Khafaje article.pdf

A Short Investigation of the Temple at Al-'Ubaid
Author(s): P. Delougaz
Source: Iraq, Vol. 5 (1938), pp. 1-11
Published by: British Institute for the Study of Iraq
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4241617
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Iraq.

A SHORT INVESTIGATION OF THE TEMPLE
AT AL-'UBAID
By P. DELOUGAZ
T HE following is an account of a short investigation carried out under the
auspices of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago at Al-
'Ubaid in January I937.
Excavations on this site have previously been undertaken by other institutions;I
some explanation is therefore necessary of the origin and circumstances
of our short campaign.
In the course of the Oriental Institute's exploration of the Dyala region,
not only was the existence of early Sumerian civilization established at several
sites in this comparatively northern part of Babylonia,2 but successive stages
in its development were revealed and could be studied in detail. At Khafaje it
was with this problem that we were mainly occupied for seven successive
seasons.
The uniformity of the material culture as found at these sites and at others
located in Sumer proper soon became apparent, and was confirmed by innumerable
cases of obvious resemblance between individual discoveries.3 It,
therefore, seemed not unreasonable to expect a similar uniformity to appear
in contemporary architectural remains.
In point of fact, during the course of our second season's digging at Khafaje
(the winter of I93I-2) we cleared within the great Oval enclosure a 'square
structure' in plan not unlike the Platform at Al-'Ubaid.4 Both structures were
built of plano-convex bricks and both could be dated with certainty to
approximately the same part of the Early Dynastic period. The common lines
of these two structures have been discussed in a previous study,s while the
most significant difference consists in the placing of the stairways. Just as the
position of the stairway off centre against the Platform at Khafaje enabled us
to reconstruct a definite type of shrine, namely the 'northern', on top of it
(Fig. I), so the position of the stairs against the middle of the Platform at Al-
'Ubaid may indicate that the shrine there was of the 'southern' type. The
smaller size and the greater number of buttresses may provide a clue for the
comparative dating of the two structures.6 The Al-'Ubaid Platform was
I The site was discovered in I919 by the late Dr.
Hall. Work was carried on there first by Dr. Hall
and afterwards by Sir Leonard Woolley. The
results of the excavations were fully published by
these two excavators in collaboration with Mr. C. J.
Gadd, in Al 'Ubaid, Oxford University Press, I927.
' Extensive remains of the Early Dynastic period
were excavated at Tell Assmar, Khafaje, and Tell
Agrab. The main results were published by Dr.
Henri Frankfort and collaborators in the annual
reports of the Iraq Expedition, Oriental Institute
B
Communications, nos. 13, i6, I7, I9, and 20.
3 One of the first and most striking of such
examples is a plaque from Khafaje (Kh. I/400), a
missing corner of which could practically be re-
placed by a fragment of a similar plaque found at
Ur. See OIC. No. 13, 96-7.
4 OIC., No i6, p. 64, fig. 40.
s DELOUGAZ, Planoconvex Bricks and the Methods
of their Employprent, Studies in Ancient Oriental
Civilization, No. 7.
6 DELOUGAZ, Planocomex Bricks, pp. 28 f.

