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DENSE<br />
WAVELENGTH DIVISION<br />
MULTIPLEXING<br />
A SEMINAR REPORT<br />
Submitted by<br />
AMAR PRASAD KESHARI<br />
In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree<br />
Of<br />
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY<br />
In<br />
COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING<br />
At<br />
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING<br />
COCHIN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY<br />
KOCHI-682022<br />
OCTOBER 2010
<strong>Division</strong> of Computer Engineering<br />
School of Engineering<br />
Cochin University of Science & Technology<br />
Kochi-682022<br />
CERTIFICATE<br />
Certified th<strong>at</strong> this is a bonafide record of the seminar work titled<br />
<strong>Dense</strong><br />
<strong>Wavelength</strong> <strong>Division</strong><br />
<strong>Multiplexing</strong><br />
Done by<br />
Amar Prasad Keshari<br />
of VII semester Computer Science & Engineering in the year 2010 in partial<br />
fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Degree of Bachelor of Technology<br />
in Computer Science & Engineering of Cochin University of Science & Technology<br />
Dr.David Peter S Ms. Anu M.<br />
Head of the <strong>Division</strong> Seminar Guide
DENSE<br />
WAVELENGTH DIVISION<br />
MULTIPLEXING<br />
A SEMINAR REPORT<br />
Submitted by<br />
AMAR PRASAD KESHARI<br />
In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree<br />
Of<br />
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY<br />
In<br />
COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING<br />
At<br />
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING<br />
COCHIN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY<br />
KOCHI-682022<br />
OCTOBER 2010
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT<br />
At the outset, I thank God almighty for making my endeavor a success. I am indebted to my<br />
respected teachers and supporting staffs of <strong>Division</strong> of Computer Engineering for providing as<br />
inspir<strong>at</strong>ion and guidance for our seminar.<br />
I am gr<strong>at</strong>eful to Dr. David Peter S., Head of <strong>Division</strong> of Computer Engineering for giving such<br />
an opportunity to utilize all resources needed for the seminar.<br />
I am highly obliged to my seminar guide Ms. Anu M and seminar coordin<strong>at</strong>or Mr. Sudheep<br />
Elayidom M, for their valuable instructions, guidance and corrections in my seminar and its<br />
present<strong>at</strong>ion.<br />
I also want to express sincere gr<strong>at</strong>itude to all friends for their support and encouragement during<br />
the seminar present<strong>at</strong>ion and their active particip<strong>at</strong>ion in questioning session for the success of<br />
the seminar.<br />
AMAR PRASAD KESHARI
ABSTRACT<br />
The technology of combining a number of optical wavelengths and then transmitting the same<br />
through a single fiber is called wavelength division multiplexing (WDM).<br />
Conceptually, the technology is similar to th<strong>at</strong> of<br />
frequency division multiplexing (FDM) used in analog transmission. <strong>Dense</strong> wavelength division<br />
multiplexing (DWDM) is a new born multiplexing technology in the fiber optic transmission,<br />
bringing about a revolution in the bit r<strong>at</strong>e carrying capacity over a single fiber.<br />
DWDM technology make efficient utiliz<strong>at</strong>ion of bandwidth and low <strong>at</strong>tenu<strong>at</strong>ion characteristics<br />
of single mode fibers and uses multiple wavelength as carriers and allow them to transmit in the<br />
fiber simultaneously .When compared to common single channel system , <strong>Dense</strong> wavelength<br />
division multiplexing gre<strong>at</strong>ly increases the network capacity and make efficient use of the<br />
bandwidth resource of optical fibers.<br />
The emergent of DWDM system is one of the important phenomena in development of optic<br />
fiber transmission. This article gives introduction of DWDM technology.
List of Figures:-<br />
Figure-01 DWDM with Two channels<br />
Figure-02 Network Hierarchy<br />
Figure-03 TDM<br />
Figure-04 SONET<br />
Figure-05 WDM<br />
Figure-06 DWDM<br />
Figure-07 TIR<br />
Figure-08 Rayleigh sc<strong>at</strong>tering<br />
Figure-09 Absorption<br />
Figure-10 Attenu<strong>at</strong>ion curve<br />
Figure-11 Emitter & Photodiode oper<strong>at</strong>ion<br />
Figure-12 EDFA<br />
Figure-13 Mux/Demux<br />
Figure-14 Bidirectional Mux/Demux<br />
Figure-15 Prism Techniques<br />
Figure-16 Waveguide Gr<strong>at</strong>ing<br />
Figure-17 OADM<br />
Figure-18 Transponder Based DWDM system<br />
Figure-19 NAS & SAN<br />
List of Graphs:-<br />
Graph-01<br />
D<strong>at</strong>a vs. Voice Traffic
List of Tables:-<br />
Table-01<br />
List of Abbrevi<strong>at</strong>ions:-<br />
DWDM<br />
WDM<br />
TDM<br />
SONET<br />
SDH<br />
ATM<br />
IP<br />
LAN<br />
MAN<br />
WAN<br />
ESCON<br />
IBM<br />
OC<br />
OWAD<br />
Evolution of DWDM<br />
<strong>Dense</strong> <strong>Wavelength</strong> <strong>Division</strong> <strong>Multiplexing</strong><br />
<strong>Wavelength</strong> <strong>Division</strong> <strong>Multiplexing</strong><br />
Time <strong>Division</strong> <strong>Multiplexing</strong><br />
Synchronous Optical Network<br />
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy<br />
Asynchronous Transfer Mode<br />
Internet Protocol<br />
Local Area Network<br />
Metropolitan Area Network<br />
Wide Area Network<br />
Enterprise Systems Connection<br />
Intern<strong>at</strong>ional Business Machines<br />
Optical Carrier<br />
Optical <strong>Wavelength</strong> Add/Drop<br />
OADM Optical add/drop multiplexer<br />
TIR Total Internal Reflection
CONTENTS<br />
CHAPTER No. PAGE No.<br />
01. INTRODUCTION TO DWDM<br />
1.1 Fundamentals of DWDM Technology…………………………………………….…..01<br />
1.2 Development of DWDM Technology…………………………………………….…...01<br />
02. GLOBAL NETWORK HIERARCHY . 04<br />
2.1 Economic Forces………………………………………………………………….…...05<br />
2.2 The challenges of Today’s Telecommunic<strong>at</strong>ion Networks…………………….……...07<br />
2.3 Resolving capacity Crisis……………………………………………………….……. 07<br />
2.4 Capacity Expansion and Flexibility……………………………………………….…..11<br />
2.5 Capacity Expansion Potential…………………………………………………….…...12<br />
2.6 DWDM Incremental Growth…………………………………………………….……12<br />
03. COMPONENTS & OPERATION 14<br />
3.1 Components…………………………………………………………………………....14<br />
3.2 DWDM system Functions….…………………………………………………….……14<br />
3.3 Component Specific<strong>at</strong>ions……………………………………………………….…….16<br />
3.31 Optical Fiber…………………………………………………………………….….16<br />
3.32 Light Source & Detector……………………………………………………….......19<br />
3.33 Optical Amplifiers……………………………………………………….……...….21<br />
3.34 Multiplexers & Demultiplexers……………………………………….……...…… 22<br />
3.4 Enabling Technology……………………………………………………….…....…….26<br />
3.5 Transponders……………………………………………………………….………......27<br />
04. APPLICATION OF DWDM…………………………………………………….….........28<br />
05. PROS OF DWDM………………………………………………………………………..30<br />
06. CONS OF DWDM…………………………………………………………........……….31<br />
07. CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………………..32<br />
08. REFERENCES…………………………………………………………….………...…...33
<strong>Dense</strong> <strong>Wavelength</strong> <strong>Division</strong> <strong>Multiplexing</strong><br />
Definition:-<br />
01. INTRODUCTION<br />
<strong>Dense</strong> <strong>Wavelength</strong> division multiplexing is a fiber optic transmission technique th<strong>at</strong> employs<br />
