World Bank Study Guide - World Model United Nations

World Bank
World Model United Nations 2013
STUDY GUIDE

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World Model United Nations 2013
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CONTENTS
Letters
Letter from the Secretary General
Letter from the Under-Secretary General
Letter from the Chair
Introduction
History of the Committee
International Bank of Reconstruction and Development
4
5
6
7
8
8
10
11
23
25
27
27
27
27
28
28
30
33
Statement of the Problem
History and Discussion of the Problem
Proposed Solutions
Case Studies: Liberia and Guinea-Bissau
Questions a Resolution Must Answer
Suggestions for Further Research
Bibliography

LETTERS

Letter from the Secretary-General
Dear Delegates,
It is my pleasure and honor to welcome you to the 22nd session of World Model United
Nations! My name is Charlene Wong, and I am the Secretary-General of WorldMUN 2013.
topic areas.
We encourage you to use this study guide as the starting point for your exploration of
-
including our WorldMUN 101 Guide and Rules of Procedure, updated for this year. Both
in March!
Sincerely,
Charlene S. Wong
Secretary-General
World Model United Nations 2013
secretarygeneral@worldmun.org
4

Letter from the Under-Secretary-General
Dear Delegates,
-
Under Secretary-General of the Economic and Social Council and Regional Bodies and am
-
-
Under Secretary-General, the Economic
and Social Council & Regional Bodies
World Model United Nations 2013
ecosoc@worldmun.org
5

Letter from the Chair
Dear Delegates,
-
Gear as well as listening to U2 non-stop.
-
in the 21st century. Reconstruction after large interstate wars is no longer the primary
-
-
nerships.
Best,
Jonathan Yip
World Model United Nations 2013
6

Introduction
wide-ranging goals, including eradicating extreme
1
World Bank Headquarters, designed by Kohn Pederson Fox, in Washington DC
Source: Kohn Pedersen Fox
No longer is reconstruction, the original goal of the
warlordism. In fact, in many countries there are no
2 And people in these fragile states are more
3
7

One of the greatest fragility challenges currently
facing the international community is the situation
in Guinea-Bissau. To date, international support
History of the Committee
a two-pronged strategy: supporting the creation of
water supply, and sanitation projects in the world.
and the International Centre for Settlement of
countries.
In
health and education;
6
countries. In particular, IBRD
Supports long-term human and social
crisis periods;
8

Source: Department of Finace Canada
promote policy and institutional reforms;
and,
income.
million. 8
recouping principal as well as interest at maturity.
International Development Association
loans with a 10-year grace period and maturities of
credits or concessional lending. 10
across and within countries. IDA is funded from
9

11
12 The
13
access to commercial sources of credit as well as IBRD
from IDA, including Chile, Costa Rica, Egypt, Morocco,
Board of Directors of the World Bank
once a year at the Annual Meeting which is held jointly
shareholders, the United States, Japan, Germany,
geographic regions with historical and political
decisions are often made through consensus. The
crime. 16 Not a single one of these countries has yet
The reconstruction that IBRD and other
manage was premised on 20th century interstate and
10

There were clear roles for international
has not followed this logic, instead occurring as non-
happened in states
years. 18
fragile states put
transnational crime
illicit drug and human
nations.
is estimated to lose
20
made fragile states
terrorists and transformed into staging grounds for
21 The only way that
legitimate institutions
period. This is no easy
new approaches
towards securing
and dedication among
are the toughest
22
Discussion of the
What is fragility?
fragile states fail to “perform functions necessary
23
in expectations and capacity through the political
Source: United Nations
11

functions to the majority of its people, including the
perceptions of how a state ought to function.
economic dynamics and historical trends; the term
simply fragile or not fragile, instead often sitting on
sectors of state function. Regardless, whether
What causes fragility?
highly contested. At its core, fragility is instigated
new lenses of institutionalism, which focuses on the
such as a worldwide economic crisis, dramatic
could cause fragility. 26
Security Concerns
12