comparatively well preserved
P. DELOUGAZ
and had a revetment of baked brick, while the
'square structure' was built entirely of unbaked bricks of which only a few
courses were preserved.
However, although our knowledge of the architecture of the Early Dynastic
period has increased considerably during the last few years, the Oval Temple
enclosure at Khafaje stands out as unique of its kind among the other known
buildings (Fig. i). On the other hand, the magnitude of this building and the
conservatism characteristic of the ancient Near East seem to exclude the
possibility of its peculiarities being the outcome of a whim or eccentricity,
especially as we have established that it had been repeatedly rebuilt on similar
lines, probably conforming to some definite tradition.
When the excavations of the Oval Temple at Khafaje were completed,
it
became evident that the 'square structure' was in fact an integral part of a
more elaborate building. Having in mind the close affinity of the Nin-
Khursag temple to it, the writer felt inclined to extend the parallel and
expect an oval building at Al-'Ubaid as well. That such a building was not
found in the previous excavations is not a matter for surprise. From the
excellent report on these excavations it is clear that the excavators' attention
had been concentrated on a small area round and in front of the Platform, the
area, in fact, where the important objects were found. As one can clearly see
from the air photographs,1
the dumps encroached to within a few metres of
the platform walls, and this, of course, did away with the possibility
of investi-
gating the ground thus covered for architectural remains (PI. I.). It was only
in the very limited space of a few narrow trenches, particularly
in the one to
the north-east, that any such remains might have been found. Beyond the
dumps to the east, however, a wall built of baked bricks, and dated by some
bricks bearing the name of Shulgi to the Third Dynasty of Ur, had been
traced.2 This wall shows a definite curve both in the air photographs
and on
the plan,3 and there was evidence of other building activities on the part of
the same king at the summit of the Temple Platform. It is obvious that he
intended to preserve some of the tradition of the earlier building, as he even
imitated the special character of the material used in this earlier period.
(Some of his bricks were planoconvex in shape, bearing the characteristic
finger-marks.4) It therefore seemed equally within the bounds of possibility
that the curvature of this wall might have reflected some earlier tradition of
the building. It is true that it was explained by the previous excavators as a
quaywall or a revetment of a canal,5 yet, since it was never completely dug, it
seemed to us that a further investigation might produce some new evidence.
The work of the joint expedition of the British Museum and the University
Museum of Pennsylvania was terminated some time ago, and the Oriental
Institute is also bringing its activities in Iraq to a close for the time being. If,
therefore, results were to be obtained before the final publication
of the Oval
1 Al 'Ubaid, pi. i.
2 Ibid. 62.
3 Ibid., pi. 1, fig. 2; pi. 11.
? Ibid. 14, 63.
5 Ibid. 62.

A SHORT INVESTIGATION OF THE TEMPLE AT AL-'UBAID 3
Temple at Khafaje went to press, the investigation of this intriguing compari-
son could not be postponed. We consequently apprised Sir Leonard Woolley
of our project, and after obtaining his kind consent as well as formal permis-
sion from the Director of Antiquities in Iraq, the writer, accompanied by the
architect of the Iraq Expedition, Mr. Seton Lloyd, left Baghdad on January
17th for Al-'Ubaid. Our time was limited by the closing down of our excava-
tions on January 16th and the subsequent 'Division Day' at Khafaje, and
January 23rd, on which date our season officially closed with the departure
of Dr. Frankfort. Excluding the time for the journey up and down, only four
full days were left for the campaign. The results obtained during this short
time are largely due to the tireless application and spirit of the group of seven
young pickmen who accompanied us from the north. In addition to these
skilled wall-tracers a score or so of local Arabs were employed as basket-
carriers.
While the writer was conducting the excavations and taking photographs in
the field, Mr. Lloyd undertook the planning of the newly excavated ruins as
well as a complete survey of the site. All object photographs reproduced in
these pages were taken at Khafaje by Mrs. Rigmor Jacobsen, the photographer
of the
Iraq Expedition.
I. ARCHITECTURAL REMAINS
The Oval. In view of certain considerations mentioned above, our first
concern was to re-excavate Shulgi's curved wall. Luckily, however, it proved
unnecessary to continue working on this secondary structure, since before the
end of our first morning we were able to transfer our activities to the earlier
Oval enclosure, the line of which at one point was just discernible on the
surface owing to the difference in colour between its masonry and the soil
which surrounded it. Mr. Lloyd first observed these contrasting colours on
the south-west side of the Platform, while we were searching the mound for
painted pot-sherds, and the explanation soon became clear. The material
used in the earlier building was a peculiar reddish brick. But at a later date
the walls had been completely filled in and covered with a layer of greyish
clay.1 On the north, west, and south-west sides of the building this later
structure had been partially washed away, exposing the earlier reddish brick-
work. The grey colour was thus only preserved in the spaces between the
walls, where the grey bricks still remained in place against the earlier red ones
(see section, Fig. 4).
Once the presence of a curved wall was detected at one point, wall-tracers
were placed at short intervals outside the line which it seemed likely to be
going to take, and were instructed to cut narrow trenches in the direction of
the platform. Each in turn encountered the reddish brickwork of the wall and
proceeded to follow it until he reached the point where his neighbour had
started. In this way a continuous line was soon obtained.
1 Al 'Ubaid, 62.