light wavelengths to transmit d<strong>at</strong>a parallel by bit or serial by character.<br />
Overview:-<br />
The role of scalable DWDM systems in enabling service providers to accommod<strong>at</strong>e consumer<br />
demand for ever increasing amount of bandwidth is important.DWDM is discussed as a crucial<br />
component of optical networks th<strong>at</strong> allows the transmission of e-mail, video, multimedia, d<strong>at</strong>a,<br />
and voice carried in internet protocol (IP), asynchronous transfer mode(ATM), and synchronous<br />
optical network/ synchronous digital hierarchy (SONET/SDH), respectively over the optical<br />
layer.<br />
Fundamentals of DWDM Technology:-<br />
The emergence of DWDM is one of the most recent and important phenomenon in the<br />
development of the fiber optic transmission technology. The functions and components of a<br />
DWDM system, includes the enabling technologies, and a description of the oper<strong>at</strong>ion of a<br />
DWDM system are discussed in coming chapters.<br />
Development of DWDM technology:-<br />
Early WDM began in l<strong>at</strong>e 1980s using the two widely spaced wavelengths in the 1310nm and<br />
1550nm regions, sometimes called wideband WDM .Figure shown below shows an example of<br />
this simple form of WDM. One of the fiber pair is used to transmit and the other is to receive.<br />
This is the most efficient arrangement and one of the most found in DWDM systems.<br />
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WDM with Two channels:-<br />
End<br />
System<br />
End<br />
System<br />
Send<br />
(1310 nm + 850 nm)<br />
(1310 nm + 850 nm)<br />
Fig-01 DWDM with Two channels<br />
End<br />
system<br />
End<br />
System<br />
The early 1990s saw a second gener<strong>at</strong>ion of DWDM, sometimes called narrowband WDM, in<br />
which two to eight channels were used. These channels were now received space <strong>at</strong> an interval of<br />
about 400 GHz in the 1550 nm window. By the mid 1990s, dense WDM (DWDM) systems were<br />
emerging with 16 to 40 channels and spacing from 100 to 200 GHz. By the l<strong>at</strong>e 1990s DWDM<br />
systems had evolved to the point where they were capable of 64 to 160 parallel channels, densely<br />
packed <strong>at</strong> 50 or even 25 GHz intervals.<br />
Progress of the technology can be seen as an increase in the number of wavelengths<br />
accompanied by a decrease in spacing of the wavelengths. Along with increased density of<br />
wavelengths, systems also advanced in their flexibility of configur<strong>at</strong>ion, through add- drop<br />
functions, and management capabilities.<br />
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Evolution of DWDM:-<br />
L<strong>at</strong>e 1996’s<br />
DWDM<br />
1990 onward<br />
Early 1990’s Narrowband WDM<br />
1980’s Wideband WDM<br />
Table-01 Evolution of DWDM<br />
Fig-02 Network Hierarchy<br />
64+ channels 25~50 GHz Spacing<br />
16+ channels 100~200 GHz Spacing<br />
2~8 channels 200~400 GHz Spacing<br />
2 channels 1310nm, 1550 nm<br />
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02. GLOBAL NETWORK HIERARCHY<br />
It is the n<strong>at</strong>ure of modern communic<strong>at</strong>ion networks to be in a st<strong>at</strong>e of ongoing evolution. Factors<br />
such as new applic<strong>at</strong>ions, changing p<strong>at</strong>terns of usage, and redistribution of content make the<br />
definition of networks a work in progress.<br />
One way to describe the metropolitan area network (MAN) would be to say th<strong>at</strong> it is neither the<br />
long haul nor the access parts of the networks, but the area th<strong>at</strong> lies between those two.<br />
Long Haul Networks<br />
Long haul networks are <strong>at</strong> the core of the global network. Domin<strong>at</strong>ed by a small group of large<br />
transn<strong>at</strong>ional and global carriers, long haul networks connect the MANs. Their applic<strong>at</strong>ion is<br />
transport, so their primary concern is capacity.<br />
Access Networks<br />
At the other end of the spectrum are the access networks. These networks are the closest to the<br />
end users, <strong>at</strong> the edge of the MAN. They are characterized by diverse protocols and<br />
infrastructures, and they span broad spectrum of r<strong>at</strong>es.<br />
Customers range from residential Internet users to large corpor<strong>at</strong>ions and institutions. The<br />
predominance of IP traffic, with its inherently busty, asymmetric, and unpredictable n<strong>at</strong>ure,<br />
presents many challenges, especially with new real-time applic<strong>at</strong>ions. At the same time, these<br />
networks are required to continue to support legacy traffic and protocols, such as IBM’s<br />
Enterprise System Connection (ESCON).<br />
Metropolitan Area Networks<br />
Between these two large and different networking domains lie the MANs. These networks<br />
channel traffic within the metropolitan domain (among businesses, offices, and metropolitan<br />
areas) and between large long-haul points of presence (POPs). The MANs have many of the<br />
same characteristics as the access networks, such as diverse networking protocols and channel<br />
speeds.<br />
On the one hand, it must meet the needs cre<strong>at</strong>ed by the dynamics of the everincreasing<br />
bandwidth available in long-haul transport networks. On the other hand, it must<br />
address the growing connectivity requirements and access technologies th<strong>at</strong> are resulting in<br />
demand for High-speed, customized d<strong>at</strong>a services.<br />
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2.1. Economic Forces<br />
High demand—coupled with high usage r<strong>at</strong>es, a deregul<strong>at</strong>ed telecommunic<strong>at</strong>ions environment,<br />
and high availability requirements—is rapidly depleting the capacities of fibers th<strong>at</strong>, when<br />
installed 10 years ago, were expected to suffice for the foreseeable future.<br />
Bandwidth Demand<br />
The explosion in demand for network bandwidth is largely due to the growth in d<strong>at</strong>a traffic,<br />
specifically Internet Protocol (IP). Leading service providers report bandwidths doubling on their<br />
backbones about every six to nine months. This is largely in response to the 300 percent growth<br />
per year in Internet traffic, while traditional voice traffic grows <strong>at</strong> a compound annual r<strong>at</strong>e of<br />
only about 13 percent.<br />
TRAFFIC VOLUME DATA<br />
450<br />
400<br />
350<br />
300 VOICE<br />
250<br />
200<br />
150<br />
100<br />
50<br />
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004<br />
Voice Centric DATA CENTRIC<br />
D<strong>at</strong>a Centric<br />
Graph-01 D<strong>at</strong>a vs. Voice Traffic<br />
YEAR<br />
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Traffic carried on a backbone can origin<strong>at</strong>e as circuit based (TDM voice and fax), packet Based<br />
(IP), or cell based (ATM and Frame Relay). In addition, there is an increasing proportion of<br />
delay sensitive d<strong>at</strong>a, such as voice over IP and streaming video.<br />
In response to this explosive growth in bandwidth demand, along with the emergence of IP as the<br />
common found<strong>at</strong>ion for all services, long-haul service providers are moving away from TDM<br />
based systems, which were optimized for voice but now prove to be costly and inefficient.<br />
Competition and Reliability<br />
While the demand for bandwidth is driven largely by new d<strong>at</strong>a applic<strong>at</strong>ions, Internet usage, and<br />
