Press Corps - World Model United Nations

Press Corps 

World Model United Nations 2013 

Study Guide

Contact Us 

World Model united Nations 2013 

info@worldmun.org 

www.worldmun.org 

Letters 

Letter from the Secretary General 04 

Letter from the Under-Secretary General 05 

Letter from the Chair 06 

CONteNtS 

Introduction 

Why News Matters 07 

Role of Gatekeeprs, Past and Present 08 

The Modern Evolution of Journalism 

10 Social Networks Democratize Journalism 

12 Comedy as Honesty and Changing Face of the 

Public Trust: Colbert and Stewart 

13 

Committee Overview 

From TPA to Today 

14 Media Types 

15 Publications: Online and Daily 

15 The WorldMUN Gazette 

16 The News Agencies 

18 Agency Structure 

18 Press Conferences 

18 A Note on Journalistic Integrity 

19 

Conclusion 

Position Papers 

19 Closing Remarks 

22 Bibliography 

Melbourne Host Directorate PTY LTD | Office of Media and Design

Letters 


Letter from the Secretary-General 

dear delegates, 

it is my pleasure and honor to welcome you to the 22nd session of World Model united 

Nations! My name is Charlene Wong, and i am the Secretary-General of WorldMuN 2013. 

Within this document you will find the study guide for your committee. The conference 

staff for WorldMUN 2013 has been working tirelessly over the past months to provide 

you with an unparalleled conference experience, beginning with this guide. Each Head 

Chair has researched extensively to provide you with a foundation for each committee’s 

topic areas. 

We encourage you to use this study guide as the starting point for your exploration of 

your committee’s topics, and your country or character’s policies. The WorldMUN Spirit 

invites you to step into the shoes of your country or character, and to immerse yourself in 

the committee by researching and developing a full understanding of the issues, perspectives, 

and possible solutions on the table. We offer several additional resources online, 

including our WorldMuN 101 Guide and Rules of Procedure, updated for this year. Both 

are available at www.worldmun.org. If you have any questions, please do not hesitate to 

contact your Head Chair or Under-Secretary-General. 

Please enjoy reading this study guide, and I look forward to meeting you in Melbourne 

in March! 

Sincerely, 

Charlene S. Wong 

Secretary-General 


secretarygeneral@worldmun.org 

Melbourne Host Directorate PTY LTD | Office of Media and Design 

4

Letter from the Under-Secretary-General 


it is with the utmost honor and pleasure that i welcome you to the Specialized Agencies. 

the SA holds a special place in the heart of Model united Nations; it is here that 

crises are born and delegates rise to the challenge to address quickly evolving issues in 

real-time. With an average size of 20 delegates per committee, the SA promises to deliver 

an intimate and tight-knit environment where every delegate’s voice can be heard and 

appreciated. 

The SA has always made a firm commitment to substantive excellence and lifelike simulations. 

The first measure of that promise starts here with this study guide. Your chair has 

worked tirelessly over these past few months pouring over books in deep Harvard dungeons 

to breathe life into these topics. I am so proud of their work and hope you make 

the most of this initial resource to inspire and guide your preparation for WorldMuN. 

Come March, your chair and the junior staff will be working to deliver a MUN simulation 

that raises the bar of your delegate experience. 

All that being said, the SA would be nothing without you, her committed delegates, who 

challenge and dedicate themselves to addressing head-on the world’s greatest problems, 

both past, present, and future. With ample preparation, devotion, and creativity, 

you will find success in this SA home. 

As a former MUN delegate and SA staffer, I know what it means to live and breathe a 

thrilling and informative MUN experience. Along with our chairs and junior staff, I hope 

to deliver that same experience to you all. Take care, and I cannot wait to meet you in 

person in Melbourne! 

Sincerely, 

Michael Chilazi 

under-Secretary-General of the Specialized 

Agencies 


sa@worldmun.org 


5

Letter from the Chair 


My name is Beau Feeny and I would like to say a few words to welcome you to World- 

MuN 2013, and especially, to the Press Corps! 

I am a senior at Harvard College studying History and Computer Science. Originally from 

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, I have spent the great bulk of my time at Harvard working to 

foster a sense of belonging among our community members. In my non-WorldMUN time, 

I tutor first graders, advise freshmen, write for a technology blog, lead camping trips, 

and plan large-scale events like concerts, dances, and carnivals. In my spare time, I enjoy 

reading, writing, and running. 

If you’ve participated in a Model UN Press Corps or Third Party Actors (TPA) committee 

before, I encourage you to leave your notions of how they operate at the door—the 

WorldMUN 2013 Press Corps should prove a more interactive, creative, engaging, and 

hopefully, fulfilling committee than most. In Melbourne, the committee will serve as the 

glue that provides continuity and cohesion the conference. In small, tight-knit teams, you 

will serve as members of one of five news agencies of global renown. As staffers of publications 

ranging from Al Jazeera to The New York Times, you will be charged with the duty 

of producing multiple kinds of content each day, including online blog posts, video, and, 

for the first time, a beautiful final publication to be distributed amongst all WorldMUN 

delegates to commemorate our work and their time at conference. 

I am excited to work with you all in the months leading up to the conference, and to 

finally meet you in March. I know that the WorldMUN Press Corps will prove a fun, challenging, 

and fulfilling experience for you all. In the time leading up to the conference, I 

encourage you to critically examine the role the news media play in your home country. 

As this study guide will demonstrate, the way coverage of world events is represented to 

members of the global society affects their interpretation, and further, their reaction to 

them. Journalism is a key driver of the progress of world events, and at WorldMUN, the 

Press Corps has, for the first time in conference history, the chance to truly reflect that 

reality. 

I encourage you to contact me with any questions you might have before conference! 

Best, 

Beau Feeny 

Chair, Press Corps 


presscorps@worldmun.org 


6

Introduction 

This year marks the first that the Press Corps 

has been split into its own committee, complete 

with its own dedicated staff and resources. This 

new configuration deliberately places an increased 

emphasis on the Press Corps as the medium by which 

the conference is strung together; the product we 

produce in committee will be consumed by the rest of 

the conference. It is in the simple fact of that product’s 

dissemination that our work’s importance becomes 

clear: it will influence the conference not only in the 

sense that it will contribute to the experience of other 

delegates, but it will provide the unique opportunity 

to experiment with a microcosm of the press, and 

explore its ability to have a meaningful impact on the 

substantive element of the conference as well. 

The Press Corps newsroom likely won’t be quite this busy, but it will have a 

dozen times more energy! 