4 P. DELOUGAZ
Plate I, i, shows a portion of the Oval on the south-west side (above the
head of the wall-tracer in the foreground an arrow indicates the shallow
trench by which he reached the wall).
Plate I, 2, shows the south-east side of the Oval after it had been traced
through the earlier dumps.
The results of the excavations were surveyed by Mr. Lloyd and are shown
on the plan (Fig. 2). The newly-excavated part is marked in solid black, while
the part previously excavated is hatched in. It will be seen that the Platform
is placed a little off the centre of an oval enclosure some 80 metres long
and
65 wide. We were unable in the limited time at our disposal to uncover the
entire length of the Oval, yet sufficient tracing was done at a succession of
points to enable us to complete the circuit with a minimum of conjecture.
It should be made clear that the solid black does not indicate any definite
thickness of wall, but only the face of what is probably solid brickwork. If
enclosure walls existed round the Platform, it is indeed unlikely that these
are preserved, except perhaps on the east side where less erosion has taken
place, but the ground is partly covered by dumps. The Oval thus far exca-
vated probably represents only the outer face of an artificial terrace similar to
the low terrace at Khafaje, on top of which the Platform was built.
On the south side of the terrace a drain of baked brick runs outwards from
the centre and appears to have been embedded in the brickwork of the terrace.
Unfortunately, it could not be traced to its starting-point owing to lack of
time and the considerable size of the dumps which covered its northern end.
Plate II, 1, shows this drain, looking north.
The Entrance. Once the shape and character of the Oval terrace which
carried the Platform had been determined, it seemed natural to expect an
entrance somewhere on the main axis of the impressive stairway
which can
be seen on the plan. Yet, as the tracing of the outer face progressed,
this point
was reached without any interruption in its continuity. The only alternative
position seemed to be a point in line with the earlier pavement
or ramp which
was excavated near the stairway and took a somewhat different angle.1
Here
it was in fact found, during the last minutes of our short campaign (Fig.
2, Square E-5). For the moment, therefore, it seemed reasonable to conclude
that it was contemporary
with some building period earlier than the Platform
to which the staircase belonged. After the plan was drawn, however, Mr.
Lloyd pointed out that it was the only spot in the whole of the Oval where the
entrance could be at right angles with a tangent to the Oval and facing the
staircase. This may, therefore, suggest an alternative explanation of the
asymmetrical position of the stairs in the fa?ade of the Platform to that sug-
gested at the time of its excavation,2 namely, that their position was adapted so
that their axis might correspond to an earlier entrance.
The Terrace. A few hours of our time were devoted to the investigation of
the upper surface of the newly discovered Oval Terrace. Near the east comer
of the Flatform, and beneath the pavement upon and above which lay the rich
1
AV?baid^z.
Ibid., 74?