the growth in wireless communic<strong>at</strong>ions, two additional factors come into play: competition and<br />
network availability. The telecommunic<strong>at</strong>ion sector, long a beneficiary of government<br />
regul<strong>at</strong>ion, is now a highly competitive industry. Competition was first introduced into the U.S.<br />
long-distance market in 1984, and the 1996 Telecommunic<strong>at</strong>ions Reform Act is now resulting in<br />
an increasingly broad array of new oper<strong>at</strong>ors. These new carriers are striving to meet the new<br />
demand for additional services and capacity. There are two main effects on the industry from<br />
competition:<br />
Enhanced services are cre<strong>at</strong>ed by newcomers trying to compete with incumbents. In the<br />
Metropolitan market, for example, there are broadband wireless and DSL services to homes and<br />
Small and medium-sized business, high-speed priv<strong>at</strong>e line and VPN services to corpor<strong>at</strong>ions, and<br />
Transparent LAN services to enterprise network customers.<br />
• New carriers coming onto the scene cre<strong>at</strong>e new infrastructure so th<strong>at</strong> they do not have<br />
to lease from existing oper<strong>at</strong>ors. Using this str<strong>at</strong>egy, they have more control over provisioning<br />
and reliability. As telecommunic<strong>at</strong>ions and d<strong>at</strong>a services have become more critical to business<br />
oper<strong>at</strong>ions, service providers have been required to ensure th<strong>at</strong> their networks are fault tolerant.<br />
To meet these requirements, providers have had to build backup routes, often using simple 1:1<br />
redundancy in ring or point-to-point configur<strong>at</strong>ions. Achieving the required level of reliability,<br />
however, means reserving dedic<strong>at</strong>ed capacity for failover. This cans double the need for<br />
bandwidth on an already strained infrastructure.<br />
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2.2 Challenges of Today’s Telecommunic<strong>at</strong>ions Network:-<br />
To understand the importance of DWDM technology and optical networking, these capabilities<br />
must be discussed in the context of the challenges faced by the telecommunic<strong>at</strong>ions industry, and<br />
in particular, service providers. Forecasts of the amount of bandwidth capacity needed for<br />
networks were calcul<strong>at</strong>ed on the presumptions th<strong>at</strong> a given individual would only use network<br />
bandwidth six minutes of each hour. These formulas did not factor in the amount of traffic<br />
gener<strong>at</strong>ed by Internet access (300 percent growth per year) ,faxes, multiple phone<br />
lines,modems,teleconferencing , d<strong>at</strong>a and video transmission had these factors been included, a<br />
far different estim<strong>at</strong>e would have emerged. In fact, today many people use the bandwidth<br />
equivalent of 180 minutes or more each hour. Therefore, an enormous amount of bandwidth<br />
capacity is required to provide the services demanded by consumers.<br />
In addition to this explosion in consumer demand for<br />
bandwidth, many service providers are coping with fiber exhaust in their networks. An industry<br />
survey indic<strong>at</strong>ed th<strong>at</strong> in 1995, the amount of embedded fiber already in use in the average<br />
network was between 70 percent and 80 percent. Today, many carriers are nearing one hundred<br />
percent capacity utiliz<strong>at</strong>ion across significant portions of their networks. Another problem for<br />
Carriers are the challenge of deploying and integr<strong>at</strong>ing diverse technology in one physical<br />
infrastructure. Consumer demands and competitive pressures mand<strong>at</strong>e th<strong>at</strong> carriers offer diverse<br />
services<br />
Economically and deploy them over the embedded network. DWDM provides service providers<br />
an answer to th<strong>at</strong> demand.<br />
2.3 Resolving the Capacity Crisis:-<br />
Faced with the multifaceted challenges of increased service needs, fiber exhaust & layered<br />
bandwidth management, service providers need options to provide an economical solution.<br />
One way to allevi<strong>at</strong>e fiber exhaust is to lay more fiber, and for those networks where the cost of<br />
laying new fiber is minimal, these will prove the most economical solution. However, laying<br />
new fiber will not necessarily enable the service provider to provide new services or utilize the<br />
bandwidth management capability of a unifying optical layer.<br />
A second choice is to increase the bit r<strong>at</strong>e using time division multiplexing (TDM) ,where TDM<br />
increases the capacity of a fiber by slicing time into smaller intervals so th<strong>at</strong> more bits (d<strong>at</strong>a) can<br />
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be transmitted per second. Traditionally, this has been the industry method of choice (DS-1, DS-<br />
2, DS-3 etc.). However, when service providers use this approach exclusively, they must make<br />
the leap to the higher bit r<strong>at</strong>e in one jump, having purchased more capacity than they initially<br />
need. Based on the SONET hierarchy, the next incremental step from 10 Gbps TDM is 40 Gbps<br />
– a quantum leap th<strong>at</strong> many believe will not be possible for TDM technology in the near future.<br />
This method has also been used with transport networks th<strong>at</strong> are based on either the synchronous<br />
optical network (SONET) standard for North America or the synchronous digital network (SDH)<br />
standard for intern<strong>at</strong>ional networks.<br />
Options for Increasing Carrier Bandwidth<br />
Faced with the challenge of dram<strong>at</strong>ically increasing capacity while constraining costs, carriers<br />
have two options: Install new fiber or increase the effective bandwidth of existing fiber.<br />
Laying new fiber is the traditional means used by carriers to expand their networks. Deploying<br />
new fiber, however, is a costly proposition. It is estim<strong>at</strong>ed <strong>at</strong> about $70,000 per mile, most of<br />
which is the cost of permits and construction r<strong>at</strong>her than the fiber itself. Laying new fiber may<br />
make sense only when it is desirable to expand the embedded base. Increasing the effective<br />
capacity of existing fiber can be accomplished in two ways:<br />
• Increase the bit r<strong>at</strong>e of existing systems.<br />
• Increase the number of wavelengths on a fiber.<br />
Increase the Bit R<strong>at</strong>e<br />
Using TDM, d<strong>at</strong>a is now routinely transmitted <strong>at</strong> 2.5 Gbps (OC-48) and, increasingly, <strong>at</strong> 10 Gbps<br />
(OC-192); recent advances have resulted in speeds of 40 Gbps (OC-768). The electronic circuitry<br />
th<strong>at</strong> makes this possible, however, is complex and costly, both to purchase and to maintain. In<br />
addition, there are significant technical issues th<strong>at</strong> may restrict the applicability of this approach.<br />
Transmission <strong>at</strong> OC-192 over single-mode (SM) fiber, for example, is 16 times more affected by<br />
chrom<strong>at</strong>ic dispersion than the next lower aggreg<strong>at</strong>e speed, OC-48.<br />
The gre<strong>at</strong>er transmission power required by the higher bit r<strong>at</strong>es also introduces nonlinear effects<br />