The Press Corps will be composed of five umbrella 

news agencies, each composed of five delegates. 

the agencies, Agence-France Presse, Al Jazeera, 

the New York Times, the Times of India, and The 

Australian, some of the world’s premier journalistic 

organizations. At WorldMUN 2013, you will be 

responsible for assuming the role of these groups 

and doing the kind of investigative, expository, and 

cultural work they routinely cover. 

in addition, this year, we are introducing The 

WorldMUN Gazette, a beautiful multipage wrapup 

document that will provide closure both to the 

conference’s substantive and social elements. In 

other words, the Press Corps will be responsible for 

producing a real newspaper (though admittedly of 

magazine-like quality) that will serve as a timeless 

keepsake for every delegate. 

The Press Corps will prove a whirlwind of creative 

energy, press conferences, humor, learning, 

collaboration, productive disagreement, and so much 

more—the committee offers the chance to explore 

the weighty mandates of journalism and its effects on 

world policy…and, of course, to have fun doing it. 

Why News Matters 

Patchwork Public Discourse: Gatekeepers 

and the Changing of the Guard 

An academic look at the nature of the press reveals 

a greater role than just providing factual retelling of 

local, national, and world events. Indeed, the closer 

one examines the press, the clearer it becomes 

that by its very nature the objectivity it aspires 

to is impossible, but that that aspiration is only 

a means to an even loftier ambition. The role 

of news in society is to provide space for—and 

often shape—the public discourse. 

In an encyclopedia article based on his larger 

1962 book Strukturwandel der Oeffentlichkeit, 

Jürgen Habermas argued as governments 

shift to become more democratic, the way the 

public sphere is constructed changes, too. As 

government switched from a model of power 

before the people, as with feudal lords wielding 

power over their serfs, to a model of power for 

the people, the accompanying societal changes 

both spurred the creation and transformation of 

the public sphere. 

As styles of government shifted, popular 

involvement increasingly became a feature of 

successful states. Frequently, that process of 

governmental shift—that is, of policy-making— 

was fueled by the discussion and theory-building of 

individuals in the society. It is useful here to define the 

public sphere. According to Habermas, “by ‘the public 

sphere,’ we mean first of all a realm of our social life 

in which something approaching public opinion can 

be formed. Access is guaranteed to all citizens.” 1 the 

world’s citizens have today realized this principle in 

greater numbers than at any other point in human 


7

history. 

While Habermas’s piece has its shortcomings 

when viewed in the framework of the World Model 

United Nations conference—namely, that its views 

are predicated on the teleology of the rise of western 

methods of governance—the ideas presented therein 

are still useful for the purposes of the Press Corps. 

Indeed, as WorldMUN holds dearly among its values 

the fostering of productive discourse among people 

of different backgrounds and forging solutions 

among those with disparate viewpoints, Habermas’s 

idea of the public sphere can, and should be, seen as 

well-aligned with our goals for the WorldMuN 2013 

Press Corps. the Press Corps, then, should aim to 

foster its own public discourse at WorldMUN, one 

that connects and involves delegates from all over 

the world. 

indeed, these notions of connectedness more 

readily apply to the current era than they have to 

any in history. Habermas asserted, “a portion of the 

public sphere comes into being in every conversation 

in which private individuals assemble to form a public 

body.” 2 The sphere represented the space between 

the state and society. And though Habermas could 

not have predicted in the 1960s what the Internet 

would become, by his logic the Web might just 

constitute the largest public sphere in human history. 

It is the medium that has offered the greatest number 

of people a say—not a representative say, but a real 

opportunity for any individual to broadcast to an 

audience (so long as they can attain one). Everyone 

(for a loose definition of everyone) now has the 

opportunity to contribute to the public sphere. In 

earlier eras, one of the largest challenges someone 

who wanted to spread an opinion faced was getting 

access to one of the key networks—whether print 

distribution, radio, or television—required for such 

broadcast. The challenge now, rather than to gain 

access, is to be heard. One element of that challenge is 

the quest for quality—in a just world, the best content 

would secure the greatest number of viewers and 

engender the most productive debate. In this world, 

however, content quality represents only a sliver of 

the battle. In 2012, as in the 1700s, contributors to the 

public sphere contend with gatekeepers. 

Creating the Media & Understanding the Gatekeeper 

“As of the early 1850s, no one in France could send 

a telegraph without government permission”—Paul 

Starr, The Creation of the Media 

In media, a gatekeeper serves as the entity 

that filters the information provided by content 

producers, and ultimately decides what reaches that 

medium’s audience. Understanding gatekeepers 

proves an essential component of understanding 

the history of news because they have, in every era, 

helped define acceptable content and served as 

framers of the public discourse. Recall that fostering 

that public discourse proves one of the high aims the 

journalist. understand that comfort with the role of 

yesterday’s gatekeeper provides what is necessary 

for recognizing the covert—but all-important— 

nature of today’s. 

In some instances, government could be the 

gatekeeper. For example, at one point during the 

American Civil War, the northern administration 

favored the Associated Press (AP) with exclusive 

stories, leaving other agencies out and effectively 

installing the AP as an organ of propaganda. 3 At least 

as often, though, large businesses like the AP have 

served as gatekeepers in order to maintain their 

hegemony. Sometimes businesses would collude: the 

onetime AP rival, the United Press, actually created 

a secret deal with the AP dictating that they would 

resist beating each other’s prices to keep profits high. 

It would not be until 1945 that the US Supreme Court 

ruled such actions illegal. 4 

While those are US-specific examples, there are 

many like them throughout history and the world. The 

idea of a gatekeeper is a multinational one, and with 

notable exceptions like China, whose government 

continues to serve as a gatekeeper, the holder of that 

role has changed significantly over time. Governments 

once held the keys to the gates, like the legal printing 

monopolies in europe and stamp taxes in the united 

States. 5 The advent of the telegraph introduced 

new gatekeepers like Western Union and asked 

governments to consider how to regulate them. 6 

The rise of radio and television empowered certain 

networks to dictate what content they provided and 

which events received coverage. Cable television 


8

weakened those networks’ hegemonic roles as 

gatekeepers by providing, eventually, a vast increase 

in the number of gates. 7 Only in the past decade has 

television’s status as a haven for (an albeit large 

number of) gatekeepers been obviated. Indeed, the 

Internet’s rise to importance in the spread of news 

has marked the next great shift in its consumption 

and the public’s ability to access it. The Internet, or 

more accurately, the World Wide Web, has arguably 

democratized information. With a new medium, 

however, has come a new gatekeeper. 

The company’s “mission is to organize the world’s 

information and make it universally accessible and 

useful,” reads the about page for Google Inc. 8 the 

company has for over a decade devoted itself to 

indexing the Web in order to make it possible to 

search for things—whether recipes, games, or 

news—and to find them more easily. There is an ironic 

tension between the company’s subscription to that 

ideal, then, and its role as what is potentially history’s 

largest and most important gatekeeper. 