A SHORT INVESTIGATION OF THE TEMPLE AT AL-'UBAID 5
collection of objects found by the previous excavators, we succeeded in
tracing a short length of a wall running north and south. At either end it dis-
appeared beneath high dumps, and its further investigation in the time which
remained at our disposal was consequently impossible.
The part traced was about 18 metres in length, and about 4 metres from
the south end a doorway was found leading eastwards into the space which
separated it from the outer face of the enclosure. This doorway is 2 metres
in width and somewhat elaborate in treatment, having a panelled buttress on
one side and a recess on the other. Farther to the north a shallow buttress
was uncovered which seemed likely to have been one of a series forming a
continuous treatment of the inner face of the wall?again a parallel from
Khafaje. The thickness of the wall was ascertained only in one point near
the south side of the entrance, where it measured 1-50 m.
Plate II, 2, shows a part of this wall as well as the east corner of the Platform.
The buttress mentioned above appears beneath the metre-stick in the fore-
ground, while the doorway can be seen a little beyond.
The space in front of the Platform, corresponding to the main courtyard
inside the Oval at Khafaje, was of course almost entirely cleared by the pre-
vious excavators, since it was here that they encountered such a rich harvest
of objects. Beneath the pavement which they laid bare, however, there are
indications of floors belonging to at least three earlier
occupations.
These
could plainly be seen at a point where a deep trench had been dug, perhaps
to examine the foundations of the Platform.
The position of the trench can be seen in Fig. 2 : it is situated in front of the
Platform, south-west of the stairway. Plate III, 2, shows its vertical side and
clearly indicates the various floor-levels. For the sake of producing a clear
photograph, the various pavements from the sand upwards were cut into projecting
shelves, upon
the lowest of which some painted Al-'Ubaid sherds are
lying. Beneath this shelf there is a layer of sand, the depth of which we had
not time to establish ; it is certain, however, that it is not virgin soil because
a number of painted sherds were found embedded in it.
The Platform. Since most of our time had to be devoted to the tracing of
the Oval, we were able only to investigate the top of the Platform during the
last few hours of our visit, and not more than two men could be spared for this
work. Near the south corner, in the vicinity of a pile of baked bricks?
probably all that remains of a Shulgi wall1?we found traces of the foundations
of another building (Plate III, 1). These consisted of a few courses of
unbaked bricks laid at a different angle from the face of the earlier platform
and showing signs of belonging to some structure which extended beyond
it. The surviving foundations had been cut off short when the baked brick
revetment of the early platform was traced,2 so that there was no possibi-
lity of establishing their extent or outline. It is none the less conceivable
that a further investigation of their fragmentary remains may reveal some
clue as to the character of the building which originally stood upon the
1 Al 'Ubaid, 63.
Ibid. 14.

6 P. DELOUGAZ
Platform. The further investigation of this point would, of course, involve the
complete removal, after tracing, of all secondary remains, in order to avoid
their becoming confused with such traces as might survive of the original
structure.
Earlier Foundations. In addition to the newly excavated features, Mr.
Lloyd was also able to record in the plan a deep search-trench which we
found had been cut in the southern corner of the Platform (Fig. 2, Square
D-4). At the bottom of this trench the remains of a wall-foundation, con-
sisting of irregular slabs of limestone, came to light.1 We continued tracing
these for some distance at either end beneath the masonry of the Platform, and
found that the wall of which they formed part had run east and west, that is to
say, at an angle of 45o with the axis of the Platform. It may belong to an earlier
building of some importance
and is probably well worth investigation. At
corresponding levels elsewhere in the site great quantities of small clay cones
were found, both by us and by the previous excavators. These cones are
evidence of a certain technique of mosaic decoration discovered at Warka, but
practically unknown elsewhere.2
Topographical Survey\ While excavation was in progress, Mr. Lloyd under-
took and completed a topographic survey of the site (Fig. 3). In this survey he
also located the position of the early settlement and cemetery excavated by
Sir Leonard Woolley.3 This was done in order to establish their relative
positions, and at the same time to make some record of the contour of the tell.
The appearance of the latter does not, we feel, support the theory that at some
time during the occupation of the site a canal ran between the early settle-
ments and the Temple. The cross-section on Fig. 4 shows the levels of the
ruins so far excavated.
II. SMALL FINDS
The very few objects which were found during our investigation were for
the most part surface finds. The types of the painted pottery sickles, clay,
and stone pegs, &c, are well known from previous publications. We shall,
therefore, briefly describe only a few which we consider to provide some new
information.
Finds of the Jemdet Nasr Period. The most important of these was a well-
preserved cylinder seal which can be assigned to the Jemdet Nasr Period
(Plate IV, 1). This seal was found beneath the surface against the western
side of the Oval. It is made of white marble, unpierced, with a small circular
indentation at one end, and is in this way practically identical with certain
seals found in the Sin Temple of the Jemdet Nasr Period at Khafaje (one of
which?Kh.
VI/160?is
shown on Plate IV, 2).
Some 10 metres to the south of the Oval a small rectangular brick of the
1 The sounding, as I learned later from Sir
Leonard Woolley, was made by Mr. M. E. L.
Mallowan when he was a member of the staff of his
expedition working at Ur.
2
Loftus, Travels and Researches in Chaldaea and
Susiana, 187 ff.; Jordan, Dritter vorl?ufiger
Bericht Uruk. (Abh. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. 1932.
Phil.-Hist. Klasse Nr. 2).
3 See Al 'Ubaid, pl. xlii.

