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Statistical and Transform Methods in Geophysical Signal Processing

Statistical and Transform Methods in Geophysical Signal Processing

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Contents<br />

1 Fourier Analysis 1<br />

1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1<br />

1.1.1 Orthogonal Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1<br />

1.1.2 Fourier Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3<br />

1.2 The Fourier <strong>Transform</strong> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5<br />

1.2.1 Properties of the FT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6<br />

1.2.2 The FT of some signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8<br />

1.2.3 Truncation <strong>in</strong> time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12<br />

1.3 Symmetries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14<br />

1.4 Liv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> a discrete World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15<br />

2 Z-transform <strong>and</strong> Convolution 21<br />

2.1 L<strong>in</strong>ear Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21<br />

2.1.1 Discrete convolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26<br />

2.1.2 An algorithm to compute the convolution sum . . . . . . . . . . . . 27<br />

2.2 The Z transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29<br />

2.2.1 Convolution <strong>and</strong> the Z-transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30<br />

2.2.2 Deconvolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31<br />

2.3 Elementary <strong>Signal</strong>s: Dipoles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32<br />

2.3.1 M<strong>in</strong>imum phase dipoles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32<br />

2.3.2 Maximum phase dipoles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37<br />

2.3.3 Autocorrelation function of dipoles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39<br />

iii

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