Where Starr notes in his excellent the Creation of 

the Media that “broadcasting also raised questions 

about property rights—for example, whether 

broadcasters had to obtain permission and pay for 

the right to broadcast performances of copyrighted 

music or play-by-play reports of professional sports 

games,” one sees that these same issues have 

plagued the internet age. 9 The main difference 

has been that those questions were answered in a 

dangerously scattershot way, one whose inconsistent 

construction and application rearranged, and 

continues to reconfigure, industries. If today’s Web 

resembles a library, though, the one of the pre-search 

engine era bore more semblance to an open-air 

bazaar. Enter Google. 

History’s Largest Gatekeeper 

In his book The Googlization of Everything (And 

Why We Should Worry), Siva Vaidhyanathan writes 

that in seeking to organize the world’s information, 

it has inherently editorialized it, commoditized it, 

in a way that endangers the public discourse. For 

being so often credited with making the world’s 

information accessible, this is a weighty claim. 

indeed, in those countries where Google or similar 

engines are accessible, the website offers a wealth of 

information—arguably a payload greater than what 

any library system in the world carries on its shelves. 

However, rather than surfacing that information 

through a transparent system of indices and shelving 

This cartoon satirizes China’s censorship of the media and sheds 

light on governmental gatekeeping. 

locations, Google’s system, the algorithm, is oblique 

by economic necessity. The vast majority of the 

company’s revenues derive from advertisements. 

These advertisements are targeted at users based on 

their perceived interests, which are gleaned through 

tracking Internet browsing history, email content, and 

especially, Google searches. this model is particularly 

potent because Google charges companies to use its 

advertising services on a per-click basis; it behooves 

Google to serve relevant advertisements to people 

searching for things like products and services on the 

Internet. The algorithms work—and quite well, to 

the tune of billions of dollars in profit every quarter. 

Breaking the secrecy of those algorithms would 

make publicly accessible the mechanisms that have 

powered the Internet’s most successful company, 

advertising or otherwise. 

Viewed in that way, the dangers of ceding the 

role of world librarian to Google suddenly reveal 

themselves: as gatekeeper to the world’s news 

and, consequently, guardian of its public discourse, 

an advertising company might not have the health 

of that discourse at the forefront of its priorities. 

Indeed, Vaidhyanathan argued, “Overwhelmingly, we 

now allow Google to determine what is important, 

relevant, and true on the Web and in the world.” 10 

this does not mean Google maliciously refuses to 


9

surface articles that do not benefit it—consumers 

and experts alike have no solid reason to believe 

that. in fact, the truth is far more mundane. it has 

everything to do with the nuanced competition of 

Google’s economic desire to give us what we want, 

versus the public sphere’s mandate to give us what 

we need. 

To build a product that more closely aligns with 

users’ expectations, Google has spent years modifying 

Google may be the biggest public discourse gatekeeper in the 

history of communication. 

its algorithms to give more weight to results that 

meet certain qualifications within an individuals’ 

personal context, ranging from the obvious, like 

language and geographic region, to the esoteric, like 

browsing history and Internet service provider. Even 

when not logged into a Google account, the service 

still uses dozens of signals to determine the results 

it serves. This matters because personalization, by 

design, returns information specific to the individual 

looking for it. In other words, the more data a user 

deposits in Google’s vast repositories, the more likely 

Google is to offer results that align more closely to 

that user’s apparent mode of thinking. That pattern, 

critics fear, creates an echo chamber that blinds users 

to alternative perspectives and necessarily weakens 

their ability to participate in the public discourse. 

Habermas wrote that in the public sphere, in its ideal 

definition, “access is guaranteed” to all citizens. 11 

Personalization threatens that egalitarian principle by 

creating spheres shared only by those of like minds, 

with the Google juggernaut mightily guarding the 

gate of each. 

this information is presented here with an eye 

toward both providing background about journalistic 

philosophy and fostering a session of critical thinking 

about the values each agency at WorldMUN should 

adopt. At the beginning of the conference, you 

will work with the other members of your agency 

to adopt a set of guiding values and group norms, 

which will serve the dual purpose of guiding your 

journalistic output as well as your team dynamic. 

Thinking about the importance of the history of 

news proves an irreplaceable component of actually 

producing it, for understanding where we are today 

provides guidance for where we’ll go tomorrow. The 

modern example of Google (or another ad-based 

search engine) as a gatekeeper is only an example 

of the larger historical trend: that large, powerful 

institutions, whether governments or private 

corporations, generally impose borders on the public 

discourse. As a journalist at WorldMuN, your duty is 

to open those confines and add new, under-explored 

angles to the discussion. indeed, 2013 presents more 

tools to do so than ever in human history. 

The Modern Evolution of 

Journalism 

Social Networks Democratize Journalism 

the emergent world of internet journalism has 

had the dual effect of illuminating new stars while 

blacking out many of the old ones. In broad strokes, 

print media has suffered greatly from the rise of free 

and online journalistic content. In large part, a lack of 

foresight doomed many of these old-world outlets: 

many papers in the united States alone failed in the 

final years of the last decade because they did not 

anticipate the precipitous declines in revenues that 

offering their content online for free would cause. On 

the one hand, print revenues had flowed plentifully 

until that point, and on the other, internet access 

had not proliferated extensively enough to yet 

give them pause. The survivors of that era, like the 

Wall Street Journal and the New York Times—which 

announced in July 2012 that subscription revenues for 

the first time exceeded those from advertising—have 

emerged different institutions, ones that compete 

with upstarts with minimal start-up costs and whose 

business models were never predicated on the idea 

10 


of selling an expensive physical good. The Huffington 

Post and the Philadelphia Inquirer play the same game, 

but by vastly different rules. 12 , 13 Still, though, the rules 

of print and the Web have much more in common 

with each other than they do with those of the public 

sphere’s twenty-first century darling, Twitter. 

twitter, one could argue, is the telegraph of 

today. used for transmission of short messages 

(though arbitrarily, rather than economically limited), 

the service offers its users (and onlookers) the 

opportunity to view in real time the updates other 

users provide—about anything. These range from the 

mundane to the truly groundbreaking. Its role as the 

social media tool of the Arab Spring helped reveal its 

international use. News frequently breaks on Twitter 

and then is further explicated on an agency’s own 

site. However, not only has the medium where news 

is broken changed—from print to television to the 

Web to Twitter—but so too have the people doing 

it. The Internet, and broadcast systems like Twitter 

especially, have birthed a new kind of reporter: the 

citizen-journalist. 

The nature of Twitter’s network as a one-tomany 

broadcast network, combined with its core 

gimmick, the 140-character limit, have propelled it 

to such a prominent place in today’s public sphere. 