th<strong>at</strong> can affect waveform quality. Finally, polariz<strong>at</strong>ion mode dispersion, another effect th<strong>at</strong> limits<br />
the distance a light pulse can travel without degrad<strong>at</strong>ion, is also an issue.<br />
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Increase the Number of <strong>Wavelength</strong>s<br />
In this approach, many wavelengths are combined onto a single fiber. Using wavelength division<br />
<strong>Multiplexing</strong> (WDM) technology several wavelengths, or light colors, can simultaneously<br />
multiplex signals of 2.5 to 40 Gbps each over a strand of fiber.<br />
Without having to lay new fiber, the effective capacity of existing fiber plant can routinely be<br />
increased by a factor of 16 or 32. Systems with 128 and 160 wavelengths are in oper<strong>at</strong>ion today,<br />
with higher density on the horizon. The specific limits of this technology are not yet known.<br />
Time-<strong>Division</strong> <strong>Multiplexing</strong><br />
Time-division multiplexing (TDM) was invented as a way of maximizing the amount of voice<br />
traffic th<strong>at</strong> could be carried over a medium. To transport all the traffic from four tributaries<br />
To another city, you can send all the traffic on one lane, providing the feeding tributaries are<br />
fairly serviced and the traffic is synchronized.<br />
So, if each of the four feeds puts a car onto the trunk highway every four seconds, then the trunk<br />
highway would get a car <strong>at</strong> the r<strong>at</strong>e of one each second. As long as the speed of all the cars is<br />
synchronized, there would be no collision. At the destin<strong>at</strong>ion the cars can be taken off the<br />
highway and fed to the local tributaries by the same synchronous mechanism, in reverse.<br />
Fig-03 TDM<br />
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SONET and TDM<br />
The telecommunic<strong>at</strong>ions industry adopted the Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) or<br />
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) standard for optical transport of TDM d<strong>at</strong>a. SONET, used<br />
in North America, and SDH, used elsewhere, are two closely rel<strong>at</strong>ed standards th<strong>at</strong> specify<br />
interface parameters, r<strong>at</strong>es, framing form<strong>at</strong>s, multiplexing methods, and management for<br />
synchronous TDM over fiber.<br />
SONET/SDH takes n bit streams, multiplexes them, and optically modul<strong>at</strong>es the signal, sending<br />
it out using a light emitting device over fiber with a bit r<strong>at</strong>e equal to (incoming bit r<strong>at</strong>e) x n. Thus<br />
traffic arriving <strong>at</strong> the SONET multiplexer from four places <strong>at</strong> 2.5 Gbps will go out as a single<br />
stream <strong>at</strong> 4 x 2.5 Gbps, or 10 Gbps. This principle is illustr<strong>at</strong>ed in figure which shows an<br />
increase in the bit r<strong>at</strong>e by a factor of four in time slot T.<br />
Fig-04 SONET<br />
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2.4 Capacity Expansion and Flexibility:<br />
The third choice for service providers is dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM),<br />
which increases the capacity of embedded fiber by first assigning incoming optical signals to<br />
specific frequencies (wavelength, lambda) within a design<strong>at</strong>ed frequency band and then<br />
multiplexing the resulting signals out onto one fiber. Because incoming signals are never<br />
termin<strong>at</strong>ed in the optical layer, the interface can be bit r<strong>at</strong>e and form<strong>at</strong> independent, allowing the<br />
service provider to integr<strong>at</strong>e DWDM technology easily with existing equipment in the network<br />
while gaining access to the untapped capacity in the embedded fiber.<br />
DWDM combines multiple optical signals so th<strong>at</strong> they can be amplified as a group and<br />
transported over a single fiber to increase capacity. Each signal carried can be <strong>at</strong> a different r<strong>at</strong>e<br />
(OC-3/12/24, etc.)And in a different form<strong>at</strong> (SONET, ATM, d<strong>at</strong>a, etc.) A system with DWDM<br />
can achieve all this gracefully while maintaining the same degree of system performance,<br />
reliability, and robustness as current transport systems-or even surpassing it. Future DWDM<br />
terminals will carry up to 80 wavelengths of OC- 48, a total of 200 Gbps, or up to 40<br />
wavelengths of OC-192, a total of 400 Gbps – which is enough capacity to transmit 90,000<br />
volumes of an encyclopedia in one second.<br />
Increased Network Capacity - WDM<br />
Fig-05 WDM<br />
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2.5 Capacity Expansion Potential:-<br />
By beginning with DWDM, service provider can establish a grow as you go infrastructure, which<br />
allows them to add current and next gener<strong>at</strong>ion TDM systems for virtually endless capacity<br />
expansion.<br />
DWDM also gives service providers the flexibility to expand capacity in any<br />
portion of their networks- an advantage over other technology. Carriers can address specific<br />
problem areas th<strong>at</strong> are congested because of high capacity demands. This is especially helpful<br />
where multiple rings intersect between two nodes, resulting in fiber exhaust.<br />
The fiber optic amplifier component of the DWDM system enables a service provider to save<br />
costs by taking in and amplifying optical signals without converting them to electrical signals.<br />
Furthermore, DWDM allows service providers to do it on a broad range of wavelength in the<br />
1.55µm region. For example, with a DWDM system multiplexing up to 16 wavelengths on a<br />
single fiber, carriers can decrease the number of amplifiers by a factor of 16 <strong>at</strong> each regener<strong>at</strong>or<br />
site. Using fewer regener<strong>at</strong>ors in long distance networks result in fewer interruption and<br />
improved efficiency.<br />
2.6 DWDM Incremental growth:-<br />
A DWDM infrastructure is designed to provide a graceful network evalu<strong>at</strong>ion for service<br />
providers who seek to address their customers ever increasing capacity demands. Because a<br />
DWDM infrastructure can deliver the necessary capacity expansion, laying a found<strong>at</strong>ion based<br />
on this technology is viewed as the best place to start. By taking incremental growth steps with<br />
DWDM, it is possible for service providers to reduce their initial cost significantly while<br />
deploying the network infrastructure th<strong>at</strong> will serve them in the long run.<br />
Some industry analysts have hailed DWDM as a perfect fit for networks th<strong>at</strong> are trying to meet<br />
demands for more bandwidth. However, these experts have noted the conditions for this fit a<br />
DWDM system simply must be scalable. Despite the fact th<strong>at</strong> a system of OC-48 interfacing<br />
with 8 or 16 channels per fiber might seem like overkill now, such measures are necessary for<br />
the system to be efficient even two years from now.<br />
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Because OC-48 terminal technology and the rel<strong>at</strong>ed oper<strong>at</strong>ions support systems (OSSs) m<strong>at</strong>ch up<br />
with DWDM systems today, it is possible for service providers to begin evolving the capacity of<br />
the TDM systems already connected to their network. M<strong>at</strong>ure OC-192 systems can be added<br />