A SHORT INVESTIGATION OF THE TEMPLE AT AL-'UBAID 7
'Riemchen' type was also found on the surface. This brick (Plate IV, 4) is
baked, and measures 12x21 centimetres. It was
evidently made in an open
mould, as the portion of clay which had exuded beneath the frame in the
making of the brick can be clearly distinguished even in the photograph.
Plate IV, 3, shows an unbaked 'Riemchen' from Khafaje of the Jemdet Nasr
Period. This, too, was doubtless made in a similar way, as is suggested by the
edge of surplus clay, and by the defect in the
shape of the brick in the top
left-hand corner, which was certainly caused by a rectangular piece of wood
inserted in one corner to strengthen the frame. The
similarity between these
two bricks in shape and size is obvious, and may be evidence of the existence
at Al-'Ubaid of architectural remains of the Jemdet Nasr Period, although
one would, of course, need to find these bricks in situ in a dated stratum before
drawing positive conclusions. The cylinder seal described above seems a
weighty argument in favour of this contention.
I gather also that some fragments of painted pottery of the Jemdet Nasr
Period were found by Dr. Hall, but naturally they could not be identified at
that time, as the site of Jemdet Nasr was only later discovered and excavated.
Clay Cones and Mosaics. As previously stated, we also found in great num-
bers the small clay cones which had been from the beginning associated with
the 'Stiften' mosaic technique, as found in the temple at Warka,1 where clay
cones were inserted in the mud mortar so that their circular flat ends painted
in various colours lay flush with the wall and so formed patterns. The cones
are of various sizes, ranging between 3 and 12 centimetres in length, some of
them still bearing traces of black or red paint on their flat end. There seems
to be no doubt that this kind of mosaic ornament was employed in some
building on this site. But, as there is no example at Al-'Ubaid of such mosaic
work found in position, nothing can be said of the pattern. A small brick,
however, found near the western side of the Oval bore clear traces of a design
in black and white paint, very similar to the pattern of the 'Stiften* mosaic at
Warka. This brick (Plate IV, 5) is broken in the middle and it is clear that
it was decorated with two painted panels. Approximately in the centre of each
panel was a hole made by one of the smaller clay cones when the clay was still
wet. In the centre, between the two panels, there was also a third hole,
which can be seen just where the break occurred. Plate IV, 6, is a reconstruc-
tion of the same brick. As No. 7 on the same Plate we reproduce an unpainted
brick from Eridu, which also has a series of three holes, made before baking
in the same way. This type of brick is quite common on the surface at
Eridu, but there seems to be no definite proof as to the period to which it
belongs. All the bricks on this plate are of a similar type and may, therefore,
indicate a connexion between the Jemdet Nasr and Uruk periods.
Inlay Pieces. Not so numerous as the clay cones, but still plentiful, were the
triangles, lozenges, and flower petals of pink, grey, and white stone or some-
times shell; most of these undoubtedly belonged to the inlaid mosaics,
columns, and artificial flowers which were found in abundance by the previous
LoFTUS, Travels and Researches in Chaldaea and Susiana, 187 ff.