While Twitter resembles most of history’s broadcast 

networks in that it allows one person to disseminate 

information to many without providing a clear 

interface for conversation, it differs from them in 

one essential way: like the Internet, Twitter invites 

anyone to participate. in two main ways, though, it 

is even better suited for the purpose of kindling the 

public discourse because: a) it represents a single 

destination where global trends are algorithmically 

tracked and b) it is even more accessible than the 

Web. Designed for a world before smartphones and 

utilized in the developing countries where those 

devices’ penetration remains minimal, that “core 

gimmick” had and still has a real purpose: enabling 

the global broadcast of messages small enough to 

fit in a single SMS. The prepaid phones of the Third 

World, where present, have allowed the rest of the 

planet to follow in real-time the political strife of, for 

instance, the Arab Spring. 

Twitter has proven the most prominent vehicle 

of the citizen-journalist’s rise, but others exist and 

continue to grow in importance. Among them, 

YouTube, and to a lesser extent, Facebook, rank high. 

The Pew Research Center’s Project for Excellence in 

Journalism in July 2012 highlighted the ascendancy of 

YouTube on its journalistic merits. The rise of videocapable 

phones, coupled with YouTube’s massive 

Twitter has allowed outsiders to follow major world events in real 

time and was a popular tool used by protestors in the Arab Spring. 

network, has resulted in the deployment of citizenjournalist 

news teams across the earth. After the 

March 2011 earthquake in Japan, people viewed news 

coverage of the disaster on the video site almost 100 

million times across the top 20 videos. In the Pew 

study, 39 percent of the top-viewed videos were 

“clearly identified as coming from citizens.” 14 those 

pieces vary in length, and at 2 minutes and 1 second, 

are on average (median) longer than local newscasts 

(41 seconds) and shorter than nationally-broadcast 

ones. Pew’s findings indicate that the YouTube citizenjournalist 

does not yet subscribe to a particular set of 

rules, whether in length of footage or specificity of 

content. Even US President Barack Obama, the figure 

most frequently mentioned in the videos studied in 

the Pew document, figured into only 4 percent of 

them. In other words, the most-viewed news videos 

on YouTube—of which almost two-fifths are the 

products of citizen-journalist—do not exhibit the 

kinds of overarching foci that traditional broadcast 

networks do. 

11 


In democratizing content production, YouTube too 

has democratized, to a large extent, its consumption. 

Therein is the somewhat startling truth revealed: the 

broadcast model of news dissemination, premised 

on blockbuster stories and sensational headlines, 

does not function in the internet age, in which a 

3-megapixel camera and harried unprofessional 

commentary are enough to garner eyeballs. The 

broadcast model has not been comprehensively 

upturned, but the lesson is clear: the next era of media 

will substantially integrate citizen-journalists using 

democratized, web-based consumption and creation 

platforms like YouTube and Twitter. Meanwhile, the 

role and tone of broadcast will shift, as the unlikely 

scrutiny of comedians ushers in the practice’s future. 

Understanding the modern evolution of journalism 

will prove key to the Press Corps this year. As Twitter 

and YouTube have emerged as dominant platforms 

of the citizen-journalist’s rise, their importance 

in organizations like WorldMUN has increased. 

delegates will use twitter to disseminate information 

to fellow conference attendees, as well as MuN 

enthusiasts who choose to follow WorldMuN 

remotely. Press Corps-produced videos will appear 

on YouTube and enable their broader sharing on the 

Web. 

Comedy as Honesty and the Changing Face 

of the Public Trust: Colbert and Stewart 

The democratization of journalism reads like the 

story of the Internet’s proliferation. As its reach 

increased, the Internet invited more participants, 

both producers and consumers. The rise of the 

Web certainly enabled the citizen-journalist’s work, 

characterized by its rawness and honesty, first to 

exist and then to matter. However, the worldwide 

expansion of the internet does not account for the 

other participatory trend of modern journalism: its 

sense of humor. 

Humor has proven an unlikely catalyst for the 

criticism and democratization of modern journalism. 

A limited amount has been written about this 

phenomenon, but Geoffrey Baym’s excellent From 

Cronkite to Colbert: The Evolution of Broadcast 

Journalism offers an insightful and much needed 

critique to the broadcast landscape leading up to 

the debut of “comedy news” shows. According 

to Baym, the three eras of broadcast television— 

network, multichannel, and post-network—have 

demarcated both the industry’s increasing inclusivity 

and its growing penchant for drama. 15 this tendency 

toward dramaturgy has manifested itself in broadcast 

newscasters’ shift from critics of news content 

to proponents of it. Where newscasters before 

would question what politicians said, highlighting 

problematic elements and suggesting viewers 

question their beliefs, their emphasis has moved to 

the creation of narrative stories. 

In Baym’s view, comedic programs like The Daily 

Show and The Colbert Report, which satirize “real” 

news programs, politicians, and current events, 

have once more cast government and the media’s 

coverage of it in a critical light. Indeed, the book 

argues “Parodying the ‘real’ news that has become 

so often fake, The Daily Show illustrates the flip 

side of infotainment: the emergence of innovative 

approaches to political television enabled by the 

fusion of ‘field logics’ and the multiplication of 

media forms.” 16 This approach appeals to viewers 

emotionally by being humorous, but nonetheless 

encourages the critical insight essential to the public 

discourse. Baym examines this a handful of times, 

including the coverage of the resignation of CIA 

Director George Tenet, in which he describes the 

presentation The Daily Show gave of then-President 

George Bush’s reaction to it: the major news outlets 

selected short quotes that conveyed a Bush who was 

self-assured and purposeful, while the footage Jon 

Stewart offered was strung together with “um”s and 

awkward pauses. 17 Although Stewart’s treatment of 

the event was designed to elicit laughter, it certainly 

was no cheap humor. In offering a different, less-thanflattering 

account of the President’s handling of the 

tenet resignation, Stewart inherently highlighted the 

absurdity of Bush’s inability to clearly communicate, 

and asked: should this man be in charge? It was a 

fresh approach to asking a very pointed question. 

Stewart’s approach has been so successful that 

it has spawned a spinoff, The Colbert Report. these 

programs, which make no pretense of objectivity— 

have garnered the trust of their audiences for 

12 


precisely that reason. Stewart’s opinions have figured 

prominently in his program, but he never pretends 

his content is anything else: his straightforward, 

conversational and confrontational style invites 

reasoned consideration in a way that pseudo-objective 

news presented as fact simply cannot. In an interview 

The success of Stewart illustrates the evolving forms of media outlets and the 

growing role of comedy to hold the news accountable. 

with National Public Radio, Stewart admitted, “You 

know, so much of what The Daily Show is, is just a 

deconstruction of the way that news, or the way that 

a political campaign, is put together.” 18 this mentality 

has resonated with the public body that consumes his 

program. 

in 2009, time, once the American magazine of 

record, revealed its “most trusted newscaster” 

poll’s results, and Jon Stewart, rather than Brian 

Williams, was selected by the largest percentage of 

voters. 19 While ostensibly a comedy show, Stewart’s 

program doesn’t just present the news; humor 

inherently requires toying with the unexpected and 

highlighting the absurd, and for that reason, Stewart 

critiques the news in a way that few programs have 

offered over the past several decades. Perhaps most 

importantly, Stewart has played an important role 

in highlighting the absurdities of the American news 

media: NewsFlavor writes, “Stewart has become 

the watchdog of the watchdogs. He keeps his eyes, 

and ours, glued on the happenings of not only the 

politicians, but of those who are supposed to be 

covering the politicians.” 20 Stewart critiques the 

news, and offers, in any episode, the chance to think 

deeply about world events in the moment. However, 

he also provides a framework for thinking more 

critically about the news more generally, for those 

times when he cannot be there to analyze it. 