Security issues are one of the most important
causes of fragility. Internal security stresses occur
In these scenarios, particular groups, often elites, feel
international relations arena may apply to domestic
predominate in criminal circles as well. Because there
to the intentions and incursions of external actors,
power dynamics and negotiation positions at any
external actors range from personnel and resources
Qaeda. 28 Countries such as Somalia and Afghanistan
Source: The Telegraph
Economic Stress
a lens of economic costs. In countries with low
leaders extract rents and followers who would
late family formation, and a higher propensity for
13

dynamics. One study examining the insurgencies
among Puerto Rican drug gangs in Chicago, gangs
30
regional, ethnic, or religious identity groups results in
countries with natural resource wealth often face
the sale of those resources, whether minerals, oil,
often unwilling to pursue reforms or strengthen
their regimes.
are net importers of food, and their households spend
issues, whether natural resource dependence or
14

solely through the prism of economic insecurity is to
including ideology, identity, and justice.
whether on race, ethnicity, religion, or region can
groups. 31
its Muslim religion.
indicate that perceptions of political exclusion can
Source: The Atlantic
Catholics. 32
necessarily leads to terrorism. In fact, in many cases,
Weak Governance
policy responses. That said, there is a clear recognition
15

than those without.
Strong institutional capacity ensures that a state
largely fragmented, strong state power can lead to
attention are just as important as state capacity. As
fragility remains, and any of the earlier stresses could
33
three-fold.
the last 20 years, political responses and standards
in 2000, created a regional mechanism to respond to
36
of Congo.
actions and criminal gangs. In Yemen, four distinct
national institutions.
of the heroin and cocaine. 38 Thus, the drug trade
paid in North America and Europe for these drugs
16

Some estimates suggest that there are
for the wildlife trade.
one.
continued in many countries, as in the Democratic
Costs of Violence
security, one of the most fundamental human rights.
economic potential. A country that experienced
17

displaced persons.
refugee population.
these states had made the same progress as other
of one.
coming from damage to agriculture and other food
18

20 years to regain the trade losses.
of an eight-point scale, the Physical Rights Integrity
Soldiers from the Indonesian Free Aceh Movement, a rebel
Inclusive-Enough Coalitions
the church to aid in reconstruction. This approach
in opposition to its plans. In Aceh, Indonesia, careful
from the North and South, and the coalition was not
19

coalition:
1.
2.
leadership is managing initial decisions.
3.
that she would not pursue military actions against
Commitments to truth commissions, reparations, and
Increasing Government Outcomes
entrusted to communities, the programs signal a new
state and strengthening social capital. NGOs can
community groups.
International Support
To a large degree, the international community
has made great progress in creating policies and
But, much of that increase has stemmed from crisis
of assistance lowers aid to fragile states to 30 percent
from 2006-2008.
20

some 10,000 NGOs were operating within the country.
This rapid proliferation of funding, personnel, and
the process, far less attention went towards other
As such, countries that are attempting to
support or assistance, and “second generation
21

60 A
strong interagency and interdepartmental policy
with the Economic Community of West African States
and diplomatic considerations, such as the World
humanitarian and transitional stages, while the World
61
programs in this regard, with a 10-year exceptional
Paul Bremer, former Head of the Coalition Provisional Authority
62
is a failure to adopt local contexts. The Coalition
technical assistance has failed to inculcate long-
assistance is South-South learning; in essence,
22

some success. Ireland has piloted a learning program
donors and national authorities. They ensure that
unity in donor goals. And for the international
and communication with other donors and national
goals. 63
Proposed Solutions
national authorities, tied to technical assistance, and
1.
2. Orient agency fund allocation systems around
3. Reduce regional and external stresses; and,
Bring increased coherence to the regional and
donors.
Addressing Security and Jobs
deep coordination. While UN integrated missions and
In order
23

66
Much of the economic focus in transitional periods
goes towards growth rather than employment. While
on reducing unemployment as a means towards
has lagged in this regard. As with much economic
policy, there is little agreement on what policies
transitional employment programs are needed as
full security.
mechanisms rely on structures and processes that
68 These strategies
were originally created for countries with higher
necessary. There are a few principles that would
international agencies.
Yet, as discussed, restoring resilience and reducing
shift rapidly. In many circumstances, this process
Third, national authorities and international
24

authorities are right to push for rapid action when
returns are commensurately higher if the programs
respond rapidly and adapt to changing conditions.
ranging, and as delegates, you ought to consider
internal and external stresses, supporting trade
25

glean insights and examine failure points from past
at two recent and somewhat similar fragile situations
Liberia
troops-to-population in UN history. This large
Economic Community of Western African States
increase transparency and reduce the opportunity
that GEMAP has slowed the transition process and
Countries program, leading to the “largest per-capita
Guinea-Bissau
26

when the country gained independence, Guinea-
were held, and in their aftermath, the UN increased its
commitment, adding rule of law and reconciliation to
when the president unconstitutionally dismissed the
prime minister. In response, the parliament passed
soon collapsed, resulting in new elections in 2008. In
exploded, and the international community has not
addressed security reforms and support needed to
whole though, the international community has not
Questions a Resolution Must Answer
1.
2.
3.
6.
he World Development
is a good place to start. The Topic Guide
on Fragile States
collection of academic studies that address the many
facets of fragility.
World Bank Group in South Sudan and Other Nations
Fragile States: Securing Development
in the journal It is
funding processes and operations of its Board of
Directors.
Position Papers
These two facts will shape the lens through which
27