8 P. DELOUGAZ
excavators. But there seems no doubt that some were used in wall friezes in
the Early Dynastic buildings, comprising the usual geometrical patterns
which were of three types : (i) joined lozenges forming a 'diamond-check'
pattern; (ii) joined triangles forming a 'wedge' pattern; and (iii) formal
rosettes.1
Fortunately we were able to detect the way in which some of these friezes
were fixed to the wall. For this purpose, clay cones identical in size and shape
with the 'Stiften' mosaic type (averaging 10 cm. in length) were used, but
differing in that the flat end of each is obliquely pierced by two holes from
top to side, Plate IV, 9 and 10. These holes correspond exactly to loops formed
by drilling into the back of the single mosaic pieces, and could be attached to
them with string, or more likely with copper wire, traces of which were
actually found in some cases (Plate IV, 8). The cones could then be inserted
into the wet clay plaster exactly as in the earlier 'Stiften' mosaic technique
until the piece of mosaic lay flush with the wall. Furthermore, as the surface
of the mosaic pieces was generally larger in area than the thickness of the cone,
enough space was left between cones for the displaced plaster to settle, and
thus minor adjustments were facilitated.
The advantage of this method over the earlier
technique is obvious. In
this way it is possible to obtain a larger variety of pattern and colour as well
as a more durable effect. There is an obvious connexion between this method
of using stone inlay pieces attached to clay cones, presumably in the Early
Dynastic period,
and the pure 'Stiften' mosaic technique as found at Warka.
On the other hand, numerous coloured stone cones, found on the surface of
the earliest settlement among the painted sherds, suggest that at the earliest
(Al-'Ubaid) period the technique of similar mosaic work was already known.2
It is possible that stone was first used for the purpose of mosaic decoration in
this part of the country, since it is obtainable in a variety of colours in the
vicinity, and that the clay cones were a substitute devised later in a part of
the country where stone was not easily come by.
Now, whereas recent excavations have thrown much light on the transition
from the Jemdet Nasr period to the Early Dynastic period, the sequence of
the earlier stages, that is to say, the relations between the Al-'Ubaid, Uruk, and
Jemdet Nasr periods, still remains problematical ; consequently, any probable
link between these periods, suggested by however trivial-seeming an object,
deserves special attention ; and it is from this point of view that our finds had
to be considered.
Our object in revisiting the south was to verify the theory about the exis-
tence of an oval-shaped structure in connexion with the Nin-Khursag Temple
at Al-'Ubaid. Of this we were fortunate enough to obtain positive proof;
1 In this connexion it is interesting to note that
exactly the same pattern occurs in some of the inlaid
vas?s of the Jemdet Nasr Period found at Khafaje.
Even the colours are the same, red and white en a
field of black bitumen and occasionally on red
paint. (See Illustrated London Netvs, Sept. 26th,
1936, 526.)
2 Such stone pegs are still common on the surface
at Eridu, but they were also found previously in
profusion on the surface of Al-'Ubaid (see Al
'Ubaid.S).

?-w-?:^-r,*?**.. *^??*^ -r---"C-Ai .*=? . -*?*
2. The south-eastern side of the Oval at Al-'Ubaid
3. A general view of the Temple mound at Al-'Ubaid from the north-east
-. '.:-*,.fcV_
PLATE I

PLATE II
?. The baked-brick drain at the south side of the Oval at Al-'Ubaid
2. The wall on top of the terrace at Al-'Ubaid

?. The brickwork on top of the Platform at Al-'Ubaid
2. The floor levels in front of the Platform at Al-'Ubaid
PLATE III

PLATE IV
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A SHORT INVESTIGATION OF THE TEMPLE AT AL-'UBAID 9
apart from this, the results that could be gathered in such a short campaign
were necessarily scanty and incomplete; but even so, these results were
enough to bring us counter to some of the fundamental problems of Baby-
lonian archaeology, and even to provide some material for speculation. It is
indeed impossible to work on these sites, even on a very small scale, without
obtaining the feeling, nay, the conviction, that only when regular excavations
on a proper scale are resumed, will some of these problems find their solution.

^I^^E?^ MCUftS
THE TEMPLE OVAL
KHAFAJE
Fig. i. A RECONSTRUCTED PLAN OF THE TEMPLE OVAL AT KHAFAJE.
Fig. 2. GROUND PLAN OF THE TEMPLE AT AL-'UBAID.

Fig. 3. TOPOGRAPHIC SKETCH OF AL-'UBAID.
TELL AL 'U ? A I D . cross scction throuqh t pe tcmrlc ri at f or m .
^w-
^2
Fig. 4.