While Stewart’s program clearly embraces 

personal opinions, WorldMuN journalists 

should avoid a model that rejects objectivity 

outright. the story that news presents, in 

its ideal form, provides the facts and poses 

the questions needed to form one’s own 

judgment. the Neo-modern style Stewart 

and Colbert embrace is only in its infancy. 

They are not journalists, but comedians. 

They thrive on criticizing other news 

outlets’ coverage. While delegates are 

discouraged from criticizing other agencies 

for the pure sake of it, they are urged to 

respond to others’ coverage constructively 

should it prove deficient. Delegates can and 

should highlight absurdities that arise on 

the floor, but their primary focus should be 

on exposing the unanswered questions the debates 

present, and helping move the conference along. 

The Press Corps is responsible not only for covering 

what goes on at the conference, but for helping 

expose what is not taking place and helping move the 

discussions toward more informed resolutions. 

Committee Overview 

From tPA to today 

In previous years, the Press Corps was a component 

of the Third Party Actors (TPA). Composed of 25 nongovernmental 

organizations (NGOs), from Amnesty 

international to the World Wildlife Fund, two Goodwill 

Ambassadors (last year’s were Yo-Yo Ma and Giorgio 

Armani), and three reporters for the Press Corps. 

Essentially, NGOs would serve as lobbyists, Goodwill 

Ambassadors as civilian representatives of certain UN 

causes, and the Press Corps as investigative reporters 

whose goal was to expose the issues that were not 

getting sufficient attention in committee. 

this year, in transitioning from this third Party 

Actors model, we wanted to highlight the positive 

aspects of that committee while capitalizing on 

13 


unspent potential. Press Corps borrows TPA’s 

applicability to the overall conference, but 

infuses it with the resources—both human and 

technological—necessary to increase its influence on 

other committees and value to its participants. It may 

be obviated in name, but TPA passes to its successor 

agency the values of giving voices to the weak, 

shedding light on the dark corners of world policy, 

and most of all, seeking truth as a conduit for justice. 

Media types 

each journalistic organization in the Press Corps 

will be responsible for producing several different 

types of media each day, ranging from written articles 

to videos. 

Articles: each agency will produce at least one 

long-form expository news piece per day. these 

pieces should introduce an issue, explaining in 

about a paragraph the main pain points and players 

around the topic in a manner accessible to someone 

only nominally familiar with the issue. From there, 

the article should explain the developments that 

have occurred in committee and cover outstanding 

questions it presents—both those aired in committee 

and those the journalist raises. Such articles will be 

based on committee sessions as well as daily press 

conferences. 

in addition to these long-form expository pieces, 

agencies will produce two other articles each day. 

These can be shorter expository pieces, profiles, 

satirical essays (but written in the spirit of journalistic 

inquiry), editorials, or even another format not 

mentioned here (so long as the writer pitching it can 

demonstrate its value). 

• Expository pieces: Live by the mantra that 

a writer should always dig deeper—aim to 

expose the intents of delegates on other 

committees, reveal voting intent, and unearth 

hidden agendas. 

• Profiles: While strong expository pieces take 

advantage of comments from a variety of 

sources, interviews can serve as excellent 

pieces of standalone content. Rather than 

simple line-by-line transcriptions of the 

conversation, interviews should present its 

salient points while building context around 

it. Candidates for profiles could include 

anyone from delegates to expert witnesses to 

WorldMUN staff—use your imagination! 

• Editorials: these opinion pieces present the 

agency viewpoint—reached by consensus 

Infographics are proving to be an extremely intiutive and simple way to convey information and is a tool at your disposal in the Press Corps. 

14 


on a per-issue basis—on chosen topics in a 

concise, straightforward manner. they should 

advocate for a cause and call specific players— 

individuals, governments, or non-government 

agencies—to action. 

Videos: Each agency must produce two news 

videos of approximately one to one-and-a-half 

minutes each day. Videos should cover subject matter 

similar in scope to that of articles, but they should 

take advantage of conference elements that cannot 

be as readily or fully conveyed in text: crises, expert 

witnesses, and press conferences could provide great 

footage for an agency video. 

Photography: Photographers will capture the 

essence of WorldMUN 2013 in still frames—both 

sessions and social events—and incorporate them 

into well-written articles produced by the writing 

subteam. Photographs should enhance the article 

they accompany by providing a sense of the action. 

A picture of a room of people sitting in committee 

is not interesting; a close-up of someone delivering 

an impassioned speech is. Capture action, not its 

absence. 

Other graphics: Produce other graphics where 

possible—explain a conflict using an infographic; take 

advantage of polls and use them to produce charts 

and graphs that lend visibility to the conference’s 

participatory nature. draw political cartoons, 

add clever Photoshop effects to pictures taken in 

conference or at nightly social events. Use your 

imagination! 

Online Publication 

WordPress: Each agency will be responsible for 

maintaining a section of a WordPress-powered blog 

(tutorial to follow in the Software Guide). The blog will 

contain all the content—images, articles, videos, and 

more—that the team produces at the conference. 

Additionally, the Press Corps conference staff will 

work with delegates to leverage the conference 

venue. Press Corps work will be visible on the 

internet, paper, and throughout the conference on 

screens and at other strategic points. 

Social media: More information about Social Media 

expectations will be included in the Software Guide, 

to be distributed in February. 

twitter: during the conference, the Press Corps 

feed will be used for conference logistical news, 

amusing happenings, and linking to new content. 

News agencies will be given access to Twitter 

account(s) and use the medium for creating and 

linking to their content. 

Facebook: Delegates will have the opportunity to 

post content to the WorldMUN Facebook page. 

Daily Publication 

Each day of the conference, a different team of 

people (not an agency, but a group selected from 

among the entire committee) will be responsible for 

producing a daily news insert in .pdf format that will 

be distributed to all conference attendees via email 

and also displayed at strategic points throughout the 

conference venue using available print and digital 

technologies. The daily publication will aggregate 

strong written work from the day’s reporting across 

all agencies, as well as some original content (about 

75% things from earlier in the day—or the week, if 

they help bring context or can be viewed in a new 

light from that day’s proceedings—and 25% things 

from the team brainstorming session). 