l<strong>at</strong>er to the established DWDM infrastructure to expand capacity to 40 Gbps and beyond.<br />
2.7 The Optical Layer as the Unifying Layer:-<br />
Aside from the enormous capacity gained through optical networking, the optical layer provides<br />
the only means for carriers to integr<strong>at</strong>e the diverse technologies of their existing networks into on<br />
physical infrastructure. DWDM systems are bit-r<strong>at</strong>e and form<strong>at</strong> independent and can accept any<br />
combin<strong>at</strong>ion of interface r<strong>at</strong>es (e.g. synchronous, asynchronous, OC-3,-12,-48,or -192)on the<br />
same fiber <strong>at</strong> the same time. If a carrier oper<strong>at</strong>es both ATM and SONET networks, the ATM<br />
signal does not have to be multiplexed up to the SONET r<strong>at</strong>e to be carried on the DWDM<br />
network. Because the optical layer carries signals without any additional multiplexing, carriers<br />
can quickly introduce ATM or IP without deploying an overlay network. An important benefit of<br />
optical networking is th<strong>at</strong> it enables any type of cargo to be carried on the highway.<br />
But DWDM is just the first step on the road to full optical networking and the realiz<strong>at</strong>ion of the<br />
optical layer. The concept of an all-optical network implies th<strong>at</strong> the service provider will have<br />
optical access to traffic <strong>at</strong> various nodes in the network, much like the SONET layer for SONET<br />
traffic. Optical wavelengths add/drop (OWAD) offers th<strong>at</strong> capability, where wavelengths are<br />
added or dropped to or from a fiber, without requiring a SONET terminal. But ultim<strong>at</strong>e<br />
bandwidth management flexibility will come with a cross-connect capability on the optical layer.<br />
Combined with OWAD and DWDM ,the optical cross-connect (OXC) will offer service<br />
providers the ability to cre<strong>at</strong>e a flexible, high capacity, efficient optical network with full optical<br />
bandwidth management.<br />
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3.1 Components:-<br />
1. Optical Fiber<br />
2. Light Source & Detector<br />
3. Optical Amplifiers<br />
4. Multiplexers & Demultiplexers<br />
3.2 DWDM System Functions:-<br />
03. COMPONENTS & OPERATION<br />
At its core, DWDM involves a small number of physical layer functions, which shows a<br />
DWDM schem<strong>at</strong>ic for four channels. Each optical channel occupies its own wavelength.<br />
DWDM Functional Schem<strong>at</strong>ic<br />
Fig-06 DWDM<br />
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The system performs the following main functions:-<br />
Gener<strong>at</strong>ing the signal:-<br />
The source, a solid st<strong>at</strong>e laser, must provide stable light within a specific, narrow bandwidth th<strong>at</strong><br />
carries the digital d<strong>at</strong>a, modul<strong>at</strong>ed as an analog signal.<br />
Combining the signals:-<br />
Modern DWDM systems employ multiplexers to combine the signals. There is some inherent<br />
loss associ<strong>at</strong>ed with multiplexing and demultiplexing. This loss is dependent upon the number of<br />
channels but can be mitig<strong>at</strong>ed with optical amplifiers, which boost all the wavelengths <strong>at</strong> once<br />
without electrical conversion.<br />
Transmitting the signals:-<br />
The effects of crosstalk and optical signal degrad<strong>at</strong>ion or loss must be reckoned with in fiber<br />
optic transmission. These effects can be minimized by controlling variables such a channel<br />
spacing, wavelength tolerance, and laser power levels. Over a transmission link, the signal may<br />
need to be optically amplified.<br />
Separ<strong>at</strong>ing the receiving signals:-<br />
At the receiving end, the multiplexed signals must be separ<strong>at</strong>ed out. Although this task would<br />
appear to be simply the opposite of combining the signals, it is actually more technically<br />
difficult.<br />
Receiving the signals:-<br />
The demultiplexed signal is received by a photo detector.<br />
In addition to these functions, a DWDM system must also be equipped with client-side interfaces<br />
to receive the input signal. This function is performed by transponders. On the DWDM side are<br />
interfaces to the optical fiber th<strong>at</strong> links DWDM systems.<br />
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3.3 Component Specific<strong>at</strong>ions<br />
3.31 Optical Fiber:-<br />
The main job of optical fibers is to guide light waves with a minimum of <strong>at</strong>tenu<strong>at</strong>ion (loss of<br />
signal).Optical fibers are composed of fine threads of glass in layers, called the core and cladding<br />
th<strong>at</strong> can transmit light <strong>at</strong> about two-thirds the speed of light in a vacuum.<br />
The transmission of light in optical fiber is commonly explained using the principle of total<br />
internal reflection. With this phenomenon, 100 percent of light th<strong>at</strong> strikes a surface is reflected.<br />
By contrast, a mirror reflects about 90 percent of the light th<strong>at</strong> strikes it.<br />
Light is either reflected (it bounces back) or refracted (its angle is altered while passing through<br />
different medium) depending upon the angle of incidence (the angle <strong>at</strong> which light strikes the<br />
interface between an optically denser and optically thinner m<strong>at</strong>erial).<br />
Total internal reflection happens when the following conditions are met:<br />
Beams pass from a denser to a less dense m<strong>at</strong>erial. The difference between the optical<br />
density of a given m<strong>at</strong>erial and a vacuum is the m<strong>at</strong>erial’s refractive index.<br />
The incident angle is less than the critical angle. The critical angle is the angle of<br />
incidence <strong>at</strong> which light stops being refracted and is instead totally reflected.<br />
Principle of Total Internal Reflection<br />
Fig-07 TIR<br />
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An optical fiber consists of two different types of highly pure, solid glass (silica)—the core and<br />
the cladding—th<strong>at</strong> are mixed with specific elements, called do pants, to adjust their refractive<br />
indices. The difference between the refractive indices of the two m<strong>at</strong>erials causes most of the<br />
transmitted light to bounce off the cladding and stay within the core. The critical angle<br />
requirement is met by controlling the angle <strong>at</strong> which the light is injected into the fiber.<br />
Single-Mode Fiber Designs<br />
Designs of single-mode fiber have evolved over several decades. The three principle types and<br />
their ITU-T specific<strong>at</strong>ions are:<br />
• Non-dispersion-shifted fiber (NDSF), G.652<br />
• Dispersion-shifted fiber (DSF), G.653<br />
• Non-zero dispersion-shifted fiber (NZ-DSF), G.655<br />
There are four windows within the infrared spectrum th<strong>at</strong> have been exploited for fiber<br />
transmission.<br />
The third type, non-zero dispersion-shifted fiber, is designed specifically to meet the needs of<br />
DWDM applic<strong>at</strong>ions. The aim of this design is to make the dispersion low in the 1550-nm<br />
region, but not zero. This str<strong>at</strong>egy effectively introduces a controlled amount of dispersion,<br />
which counters nonlinear effects such as four-wave mixing th<strong>at</strong> can hinder the performance of<br />
DWDM systems.<br />
Transmission Challenges<br />
