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Friend or Foe? In “Terminator Salvation,” computers surpass and plan to eliminate humans. (NYT 23.05.09) Duden für Informatik Grabwespe “Sphex ichneumoneus”: scheinbar intelligentes Verhalten ! Die an Schwungkraft deutlich einbüßende Debatte über Künstliche Intelligenz erinnert uns daran, dass über Jahrzehnte hinweg die Leitbilder, welche die Entwicklung des Computers begleiteten und kommentierten, den Bahnen eines anthropomorphen Technikbildes folgten, dessen Pointe darin bestand, technische Instrumente im Horizont einer prothesenhaften Verstärkung und Ersetzung menschlicher Sinnes-, Bewegungs- und Denkorgane zu deuten. In dieser Perspektive galt - und gilt noch immer - der Computer als ein Werkzeug der Kopfarbeit, als eine Geistestechnologie. Doch dieses an der Steigerung menschlicher Tätigkeitsvollzüge orientierte Verständnis des Technischen birgt eine Dialektik, die allzu leicht eine nüchterne Werkzeugterminologie umschlagen lässt in eine emphatische Ersetzungs- oder Entmächtigungsrhetorik. Sibylle Krämer (aus dem Vorwort zu Medien Computer Realität) Künstliche Intelligenz? What is Intelligence? Quite simple human behaviour can be intelligent yet quite complex behaviour performed by insects is unintelligent. What is the difference? Consider the behaviour of the digger wasp, Sphex ichneumoneus. When the female wasp brings food to her burrow, she deposits it on the threshold, goes inside the burrow to check for intruders, and then if the coast is clear carries in the food. The unintelligent nature of the wasp's behaviour is revealed if the watching experimenter moves the food a few inches while the wasp is inside the burrow checking. On emerging, the wasp repeats the whole procedure: she carries the food to the threshold once again, goes in to look around, and emerges. She can be made to repeat this cycle of behaviour upwards of forty times in succession. Intelligence--conspicuously absent in the case of Sphex--is the ability to adapt one's behaviour to fit new circumstances. Mainstream thinking in psychology regards human intelligence not as a single ability or cognitive process but rather as an array of separate components. Research in AI has focussed chiefly on the following components of intelligence: learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language-understanding. Quelle: alanturing.net
Alan Turing: “Turing Test” ! Computing Machinery and Intelligence (1950) ! Turing Test : „If a machine can't be told apart from a human in a conversation over a teletype, then that's good enough.“ ! In 1991 Dr. Hugh Loebner started the annual Loebner Prize competition. A $100,000 prize is offered to the author of the first computer program to pass an unrestricted Turing test. ! http://cogsci.ucsd.edu/~asaygin/tt/ttest.html (turing test page) Eliza vs. Parry Quelle: alanturing.net Here is Turing's example of an exchange that might occur during the test. Interrogator In the first line of your sonnet which reads 'Shall I compare thee to a summer's day', would not 'a spring day' do as well or better? Computer It wouldn't scan. Interrogator How about 'a winter's day'? That would scan all right. Computer Yes, but nobody wants to be compared to a winter's day. Interrogator Would you say Mr. Pickwick reminded you of Christmas? Computer In a way. Interrogator Yet Christmas is a winter's day, and I do not think Mr Pickwick would mind the comparison Computer I don't think you're serious. By a winter's day one means a typical winter's day, rather than a special one like Christmas. Joseph Weizenbaum Eliza, ein virtueller Psychiater http://www-ai.ijs.si/eliza-cgi-bin/eliza_script http://bs.cyty.com/menschen/e-etzold/archiv/science/rat.htm Joseph Weizenbaum (* 8. Januar 1923 in Berlin; † 5. März 2008 in Gröben bei Berlin) war ein deutsch-US-amerikanischer Informatiker sowie Wissenschafts- und Gesellschaftskritiker. Weizenbaum bezeichnete sich selbst als Dissidenten und Ketzer der Informatik. Why The Turing Test is AI's Biggest Blind Alley Blay Whitby 1997 ! http://www-ai.ijs.si/eliza-cgi-bin/eliza_script ! „The main consequence of perceiving intelligence in terms of some sort of imitation of human performance, such as success in the imitation game, is that AI research and experiment has paid far too much attention to the development of machinery and programs that seek directly or indirectly to imitate human performance.“
Page 1: 2001: HAL 9000 IT als Querschnittsd
Page 5 and 6: AI-Paradigmenwechsel Was ist Intell
Page 7 and 8: Wissen • ES - Experten Systeme
Page 9 and 10: Regelbasierte Systeme Rule-Based Sy
Page 11 and 12: Donald Judd Lernen • NN - Neurona
Page 13 and 14: 75 Daniel Libeskind: Futuropolis (H
Page 15 and 16: Units • Robots • Roboter = Phys
Page 17: Intuition Handeln! ! ! ! ! AI-Parad

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