One of WorldMUN’s goals with this year’s Press 

Corps is to encourage its delegates to learn from 

each other as well as from the delegates from other 

committees. By design, the Press Corps encourages 

this by producing the agency teams that delegates 

work with for the entire conference, as well as these 

daily publication teams. 

The WorldMUN Gazette 

A team of delegates will lay out and populate with 

content a beautiful and functional document that all 

conference attendees will have the opportunity to 

experience. This document will serve to provide a 

wrap-up of both substantive and social portions of the 

conference. It will offer high-performing delegates 

the opportunity to have their work featured in a 

publication that will be viewed by thousands of 

people in digital formats, an item that will serve not 

only as a stunning conference keepsake, but also as 

an important model from which future Press Corps 

will be able to draw. 

15 


Delegates will be chosen to work on The WorldMUN 

Gazette on the basis of their contributions during the 

creation of the daily publications, and together, those 

members of the Press Corps will assess what content 

from the past week can be successfully retooled for 

the purpose of illuminating important issues and 

connecting threads of the conference. However, the 

bulk of the work in this project will be creating and 

editing new materials—writing reflective articles, 

analyzing week-long polls, editing graphics, and so 

forth—as well determining how best to physically 

situate them on the paper in a visually appealing way. 

the News Agencies 

The following brief descriptions are intended as 

jumping-off points for further research about the 

agencies represented at WorldMuN 2013. delegates 

are expected to have a working knowledge of their 

assigned agency. 

Notice the differences in founding dates across 

agencies and their stated purpose. they tout editorial 

independence, and importantly, impartiality as key 

features and values. Consider how to reconcile 

these values of admittedly “old-world” agencies 

with the emergent values of the Neo-Modern era 

of journalism. How can the difficulties of previous 

eras like the challenges presented by impartiality be 

reconciled with the media the WorldMUN 2013 uses? 

Agence France-Presse 

Agence France-Press (AFP) was founded in Paris 

in 1944. 21 With over 1300 staff journalists, the agency 

provides reporting from 150 countries in eight 

Agence France-Presse is a dominant player in European journalism. 

Source: AFP 

languages. The agency finds its spiritual successor in 

Charles-Louis Havas’s 1835 agency, Agence Havas. 22 its 

stated values are “truth, impartiality, and plurality.” 23 

Of the agencies represented at WorldMuN 2013, 

the AFP is unique in its scope and scale, because 

it is actually one of the world’s three main news 

organizations (in addition to the Associated Press and 

Reuters). This role as global news powerhouse gives 

delegates virtual free reign over choice of material to 

cover, but demands a greater neutrality of tone than 

another agency might require. This is because AFP 

content is reproduced by smaller agencies around the 

world. 

Al-Jazeera 

Al-Jazeera launched in 1996 as an Arabic-language 

cable news network. 24 The network represents one of 

the more recent developments in the news industry 

among Press Corps agencies. its core journalistic 

values are “honesty, courage, fairness, balance, 

independence, credibility and diversity.” 25 the Middle 

Eastern news network is remarkable for its founding 

in Qatar, in a region where news organizations 

frequently lack the editorial independence Al-Jazeera 

enjoys. 

Today, the organization is a global institution in 

its own right, but it was only a decade ago that Al- 

Jazeera was a no-name network whose future was 

in question. It was the network’s coverage of the 

Afghan war that helped propel it into international 

attention and acclaim. 26 While the network’s English 

version, launched in 2006, has failed to gain much of 

an American following, it enjoys a massive presence 

elsewhere in the world, with some 220 million in 

audience members in 100 countries having access to 

AJe. 27,28 Al-Jazeera’s international nature has helped 

it focus on truly important world news; the network’s 

reputation for no-nonsense coverage makes it the 

de facto point of reference for conflict in the Middle 

east. 

Press Corps Al-Jazeera journalists should aspire 

to produce critical coverage of major conference 

developments, particularly with an eye toward 

incorporating multiple perspectives. Reflecting the 

deeply international nature of the publication is 

paramount to performing well in this year’s Press 

Corps. 

16 


The Australian 

Launched in 1964, The Australian holds Accuracy 

as its chief value. Its Professional Conduct policy 

states that “facts must be reported impartially, 

accurately and with integrity.” 29 Primarily a national 

publication, The Australian also comments frequently 

on matters of international concern. The Australian 

is the only national broadsheet newspaper and the 

first Australian news organization to produce a news 

application for tablet computers. 30 

The Australian was chosen this year in honor of 

the WorldMuN 2013 host country. While a mostly 

national publication, The Australian presents 

WorldMuN journalists the opportunity to craft a 

credible international agency. Use the history of news 

and the presentation of journalistic theory discussed 

throughout this guide as a set of principles to achieve 

this goal. 

The New York Times 

the New York Times launched in 1851 and is 

considered the American newspaper of record. 36 

The organization has been awarded 108 Pulitzer 

Prizes, more than any other news organization, 

and, as mentioned earlier in this Guide, is one of the 

few print publications that has made a promising 

transition to a digital format. the New York Times 

covers international news extensively, and its 

holding company (also owner of the Boston Globe) 

strives to “enhance society by creating, collecting 

and distributing high quality news, information, and 

entertainment” as its core purpose. 37 

the aforementioned transition to a digital format 

has necessitated—and made possible—all new 

forms of content. A typical visit to the New York 

Times website reveals myriad videos and interactive 

visualizations, methods of inserting information to 

the public sphere not possible in print. NYT Press 

Corps journalists are encouraged to experiment with 

content that similarly could not happen in print. As 

the organization’s extensive trophy collection would 

indicate, though, investigative journalism sits at the 

The Australian was selected in honor of our host nation. The NYT is considered the standard of American journalism 

hear of the New York Times machine, and Press Corps 

journalists are further encouraged to conduct copious 

(and substantive) interviews. Through that medium, 

journalists will have the opportunity to understand 

who the key players around an issue are, and further, 

how those players are moving to (or away from) an 

agreement. through that exposition, delegates can 

demand accountability of world leaders and push the 

conversation forward into action. 

The Times of India 

the Times of India was founded under a different 

name in 1838 to serve the British colonists in western 

india. 38 twenty-three years later, the paper changed 

its name to its current one. today, the paper is part 

of the times Group, an indian media conglomerate 

whose founding mission was “to create world-class 

media product and services. Our mission stems from 

17 


the belief that consumer experience is critical to our 

success.” 39 

the Times of India’s massive circulation dictates 

that its reach alone amplifies the organization’s 

responsibility. 40 While it is paramount that any 

WorldMUN Press Corps agency fact checks its work, it 

could be most dangerous if the Times of India did not. 

The organization’s extensive following necessitates 

The Times of India enjoys one of the largest readerships in the 

world. 

that its journalists produce critical pieces of work that 

draw on multiple sources and references; indeed, 

injecting the public sphere with false information 

could prove noxious for all involved. 