Transmission of light in optical fiber presents several challenges th<strong>at</strong> must be dealt with. This fall<br />
into the following three broad c<strong>at</strong>egories:-<br />
Attenu<strong>at</strong>ion:-<br />
Decay of signal strength or loss of light power, as the signal propag<strong>at</strong>es through the fiber.<br />
Chrom<strong>at</strong>ic dispersion<br />
Spreading of light pulse as they travel down the fiber.<br />
Nonlinearities<br />
Cumul<strong>at</strong>ive effects from the interaction of light with the m<strong>at</strong>erial through which it<br />
travels, resulting in changes in the light wave and interactions between light waves.<br />
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Attenu<strong>at</strong>ion<br />
Attenu<strong>at</strong>ion in optical fiber is caused by intrinsic factors, primarily sc<strong>at</strong>tering and absorption, and<br />
by extrinsic factors, including stress from the manufacturing process, the environment, and<br />
physical bending.<br />
The most common form of sc<strong>at</strong>tering, Rayleigh sc<strong>at</strong>tering, is caused by small vari<strong>at</strong>ions in the<br />
density of glass as it cools.<br />
Fig-08 Rayleigh sc<strong>at</strong>tering<br />
Attenu<strong>at</strong>ion due to Absorption is caused by the intrinsic properties of the m<strong>at</strong>erial itself, the<br />
impurities in the glass, and any <strong>at</strong>omic defects in the glass. These impurities absorb the optical<br />
energy, causing the light to become dimmer.<br />
While Rayleigh sc<strong>at</strong>tering is important <strong>at</strong> shorter wavelengths, intrinsic absorption is an issue <strong>at</strong><br />
longer wavelengths and increases dram<strong>at</strong>ically above 1700 nm. However, absorption due to<br />
w<strong>at</strong>er peaks introduced in the fiber manufacturing process are being elimin<strong>at</strong>ed in some new<br />
fiber types.<br />
Fig-09 Absorption<br />
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Total Attenu<strong>at</strong>ion Curve<br />
Fig-10 Attenu<strong>at</strong>ion curve<br />
Other Factors th<strong>at</strong> affect the Fiber transmission<br />
DISPERSION<br />
POLARISATION EFFECT<br />
OTHER NONLINEAR EFFECTS<br />
3.32 Light Source & Detectors<br />
Light emitters and light detectors are active devices <strong>at</strong> opposite ends of an optical transmission<br />
system. Light sources, or light emitters, are transmit-side devices th<strong>at</strong> convert electrical signals to<br />
light pulses.<br />
The process of this conversion, or modul<strong>at</strong>ion, can be accomplished by externally modul<strong>at</strong>ing a<br />
continuous wave of light or by using a device th<strong>at</strong> can gener<strong>at</strong>e modul<strong>at</strong>ed light directly. Light<br />
detectors perform the opposite function of light emitters. They are receive-side opto-electronic<br />
devices th<strong>at</strong> convert light pulses into electrical signals.<br />
Light Emitters—LEDs and Lasers<br />
Light emitting devices used in optical transmission must be compact, monochrom<strong>at</strong>ic,<br />
stable and long-lasting.<br />
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Two general types of light emitting devices are used in optical transmission, light-emitting<br />
diodes (LEDs) and laser diodes, or semiconductor lasers.<br />
LEDs are rel<strong>at</strong>ively slow devices, suitable for use <strong>at</strong> speeds of less than 1 Gbps, they exhibit a<br />
rel<strong>at</strong>ively wide spectrum width, and they transmit light in a rel<strong>at</strong>ively wide cone. These<br />
inexpensive devices are often used in multimode fiber communic<strong>at</strong>ions.<br />
Fig-11 Emitter & Photodiode oper<strong>at</strong>ion<br />
Requirements for lasers include precise wavelength, narrow spectrum width, sufficient power,<br />
and control of chirp (the change in frequency of a signal over time). Semiconductor lasers s<strong>at</strong>isfy<br />
nicely the first three requirements.<br />
Light Detectors<br />
On the receive end, it is necessary to recover the signals transmitted <strong>at</strong> different wavelengths on<br />
the fiber. Because photo detectors are by n<strong>at</strong>ure wideband devices, the optical signals are<br />
demultiplexed before reaching the detector.<br />
Two types of photo detectors are widely deployed, the positive-intrinsic-neg<strong>at</strong>ive (PIN)<br />
photodiode and the avalanche photodiode (APD). PIN photodiodes work on principles similar to,<br />
but in the reverse of, LEDs. Th<strong>at</strong> is, light is absorbed r<strong>at</strong>her than emitted, and photons are<br />
converted to electrons in a 1:1 rel<strong>at</strong>ionship.<br />
APDs are similar devices to PIN photodiodes, but provide gain through an amplific<strong>at</strong>ion process:<br />
One photon acting on the device releases many electrons. PIN photodiodes have many<br />
advantages, including low cost and reliability, but APDs have higher receive sensitivity and<br />
accuracy. However, APDs are more expensive than PIN photodiodes, they can have very high<br />
current requirements and they are temper<strong>at</strong>ure sensitive.<br />
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3.33 Optical Amplifiers:-<br />
The technology th<strong>at</strong> allows this high-speed volume transmission is in the optical amplifier.<br />
Optical amplifiers oper<strong>at</strong>e in a specific band of the frequency spectrum and are optimized for<br />
oper<strong>at</strong>ion with existing fiber, making it possible to boost light wave signals and thereby extend<br />
their reach without converting them back to electrical form. Demonstr<strong>at</strong>ions have been made of<br />
ultra wideband optical-fiber amplifiers th<strong>at</strong> can boost light wave signals carrying over 100<br />
channels (or wavelengths) of light.<br />
Due to <strong>at</strong>tenu<strong>at</strong>ion, there are limits to how long a fiber segment can propag<strong>at</strong>e a signal with<br />
integrity before it has to be regener<strong>at</strong>ed. Before the arrival of optical amplifiers (OAs), there had<br />
to be a repe<strong>at</strong>er for every signal transmitted. The OA has made it possible to amplify all the<br />
wavelengths once and without optical-electrical-optical (OEO) conversion. Besides being used<br />
on optical links, optical amplifiers also can be used to boost signal power after multiplexing or<br />
before demultiplexing, both of which can introduce loss into the system.<br />
Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier<br />
By making it possible to carry the large loads th<strong>at</strong> DWDM is capable of transmitting over long<br />
distances, the EDFA was a key enabling technology.<br />
Erbium is a rare-earth element th<strong>at</strong>, when excited, emits light around 1.54 micrometers—the<br />
low-loss wavelength for optical fibers used in DWDM. Figure shows a simplified diagram of an<br />
EDFA.<br />
A weak signal enters the erbium-doped fiber, into which light <strong>at</strong> 980 nm or 1480 nm is injected<br />
using a pump laser. This injected light stimul<strong>at</strong>es the erbium <strong>at</strong>oms to release their stored energy<br />
as additional 1550-nm light. As this process continues down the fiber, the signal grows stronger.<br />
The spontaneous emissions in the EDFA also add noise to the signal; this determines the noise<br />
figure of an EDFA.<br />
Fig-12 EDFA<br />
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Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier<br />