March 1, 2013.
World Bank Voting
directors who, together, represent the totality of the
Closing Remarks
to escape without outside assistance. The causes
community depends on it.
the walls of the committee room. Therefore we are
pleased to announce that resolutions passed at the
Endnotes
1
68.
28

29

Appendix: IBRD Voting Power of Executive Directors
INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT
VOTING POWER OF EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS
DIRECTORS APPOINTED BY:
NO. OF
VOTES
PERCENT
OF TOTAL
1. UNITED STATES ( SOLOMON ) 281,724 15.40
2. JAPAN ( SUZUKI ) 165,985 9.07
3. GERMANY ( HOVEN ) 82,991 4.54
4. FRANCE ( FAYOLLE ) 78,535 4.29
5. UNITED KINGDOM ( HINES ) 78,535 4.29
ELECTED DIRECTORS:
6. ALZETTA ( BELGIUM ) 90,656 4.96
AUSTRIA 12,337
BELARUS 4,291
BELGIUM 31,223
CZECH REPUBLIC 7,430
HUNGARY 9,046
KOSOVO 1,507
LUXEMBOURG 2,193
SLOVAK REPUBLIC 3,757
SLOVENIA 1,802
TURKEY 17,070
7. BRAVO MOISES ( MEXICO ) 78,690 4.30
COSTA RICA 774
EL SALVADOR 682
GUATEMALA 2,542
HONDURAS 1,182
MEXICO 19,345
NICARAGUA 1,149
SPAIN 32,114
VENEZUELA, REPUBLICA BOLIVARIANA DE 20,902
8. TREFFERS ( NETHERLANDS ) 78,444 4.29
ARMENIA 1,680
BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 1,090
BULGARIA 5,756
CROATIA 3,080
CYPRUS 2,002
GEORGIA 2,125
ISRAEL 6,560
MACEDONIA, FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF 968
MOLDOVA 1,909
MONTENEGRO 1,229
NETHERLANDS 36,044
ROMANIA 4,552
UKRAINE 11,449
9. MORIN ( CANADA ) 73,914 4.04
ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA 1,061
BAHAMAS, THE 1,612
BARBADOS 1,489
BELIZE 1,127
CANADA 53,250
DOMINICA 1,045
GRENADA 1,072
GUYANA 1,599
IRELAND 5,812
JAMAICA 3,119
ST. KITTS AND NEVIS 816
ST. LUCIA 1,093
ST. VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES 819
10. WHITEHEAD ( NEW ZEALAND ) 68,653 3.75
AUSTRALIA 28,136
CAMBODIA 755
KIRIBATI 1,006
KOREA, REPUBLIC OF 21,545
MARSHALL ISLANDS 1,010
MICRONESIA, FEDERATED STATES OF 1,020
MONGOLIA 1,007
NEW ZEALAND 7,777
PALAU 557
PAPUA NEW GUINEA 1,835
SAMOA 1,072
SOLOMON ISLANDS 1,054
TUVALU 752
VANUATU 1,127
30

INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT
VOTING POWER OF EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS
NO. OF
VOTES
PERCENT
OF TOTAL
11. TAN ( PHILIPPINES ) 64,667 3.54
BRAZIL 34,536
COLOMBIA 9,449
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 2,633
ECUADOR 3,312
HAITI 1,608
PANAMA 926
PHILIPPINES 8,045
SURINAME 953
TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO 3,205
12. BRANDT ( SWEDEN ) 63,746 3.48
DENMARK 18,337
ESTONIA 1,464
FINLAND 9,698
ICELAND 1,799
LATVIA 1,925
LITHUANIA 2,048
NORWAY 11,955
SWEDEN 16,520
13. PRASAD ( INDIA ) 61,866 3.38
BANGLADESH 5,395
BHUTAN 1,020
INDIA 51,093
SRI LANKA 4,358
14. YANG ( CHINA ) 60,441 3.30
CHINA 60,441
15. CIPOLLONE ( ITALY ) 58,742 3.21
ALBANIA 1,371
GREECE 2,225
ITALY 45,336
MALTA 1,615
PORTUGAL 6,001
SAN MARINO 1,136
TIMOR-LESTE 1,058
16. FRIEDEN ( SWITZERLAND ) 57,059 3.12
AZERBAIJAN 2,187
KAZAKHSTAN 3,526
KYRGYZ REPUBLIC 1,648
POLAND 11,449
SERBIA 3,387
SWITZERLAND 29,160
TAJIKISTAN 1,601
TURKMENISTAN 1,067
UZBEKISTAN 3,034
17. BOUGARA ( ALGERIA ) 54,139 2.96
AFGHANISTAN 841
ALGERIA 9,793
GHANA 2,066
IRAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF 24,227
MOROCCO 6,072
PAKISTAN 9,880
TUNISIA 1,260
18. HASAN ( KUWAIT ) 52,148 2.85
BAHRAIN 1,644
EGYPT, ARAB REPUBLIC OF 8,543
IRAQ 3,349
JORDAN 1,929
KUWAIT 13,957
LEBANON 881
LIBYA 8,381
MALDIVES 1,010
OMAN 2,102
QATAR 1,930
SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC 2,743
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 2,926
YEMEN, REPUBLIC OF 2,753
19. AL-SHEIKH ( SAUDI ARABIA ) 46,372 2.54
SAUDI ARABIA 46,372
20. ANNAMALAI ( MALAYSIA ) 45,849 2.51
BRUNEI DARUSSALAM 2,914
FIJI 1,528
INDONESIA 17,074
LAO PEOPLE'S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC 719
MALAYSIA 8,785
MYANMAR 3,025
NEPAL 1,509
SINGAPORE 861
THAILAND 6,890
TONGA 1,035
VIETNAM 1,509
21. GRISHIN ( RUSSIAN FEDERATION ) 45,336 2.48
RUSSIAN FEDERATION 45,336
31

INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT
VOTING POWER OF EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS
NO. OF
VOTES
PERCENT
OF TOTAL
22. FORCIERI ( ARGENTINA ) 39,753 2.17
ARGENTINA 18,452
BOLIVIA 2,326
CHILE 7,472
PARAGUAY 1,770
PERU 6,380
URUGUAY 3,353
23. KALYALYA ( ZAMBIA ) 34,991 1.91
BOTSWANA 1,156
BURUNDI 1,257
ERITREA 1,134
ETHIOPIA 1,519
GAMBIA, THE 1,084
KENYA 3,002
LESOTHO 1,204
LIBERIA 1,004
MALAWI 1,635
MOZAMBIQUE 1,471
NAMIBIA 2,064
RWANDA 1,587
SEYCHELLES 804
SIERRA LEONE 1,259
SOUTH SUDAN 1,978
SUDAN 1,391
SWAZILAND 981
TANZANIA 1,836
UGANDA 1,158
ZAMBIA 3,351
ZIMBABWE 4,116
24. MENDES DIAS ( SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE ) 34,605 1.89
BENIN 1,409
BURKINA FASO 1,409
CAMEROON 2,068
CAPE VERDE 1,049
CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC 1,403
CHAD 1,403
COMOROS 823
CONGO, DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF 3,184
CONGO, REPUBLIC OF 1,468
COTE D'IVOIRE 3,057
DJIBOUTI 1,100
EQUATORIAL GUINEA 1,256
GABON 1,528
GUINEA 1,833
MALI 1,703
MAURITANIA 1,441
MAURITIUS 1,783
NIGER 1,393
SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE 1,036
SENEGAL 2,613
TOGO 1,646
25. MUHTAR ( NIGERIA ) 31,337 1.71
ANGOLA 3,217
NIGERIA 13,196
SOUTH AFRICA 14,924
1,829,178 100.00**
** MAY DIFFER FROM THE SUM OF INDIVIDUAL PERCENTAGES SHOWN BECAUSE OF ROUNDING.
NOTE: GUINEA-BISSAU (1,081 VOTES), MADAGASCAR (1,963 VOTES) AND SOMALIA (1,093 VOTES) DID NOT PARTICIPATE IN THE
2012 REGULAR ELECTIONS OF EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS.
CORPORATE SECRETARIAT
December 19 , 2012
32

Bibliography
33

PARTNERS
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