NATO/CCMS Pilot Study Evaluation of Demonstrated and ... - CLU-IN

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NATO/CCMS Pilot Project on Contaminated Land and Groundwater (Phase III) January 2001 years. This indicates that biological processes enhance the depletion of PHC, and hence shorten the time for PHC removal from the subsurface. 3. Based on mass flows the duration of a site-remediation can be estimated at the level of single compounds. Modeling the dissolution and biodegradation processes of the heating oil spill in Studen, we can predict that aqueous benzene concentrations drop below detection limit and therefore is expected to be depleted from the NAPL phase after 3 years, ethylbenzene after 30 years, and naphthalene after 130 years. These results correlate well with concentrations measured in groundwater samples of the five years old spill. 4. The impact of the remediation process on the risk development can be predicted. The risk in Studen and Menziken was calculated to have been above acceptable levels during the first two years after the spill happened. As soon as the more soluble compounds such as benzene are dissolved completely the risk drops below unacceptable levels. At “older” hazardous sites involving diesel fuel or heating oil spills, the risk therefore may be already significantly reduced. Conclusions The remediation of PHC contaminated sites usually occurs naturally without engineered remediation activities mainly through the biodegradation of compounds dissolved in the groundwater. Since every site has its own geochemical and biological characteristic the decision whether additional actions have to be taken in order to reduce risks for human and the environment has to be made on a site-by-site basis. Using simple tools such as mass balances and distribution models the applicability and efficiency of in situ bioremediation technologies at PHC spill sites can be assessed. 5. REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY [1] Schluep M. 2000. Dissolution, biodegradation and risk in a diesel fuel contaminated aquifer — modeling and laboratory studies. Dissertation No. 13713, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH, Zurich, Switzerland. [2] Hunkeler D, Hoehener P, Bernasconi S, Zeyer J. 1999. Engineered in situ bioremediation of a petroleum hydrocarbon contaminaetd aquifer: Assessment of mineralization based on alkalinity, inorganic carbon and stable isotope balances. J Contam Hydrol 37:201-223. [3] Bolliger C, Hoehener P, Hunkeler D, Haeberli K, Zeyer J. 1999. Intrinsic bioremediation of a petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated aquifer and assessment of mineralization based on stable carbon isotopes. Biodegradation 10:201-217. [4] Schluep M, Imboden DM, Gaelli R, Zeyer J. 2000. Mechanisms affecting the dissolution of nonaqueous phase liquids into the aqueous phase in slow stirring batch systems. Environ Tox Chem, 20(3). [5] Schluep M, Gaelli R, Imboden DM, Zeyer J. 2000. Dynamic equilibrium dissolution of complex nonaqueous phase liquid mixtures into the aqueous phase, in preparation. [6] Schluep M, Häner A, Gälli R, Zeyer J. 2000. Bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated aquifers: laboratory studies to assess risk development, in preparation. [7] Kreikenbaum S, Scerpella D. 1999. Risikobewertung eines Heizoelschadenfalls. Diplomarbeit Eidgenoessische Technische Hochschule ETH, Zurich, Switzerland. [8] Schluep M, Gälli G, Munz C. 1999. Mineralölschadenfälle - wie weiter. TerraTech 6:45-48 [9] Wyrsch B, Zulauf C. 1998. Risikobewertung eines mit Dieselöl kontaminierten Standortes. Diplomarbeit Eidgenoessische Technische Hochschule ETH, Zurich, Switzerland. 41
NATO/CCMS Pilot Project on Contaminated Land and Groundwater (Phase III) January 2001 Project No. 8 Obstruction of Expansion of a Heavy Metal/Radionuclide Plume Around a Contaminated Site by Means of Natural Barriers Composed of Sorbent Layers Location Project Status Contaminants Istanbul University Interim Report Heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Cd) and radionuclides ( 137 Cs, 90 Sr, 238 Technology Type In situ adsorption and stabilization/ U), textile solidification Technical Contact Project Dates dyes Media Resat Apak Accepted 1998 Soil and groundwater (Unconventional sorbents Istanbul University Interim Report e.g., red muds and fly ashes, simulate hydrous Avcilar Campus, Avcilar 1999 oxide-like soil minerals; kaolinite and feldspar 34850 Istanbul, Turkey Tel: 90/212-591-1996 Fax: 90/212-591-1997 E-mail: rapak@istanbul.edu.tr Final Report 2001 Costs Documented? No represent clay minerals) Project Size Bench-scale Results Available? Partly Please note that this project summary was not updated since the 1999 report. An update will be provided in the 2001 report. 1. INTRODUCTION When a spill or leakage of a heavy metal/radionuclide contaminant occurs, in situ soil and groundwater technologies are generally preferred to cope with the contaminants and to prevent their dispersion outside the site. Barrier wall technologies employ immediate action that restricts the expansion of the contaminant plume. Thus, this project involves a laboratory-scale investigation of the use of metallurgical solid wastes and clay minerals as barrier materials to adsorb toxic heavy metals and radionuclides from water (a fixation or stabilization process) followed by solidification of the metal-loaded mass in a cementbased block totally resistant to atmospheric weathering and leaching conditions. 2. BACKGROUND Metals account for much of the contamination found at hazardous waste sites. They are present in the soil and groundwater (at approximately 65% of U.S. Superfund sites) coming from various metal processing industrial effluents. Turkey also has metal (Pb, Cd, Cu, Cr, U, etc.) contaminated sites due to effluents predominantly from battery, electroplating, metal finishing, and leather tanning industries, and mining operations. Cesium-137 and strontium-90, with half-lives of 30 and 28 years, respectively, pose significant threats to the environment as a result of fallout mainly from power plant accidents. In Turkey, 137 Cs became a matter of public concern after the Chernobyl accident, especially contaminating the tea plant harvested in the Black Sea Coast of the country. On the other hand, milk products and other biological materials containing Ca were extensively investigated for possible 90 Sr contamination. Land burial of low-level radioactive wastes also pose a contamination risk to groundwater. Physical/chemical treatment processes specific to metals/radionuclides include chemical precipitation, ion exchange, electrokinetic technologies, soil washing, sludge leaching, membrane processes, and common adsorption. When adsorption is employed, there is an increasing trend toward substitution of pure adsorbents (e.g., activated carbon, alumina, and other hydrated oxides) with natural by-products, soil minerals or stabilized solid waste materials (e.g., bauxite waste red muds and fly ashes). These substances also serve as barrier material for passive wall technologies utilized around a heavy metal spill site or shallow-land burial facility of low-level radioactive wastes. Once these contaminants are stabilized within 42
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