Elimin<strong>at</strong>es O-E-O conversions<br />
More effective than electronic repe<strong>at</strong>ers<br />
Isol<strong>at</strong>or prevents reflection<br />
Light <strong>at</strong> 980nm or 1480nm is injected via the pump laser.<br />
Gains ~30dB; Output Power ~17dB.<br />
3.34 Multiplexers & Demultiplexers:-<br />
Because DWDM systems send signals from several sources over a single fiber, they must<br />
include some means to combine the incoming signals. This is done with a multiplexer, who takes<br />
optical wavelengths from multiple fibers and converge them into one beam.<br />
At the receiving end the system must be able to separ<strong>at</strong>e out the components of the light so th<strong>at</strong><br />
they can be discreetly detected. Demultiplexers perform this function by separ<strong>at</strong>ing the received<br />
beam into its wavelength components and coupling them to individual fibers.<br />
Demultiplexing must be done before the light is detected, because photodetectors are inherently<br />
broadband devices th<strong>at</strong> cannot selectively detect a single wavelength.<br />
In a Unidirectional system, there is a multiplexer <strong>at</strong> the sending end and a demultiplexer <strong>at</strong> the<br />
receiving end. Two systems would be required <strong>at</strong> each end for bidirectional communic<strong>at</strong>ion, and<br />
two separ<strong>at</strong>e fibers would be needed.<br />
<strong>Multiplexing</strong> and Demultiplexing in a Unidirectional System<br />
Fig-13 Mux/Demux<br />
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In a Bidirectional system, there is a multiplexer/demultiplexer <strong>at</strong> each end and communic<strong>at</strong>ion is<br />
over a single fiber pair.<br />
Multiplexers and demultiplexers can be either passive or active in design. Passive designs are<br />
based on prisms, diffraction gr<strong>at</strong>ings, or filters, while active designs combine passive devices<br />
with tunable filters.<br />
The primary challenges in these devices are to minimize cross-talk and maximize channel<br />
separ<strong>at</strong>ion.<br />
<strong>Multiplexing</strong> and Demultiplexing in a Bidirectional System<br />
Fig-14 Bidirectional Mux/Demux<br />
Techniques for <strong>Multiplexing</strong> and Demultiplexing<br />
A simple form of multiplexing or demultiplexing of light can be done using a prism.<br />
Figure demonstr<strong>at</strong>es the demultiplexing case. A parallel beam of polychrom<strong>at</strong>ic light impinges<br />
on a prism surface; each component wavelength is refracted differently. This is the ―rainbow‖<br />
effect. In the output light, each wavelength is separ<strong>at</strong>ed from the next by an angle.<br />
A lens then focuses each wavelength to the point where it needs to enter a fiber. The same<br />
components can be used in reverse to multiplex different wavelengths onto one fiber.<br />
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Prism Refraction Demultiplexing<br />
Fig-15 Prism Techniques<br />
Another technology is based on the principles of diffraction and of optical interference. When a<br />
Polychrom<strong>at</strong>ic light source impinges on a diffraction gr<strong>at</strong>ing, each wavelength is diffracted <strong>at</strong> a<br />
different angle and therefore to a different point in space. Using a lens, these wavelengths can be<br />
focused onto individual fibers.<br />
Waveguide Gr<strong>at</strong>ing Diffraction<br />
Fig-16 Waveguide Gr<strong>at</strong>ing<br />
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Optical Add/Drop Multiplexers<br />
Between multiplexing and demultiplexing points in a DWDM system, as shown in Figure there<br />
is an area in which multiple wavelengths exist. It is often desirable to be able to remove or insert<br />
one or more wavelengths <strong>at</strong> some point along this span.<br />
An optical add/drop multiplexer (OADM) performs this function. R<strong>at</strong>her than combining or<br />
separ<strong>at</strong>ing all wavelengths, the OADM can remove some while passing others on. OADMs are a<br />
key part of moving toward the goal of all-optical networks.<br />
OADMs are similar in many respects to SONET ADM, except th<strong>at</strong> only optical wavelengths are<br />
added and dropped, and no conversion of the signal from optical to electrical takes place.<br />
Selectively Removing and Adding <strong>Wavelength</strong>s<br />
Fig-17 OADM<br />
There are two general types of OADMs. The first gener<strong>at</strong>ion is a fixed device th<strong>at</strong> is physically<br />
configured to drop specific predetermined wavelengths while adding others. The second<br />
gener<strong>at</strong>ion is reconfigurable and capable of dynamically selecting which wavelengths are added<br />
and dropped.<br />
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3.4 Enabling Technologies:-<br />
Optical networking, unlike SONET/SDH, does not rely on electrical d<strong>at</strong>a processing. As such, its<br />
development is more closely tied to optics than to electronics. In its early form, WDM was<br />
capable of carrying signals over two widely spaced wavelengths, and for a rel<strong>at</strong>ively short<br />
distance. To move beyond this initial st<strong>at</strong>e, WDM needed both improvements in existing<br />
technologies and invention of new technologies. Improvements in optical filter and narrow band<br />
lasers enabled DWDM to combine more than two signal wavelengths on a fiber. The invention<br />
of the fl<strong>at</strong>-gain optical signal dram<strong>at</strong>ically increased the viability of DWDM systems by gre<strong>at</strong>ly<br />
extending the transmission distance.<br />
Other technologies th<strong>at</strong> have been important of DWDM include improved optical fiber with<br />
lower loss and better optical transmission characteristics, EDF As, and devices such as fiber<br />
Bragg gr<strong>at</strong>ings used in optical add/drop multiplexers.<br />
Oper<strong>at</strong>ion:-<br />
DWDM is a core technology in an optical transport network. The essential components of<br />
DWDM can be classified by their place in the system as follows.<br />
On the transmission side, lasers with precise, stable wavelengths.<br />
On the link, optical fiber th<strong>at</strong> exhibits low loss and transmission performance in the<br />
relevant wavelength spectra, in addition to fl<strong>at</strong>-gain optical amplifiers to boost the signal<br />
on longer spans.<br />
On the receive side, photo detectors and optical demultiplexers using thin film filters or<br />
diffractive elements.<br />
Optical add/drop multiplexers and optical cross-connect components.<br />
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3.5 Transponders:-<br />
Transponders convert incoming optical signals into the precise ITU-standard wavelengths<br />
to be multiplexed, and are currently a key determinant of the openness of DWDM<br />
systems.<br />
Within the DWDM system a transponder converts the client optical signal from back to<br />
an electrical signal and performs the 3R functions. This electrical signal is then used to<br />
drive the WDM laser. Each transponder within the system converts its client’s signal to a<br />
slightly different wavelength. The wavelengths from all of the transponders in the system<br />
are then optically multiplexed. In the receiving direction of the DWDM system, the<br />
reverse process takes place. Individual wavelengths are filtered from the multiplexed<br />