Agency Structure 

Each of the five agencies will contain five members: 

they will be writers, videographers, and designers in 

ratios to be determined. Each morning, agencies will 

determine which committees and topics they want to 

cover and report to the Press Corps conference staff 

to secure those topic areas. Agencies will submit their 

content by the end of the day’s session. Agencies 

will be responsible for editing their own work, and 

it is therefore paramount that team members work 

together to produce the best content they can. 

Press Conferences 

Each agency will be responsible for interviewing 

witnesses and delegates from the other committees 

and relaying the news that emerges from such 

investigative processes to the larger conference. 

While delegates are encouraged to seek out these 

opportunities, they will also have the chance to 

attend Press Conferences featuring specific players 

in the conflicts and debates at WorldMUN. Some 

of these Press Conferences will be pre-scheduled, 

while others will arise more spontaneously as the 

committee discussions develop. 

Chairs have the option of permitting Press Corps 

members to fill non-voting contributory roles while 

committees are in session, but Press Conferences 

represent the chance for the Press Corps to truly steer 

the discussion. They are important because they can 

be used to embellish perspectives not fully explored 

in committee, and they turn attention toward the 

important work the Press Corps does. Prepare to ask 

difficult questions of your fellow delegates and to 

demand answers to them—the responsibility rests 

with you to dig for and expose the truth! 

Awards 

The teamwork-oriented nature of the WorldMUN 

2013 Press Corps dictates that the main Press Corps 

award will be given to the holistically best-performing 

team. in the spirit of WorldMuN, respectfully 

challenging each other is as important as supporting 

each other in the quest for producing the best 

possible outcomes. 

Software Guide 

Please note that the Software Guide will be 

assembled after committee members have been 

assigned to news agencies. We will do our best 

to provide software with which delegates have 

experience, as well as a set of principles to keep in 

mind when using it. Additionally, the Guide will contain 

links to the best tutorials and other information 

around the software. 

A Note on Journalistic integrity 

Journalistic integrity dictates that you expose 

unavoidable conflicts of interest. Ideally, that would 

mean avoiding covering companies in which you 

have made investments, stories in which colleagues 

play a prominent part, or even issues that have had 

18 


a direct impact on your life. that does not mean your 

agency should not cover those issues, per se, but that 

members with conflicts should be transparent about 

them and offer another reporter the opportunity to 

lead that coverage. 

At WorldMuN, Press Corps journalists should 

similarly avoid personally reporting on issues in which 

a member of their delegation is playing a prominent 

role. if logistics dictate that passing the story along to 

someone else on the team is impossible, journalists 

should indicate such conflicts in bold typeface the 

first time the persons or events concerned in the 

conflict of interest are mentioned. For example: 

(Disclaimer: Jamal Jones, the Russian delegate on the 

Security Council, attends Le Sorbonne with reporter 

Axel Rodriguez). 

In addition to observing these basic principles of 

neutrality in coverage and transparency in conflict 

of interest disclosure, reporters must also take care 

not to copy others’ material. At WorldMUN, we have 

a strict no-plagiarism policy: you must credit any 

material that you or members of your team do not 

personally create for WorldMuN 2013. if a delegate 

is caught plagiarizing, he or she will be immediately 

expelled from the Press Corps. The conference will be 

all the more interesting and exciting for the presence 

and proliferation of your inspired and original work. 

Press Conferences will provide our correspondents an opportunity 

to interact more meaningfully with delegates and raise pressing 

questions in a more public forum. 

Position Papers 

The 2013 Press Corps embraces critical evaluation 

of conference events, and aims to expose elements 

overlooked elements of the topics of debate. 

Additionally, as the standalone Press Corps is 

an innovation of WorldMUN 2013, it belongs to 

the delegates. As with a debate in a substantive 

committee, the members of the committee will 

shape its direction. therefore, the pre-conference 

assignment is composed of two key elements: 

• In 500 words or fewer, identify a WorldMUN 

2013 committee you are eager to cover in your 

role on the Press Corps. Assemble three pieces 

of news (preferably from organizations listed 

above) related to that committee’s topics of 

debate, summarize the situation, and highlight 

an element of the situation you feel those 

pieces have missed. 

• Explain, in no more than 500 words, something 

you would like to see the Press Corps do in 

WorldMUN 2013. This question is intentionally 

vague—use your imagination! 

Closing Remarks 

Welcome to the end of the Study Guide! Hopefully, 

you have found this Guide to be both interesting and 

helpful as you think about how to cover the important 

issues our world faces. the committees of WorldMuN 

2013 wrestle with challenging topics ranging from the 

exploitation of migrant workers to the International 

Criminal Court investigation of child militarist Joseph 

Kony. the issues WorldMuN 2013 will explore 

represent some of the most interesting, difficult, and 

divisive of our time—as future thought leaders, Press 

Corps members have a duty to accessibly present and 

critique the events pertinent to those developments. 

this Study Guide was designed with the intention of 

highlighting the philosophy and theory behind news 

reporting. I urge you to consider how your unique 

skills can be used in this fast-paced and exciting 

setting to add to these conversations as WorldMUN 

delegates like you, our future world leaders, consider 

how to solve the daunting problems each committee 

presents. Those skills, coupled with a sound basis 

in the theories of modern journalism, should prove 

indispensible as you steer the conversations about, 

and ultimately, the solutions to, these problems. 

Please contact me with questions or even 

suggestions before conference begins (presscorps@ 

worldmun.org). Know that you will be provided with 

19 


more of the gritty details of how the Press Corps will 

operate as the conference draws nearer, and that 

I am eager to work with you all at the conference 

in Melbourne this (fast-approaching) March. You 

represent a collection of thoughtful and engaged 

individuals, and I look forward to watching you 

coalesce into the talented and insightful teams i 

know you will form. 

Endnotes 

1 Jürgen Habermas, “The Public Sphere: An Encyclopedia 

Article (1964),” in New German Critique 3 (Autumn 1974) 

49. 

2 Ibid 49. 

3 Paul Starr, the Creation of the Media: Political Origins of 

Modern Communications. (New York: Basic Books, 2004) 

186. 

4 Associated Press v. United States, 326 U.S. 1, 

Supreme Court of the United States, 1945, Web, 

9 October 

2012. 

5 King, Elliot, and Medill School of Journalism. Free for all : 

the Internet’s Transformation of Journalism (Evanston, Ill.: 

Northwestern University Press, 2010) 20. 

6 Ibid 34-36, 40. “In 1945, three out of four radio stations in 

America were affiliated with a radio network.” 

7 Ibid 50. 

8 “Company Overview,” Google Inc., Web, 9 October 2012, 

. 

9 Starr 329. 

10 Siva Vaidhyanathan, The Googlization of Everything (And 

Why We Should Worry) (Berkeley: University of California 

Press, 2011) xi. 

