteria [62]. The phenolpropane-types of allelochemicals in Acrous gramineus (Acorus tatarinowii) mainly included 1,2,4-trimethoxy-5-(E-3'-methyl oxiranyl) benzene, β-asarone and α-asarone, the latter two of which were in 7:1 of content ratio; However, α-asarone and β-asarone were primary allelochemicals in Acorus calamus with 6:1 of the content ratio. β-asarone had good inhibition on several kinds of algae, which has the equivalent inhibitory activity with copper sulfate (permission dose for biological treatment, 2.5-3.2μM). Moreover, β-asarone was biodegradable and had selective inhibition on algal growth (Table 3). He et al. also confirmed Acorus gramineus had algicidal role, during the studies of the distribution of different parts of the plant to the inhibition on algal growth, they determined the allelochemicals were mainly released by the plant root and rhizome [63]. Table 3 Inhibitory effects of β-asarone on algae [62] Algal species β-asarone 2μM copper sulfate 0.5μM 10μM Ankistrodesmus braunii +++ - +++ Chlorella emersonii ++ - +++ Muriella aurantiaca ++ - ++ Stichococcus bacillaris - - +++ Euglena gracilis - - - Pseudococcomixa simplex - - +++ Scenedesmus quadricauda - - ++ Chlorococcum hypnosporum +++ - +++ Coccomixa elongata - - +++ Chlamydomonas sphagnophila ++ - +++ Chlorella vulgaris - - +++ Nostoc commune - + +++ Synechococcus leopoliensis ++ +++ +++ Anabaena flos-aquae + +++ +++ +++:23-30mm of algicidal circle; ++:15-22mm of algicidal circle; +:6-14mm of algicidal circle;-:continue to grow ② Genus Zantedeschia - 7 -
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