fiber and fed to individual transponders, which convert the signal to electrical and drive a<br />
standard interface to the client.<br />
Oper<strong>at</strong>ion of a Transponder Based DWDM System<br />
Fig-18 Transponder Based DWDM system<br />
The following steps describe the system shown in Figure:-<br />
The transponder accepts input in the form of standard single-mode or multimode laser.<br />
The input can come from different physical media and different protocols and traffic<br />
types.<br />
The wavelength of each input signal is mapped to a DWDM wavelength.<br />
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DWDM wavelengths from the transponder are multiplexed into a single optical signal<br />
and launched into the fiber. The system might also include the ability to accept direct<br />
optical signals to the multiplexer; such signals could come, for example, from a s<strong>at</strong>ellite<br />
node.<br />
A post-amplifier boosts the strength of the optical signal as it leaves the system<br />
(optional).<br />
Optical amplifiers are used along the fiber span as needed (optional).<br />
A pre-amplifier boosts the signal before it enters the end system (optional).<br />
The incoming signal is demultiplexed into individual DWDM lambdas (or wavelengths).<br />
The individual DWDM lambdas are mapped to the required output type (for example,<br />
OC-48. single-mode fiber) and sent out through the transponder.<br />
04. APPLICATION OF DWDM<br />
Two of the most important applic<strong>at</strong>ions for DWDM technology in the MAN are in the areas of<br />
SANs and SONET migr<strong>at</strong>ion.<br />
Storage Area Networks<br />
Storage area networks (SANs) represent the l<strong>at</strong>est stage in the evolution of mass d<strong>at</strong>a storage for<br />
Enterprises and other large institutions. In host-centric environments, storage, as well as<br />
applic<strong>at</strong>ions, was centralized and centrally managed.<br />
With the advent of client/server environments, inform<strong>at</strong>ion th<strong>at</strong> was previously centralized<br />
became distributed across the network. The management problems cre<strong>at</strong>ed by this<br />
decentraliz<strong>at</strong>ion are addressed in two principal ways:<br />
Network <strong>at</strong>tached storage (NAS), where storage devices are directly <strong>at</strong>tached to the LAN, and<br />
SANs. Composed of servers, storage devices (tapes, disk arrays), and network devices<br />
(multiplexers, hubs, routers, switches, and so on), a SAN constitutes an entirely separ<strong>at</strong>e network<br />
from the LAN.<br />
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As a separ<strong>at</strong>e network, the SAN can relieve bottlenecks in the LAN by providing the resources<br />
for applic<strong>at</strong>ions such as d<strong>at</strong>a mirroring, transaction processing and backup and restor<strong>at</strong>ion.<br />
Fig-19 NAS & SAN<br />
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05. PROS OF DWDM<br />
The capacity of transmission media can be upgraded easily by using DWDM technology<br />
The capacity of existing DWDM system can be upgraded by deploying higher channel<br />
capacity system. Thus, the need of laying new fibers for increasing capacity of<br />
transmission media is avoided.<br />
Bit r<strong>at</strong>e transparency in DWDM system: -<br />
In DWDM system, Optical channels can carry any transmission form<strong>at</strong>. Thus different<br />
wavelengths from different systems can be transmitted simultaneously and independently over<br />
the same fiber without need for a common ATM, Gigabit Ethernet etc over a common layer.<br />
Thus DWDM system can transport any type of optical signal.<br />
Quick deployment: -<br />
The DWDM technology is, generally deployed using existing fibers. The time required for<br />
laying new fiber is much more as compared to equipment deployment time. Hence, the<br />
deployment of DWDM can be done quickly.<br />
Economical:-<br />
The DWDM system is cheaper as compared to overall cost of laying new fiber for increasing<br />
transmission capacity. In DWDM system, one optical amplifier is used for amplific<strong>at</strong>ion of all<br />
the channels, hence per channel cost is drastically reduced as compared to providing regener<strong>at</strong>or<br />
for individual channels in SDH network.<br />
<strong>Wavelength</strong> Routing: -<br />
In DWDM system, by using wavelength sensitive optical routing devices, it is possible<br />
to route any wavelength to any st<strong>at</strong>ion. Thus it is possible to use wavelength as other<br />
dimension, in addition to time and space in designing transmission network.<br />
<strong>Wavelength</strong> Switching: -<br />
In DWDM system, wavelength switching can be accomplished by using OADM, optical<br />
cross connect and wavelength converters. Thus, it is possible to reconfigure the optical layer<br />
using wavelength switched architecture.<br />
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Protection In DWDM System: -<br />
06. CONS OF DWDM<br />
DWDM link can be designed to provide either p<strong>at</strong>h switched protection (two fiber working) or<br />
bi-directional line switched protection (four fiber working). The equipment protection can also<br />
be provided by using additional set of equipment. The protection facility is not available in the<br />
equipment being deployed in telecom network. In case of failure, the protection system of SDH<br />
ring will take care of the fault.<br />
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CONCLUSION<br />
The demand of bandwidth is increasing day by day, especially for d<strong>at</strong>a traffic. Service providers<br />
are required to provide the bandwidth dynamically and in shortest possible time.<br />
This can only be done by DWDM. In future advanced DWDM components will be available.<br />
Thus, it will be possible to manage the optical signal dynamically, which will allow more<br />
flexibility to the service providers.<br />
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REFERENCES<br />
[1] Introducing DWDM<br />
http://www.cisco.com/univercd/cc/td/doc/product/mels/dwdm/dwdm_fns.htm<br />
[2] Fundamentals of DWDM Technology<br />
http://www.cisco.com/univercd/cc/td/doc/product/mels/dwdm/dwdm_ovr.htm<br />
[3] <strong>Dense</strong> <strong>Wavelength</strong> <strong>Division</strong> <strong>Multiplexing</strong> (DWDM)<br />
http://www.iec.org/online/tutorials/dwdm<br />
[4] <strong>Dense</strong> <strong>Wavelength</strong> <strong>Division</strong> <strong>Multiplexing</strong> (DWDM) Testing<br />
http://www.iec.org/online/tutorials/dwdm_test<br />
[5] ―Fiber-Optic Communic<strong>at</strong>ions Technology‖ by D.K. Mynbaev, L.L. Steiner, Pearson<br />
Educ<strong>at</strong>ion Asia, 2001 edition<br />
[6] ―<strong>Dense</strong> wave nets' future is cloudy‖ by Chappell Brown, EETimes<br />
http://www.eetimes.com/story/OEG20011221S0035<br />
[7] Cisco Systems<br />
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/hw/optical/ps1996/products_quick_reference_guide09186<br />
a00800886bb.html<br />
[8] Lucent Technologies<br />
http://www.lucent.com/products/subc<strong>at</strong>egory/0,,CTID+2021-STID+10482-<br />
LOCL+1,00.html<br />
[9] Nortel Networks: ―OPT era Long Haul‖ & ―Metro DWDM‖<br />
(http://www.nortelnetworks.com/products/01/optera/long_haul/dwdm/) &<br />
(http://www.nortelnetworks.com/products/library/coll<strong>at</strong>eral/12001.25-03-02.pdf)<br />
[10] Agility Communic<strong>at</strong>ions<br />
http://agility.com/intervals/index.phtml?ID=93&f_code=1<br />
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