11 Habermas 49. 

12 Joe Coscarelli, “The New York Times is Now Supported 

by Readers, Not Advertisers,” New York Magazine, 26 July 

2012, Web, 5 August 2012. 

13 Mathew Ingram, “Crossing the Newspaper Chasm: Is It 

Better to Be Funded by Readers?” 3 Aug. 2012, 5 Aug. 2012. 

14 “YouTube & News: A New Kind of Visual News,” Journalism. 

org, Web, 16 July 2012, 17 July 2012. . 

15 Geoffrey Baym, From Cronkite to Colbert: The Evolution of 

Broadcast News (Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers, 2010) 

15. 

16 Baym 103. 

17 Baym 107. 

18 “John Stewart: The Most Trusted Name in Fake News,” 

Fresh Air, National Public Radio, 4 October 2010, Web, 

26 July 2012. . 

19 Linkins, Jason. “Online Poll: Jon Stewart Is America’s Most 

Trusted Newsman.” Huffington Post, July 22, 2009. http:// 

www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/07/22/time-magazine-polljon-st_n_242933.html. 

20 “Why Is Jon Stewart ‘America’s Most Trusted Newscaster?’” 

Newsflavor, Web, 5 August 2012. 

21 “Agence France-Presse (AFP),” Encyclopædia Britannica, 

Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition, 

Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012, Web, 14 Oct. 2012, 

. 

22 “Agence France-Press,” AFP Foundation, 14 October 2012 

. 

23 “AFP’s Values,” 14 October 2012. . 

24 “al-Jazeera,” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia 

Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia 

Britannica Inc., 2012, Web. 14 Oct. 2012. . 

25 “Code of Ethics,” About Us, Web, 14 

October 2012 . 

26 “Battle Station.” The Guardian, February 7, 2003. 

http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2003/feb/07/ 

iraqandthemedia.afghanistan. 

27 “Al-Jazeera English Hits Airwaves.” BBC, November 15, 

2006, sec. Middle East. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_ 

east/6149310.stm. 

28 “Facts and Figures.” Accessed December 8, 2012. http://www. 

aljazeera.com/aboutus/2010/11/20101110131438787482. 

html. 

29 “Professional Conduct Policy,” The Australian, Web, 16 

October 2012. . 

30 “The Australian,” NewsSpace: The Site for Media 

Professionals, Web, 16 October 2012 . 

31 “BBC - The BBC Story - History of Innovation,” Web, 16 Oct. 

2012. . 

32 “British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC),” Encyclopædia 

Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic 

Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012, Web, 16 

20 


Oct. 2012, . 

33 “Mission and Values,” BBC - Inside the BBC, Web, 16 Oct. 

2012. . 

34 Ibid. 

35 “BBC – The BBC Story.” 

36 “The New York Times,” Encyclopædia Britannica, 

Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition, 


. 

37 “Core Purpose & Values,” The New York Times Company, 

2010, Web, 16 Oct. 2012, . 

38 “The Times of India,” Encyclopædia Britannica, 

Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. 


. 

39 “About the Company,” India Times, Web, 16 Oct. 2012, 

. 

40 “TOI Online Is World’s No.1 Newspaper Website.” The 

Times Of India. Accessed December 8, 2012. http://articles. 

timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-07-12/india/28166748_1_ 

comscore-website-newspaper. 

21 


Bibliographic Essay 

“About the Company.” India Times. Web. 16 Oct. 2012. . 

“AFP’s Values.” 14 October 2012. . 

“Agence France-Press.” AFP Foundation. Web. 14 October 2012. . 

Associated Press v. United States. 326 U.S. 1. Supreme Court of the United States. 1945. Web. 9 October 2012. 

. 

“The Australian.” NewsSpace: The Site for Media Professionals. Web. 16 October 2012 . 

“Agence France-Presse (AFP) (French News Agency) -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia.” Web. 16 Oct. 2012. 

“al-Jazeera (Middle Eastern Broadcast Network) -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia.” Web. 16 Oct. 2012. 

“Al-Jazeera English Hits Airwaves.” BBC, November 15, 2006, sec. Middle East. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/ 

middle_east/6149310.stm. 

“Battle Station.” The Guardian, February 7, 2003. http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2003/feb/07/ 

iraqandthemedia.afghanistan. 

Baym, Geoffrey. From Cronkite to Colbert : the evolution of broadcast news. Boulder: Paradigm Publishers, 

2010. Print. 

“BBC - The BBC Story - History of Innovation.” Web. 16 Oct. 2012. 

“British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) (British Corporation) -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia.” Web. 16 Oct. 

2012. 

“Code of Ethics.” About Us. Web. 14 October 2012. . 

“Company Overview.” Google Inc. Web. 9 October 2012, . 

“Core Purpose & Values.” The New York Times Company. 2010. Web. 16 Oct. 2012. . 

“Facts and Figures.” Accessed December 8, 2012. http://www.aljazeera.com/ 

aboutus/2010/11/20101110131438787482.html. 

Habermas, Jürgen. “The Public Sphere: An Encyclopedia Article (1964).” In New German Critique 3. Autumn 

1974. 

Ingram, Mathew. “Crossing the Newspaper Chasm: Is It Better to Be Funded by Readers?” GigaOM. 3 Aug. 

2012. Web. 5 Aug. 2012. 

“John Stewart: The Most Trusted Name in Fake News.” Fresh Air. National Public Radio. 4 October 2010. Web. 

26 July 2012. 

King, Elliot, and Medill School of Journalism. Free for all : the Internet’s transformation of journalism. Evanston, 

Ill.: Northwestern University Press, 2010. Print. 

Linkins, Jason. “Online Poll: Jon Stewart Is America’s Most Trusted Newsman.” Huffington Post, July 22, 2009. 

http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/07/22/time-magazine-poll-jon-st_n_242933.html. 

“Professional Conduct Policy.” The Australian. Web. 16 October 2012. . 

22 


Starr, Paul. The creation of the media : political origins of modern communications. New York: Basic Books, 

2004. Print. 

“The New York Times (American Newspaper) -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia.” Web. 16 Oct. 2012. 

“The New York Times Is Now Supported by Readers, Not Advertisers.” Daily Intel. Web. 16 Oct. 2012. 

“The Times of India (Indian Newspaper) -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia.” Web. 16 Oct. 2012. 

“TOI Online Is World’s No.1 Newspaper Website.” The Times Of India. Accessed December 8, 2012. http:// 

articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-07-12/india/28166748_1_comscore-website-newspaper. 

Vaidhyanathan, Siva. The Googlization of everything : (and why we should worry). Berkeley: University of 

California Press, 2011. Print. 

“Why Is Jon Stewart ‘America’s Most Trusted Newscaster?’” Newsflavor. Web. 5 Aug. 2012. 

“YouTube & News.” Web. 17 July 2012. . 

23

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