Primocane-Fruiting Black Raspberry Breeding Program - Pete Tallman
Primocane-Fruiting Black Raspberry Breeding Program - Pete Tallman
Primocane-Fruiting Black Raspberry Breeding Program - Pete Tallman
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<strong>Primocane</strong>-<strong>Fruiting</strong> <strong>Black</strong> <strong>Raspberry</strong><br />
<strong>Breeding</strong> <strong>Program</strong><br />
<strong>Pete</strong> <strong>Tallman</strong>, Longmont, CO<br />
8/23/2005<br />
2/17/13 1<br />
Agenda<br />
Fruit breeding process general overview<br />
History & <strong>Breeding</strong> <strong>Program</strong><br />
Advanced selections<br />
(<strong>Breeding</strong> process slides<br />
“Fruit <strong>Breeding</strong> for the Amateur”<br />
thanks to Felix Cooper, Gardens Alive,<br />
NAFEX Conference 2007)<br />
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Look at your plants a bit<br />
differently!<br />
Agenda<br />
Fruit breeding process general overview<br />
History & <strong>Breeding</strong> <strong>Program</strong><br />
Advanced selections<br />
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Overview of Basic <strong>Breeding</strong><br />
Process<br />
1. Flower Anatomy<br />
2. Choosing Parents<br />
3. Pollen Collection<br />
4. Emasculation<br />
5. Stigma Receptivity/<br />
Pollen Application<br />
6. Fruit Set / Seed<br />
extraction<br />
7. Germination<br />
8. Seedling Plot<br />
Considerations<br />
9. Fruit Evaluation /<br />
Rouging<br />
10. Tagging Selections<br />
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Choose Your Parents<br />
Start simply, with one or two crosses<br />
Parents to promote desired traits<br />
Consider their bloom period<br />
Start a Journal for logging your progress.<br />
Write down the goal of your cross.<br />
Common <strong>Breeding</strong> Goals<br />
Fruit Attractiveness<br />
Precocity<br />
Productivity<br />
Tree/Bush Size &<br />
Habit<br />
Hardiness<br />
Late Bloom<br />
Self Fruitful<br />
Pest resistance<br />
Season Extension<br />
Fruit Size<br />
Aroma<br />
Adaptability<br />
Color, Fruit or Plant<br />
Thornlessness<br />
Seedlessness<br />
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Collecting Pollen<br />
Collect just before flowers have opened or<br />
bag if necessary<br />
Dry pollen after collection<br />
Refrigerate or Freeze for storage if<br />
necessary<br />
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Emasculation<br />
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2
Stigma receptive<br />
Look for a sticky appearance to the stigma,<br />
use a 10x lens if necessary.<br />
Most the time this happens when the anthers<br />
would begin to fracture.<br />
If in doubt start early and make multiple<br />
applications.<br />
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Fruit Set!<br />
An exhilarating moment --<br />
compatibility issues avoided<br />
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Scarify and Stratify<br />
Scarify seeds to allow water absorption<br />
(Mother Nature uses birds)<br />
Stratify seeds to simulate season change<br />
Seeds absorbing water<br />
Fall, Winter, Spring progression<br />
Can be frustratingly specialized to seed type<br />
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Pollen Application<br />
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Seed Extraction<br />
Collect seeds from ripe fruit<br />
Blender for small pulpy fruit<br />
Decant to remove pulp and floating seed<br />
Wash remaining seed in mild bleach or<br />
fungicide solution<br />
Dry seed for longer term storage<br />
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<strong>Black</strong> <strong>Raspberry</strong> Seed Treatment<br />
Soak 12 hours in 2.5% solution sodium hypochlorite<br />
(Clorox, one washer load + 1C distill. water), drain, rinse<br />
Soak 12 to 24 hours in distilled water<br />
Plant on surface of moist peat-based growing mix<br />
Three months, cellar temperature, dark, sealed bag<br />
Three months refrigeration<br />
Germinate using heat & light: 10 hours on, 14 hours off<br />
Covered empty aquarium on thermostat-controlled heater mat,<br />
80°F on, 65°F off<br />
Full-spectrum plant grow lights<br />
Seeds need light to germinate; keep uncovered<br />
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3
Seed Germination! (The real excitement sets in)<br />
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More realistic garden size<br />
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Germination to Transplant<br />
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Seedlings planted for evaluation<br />
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It’s time to sample!<br />
Don’t evaluate on an Empty Stomach<br />
Establish your benchmark<br />
Rouge Hard, Rouge Early<br />
“Wow” is a keeper, “Pretty Good” maybe not.<br />
Remember your objective<br />
Keep detailed records<br />
Mark selections<br />
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4
Elite Selection; Now what?!<br />
Propagate clones<br />
Send clones to trusted friends with different<br />
growing conditions<br />
If you are thinking of a US Plant Patent,<br />
Formal application within one year of any<br />
commercial use<br />
Test agreement for non-propagation and no<br />
commercial use<br />
Collect further data<br />
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Agenda<br />
Fruit breeding process general overview<br />
History & <strong>Breeding</strong> <strong>Program</strong><br />
Advanced selections<br />
Resources Available<br />
Dictionary of Plant <strong>Breeding</strong> and Related Subjects, 2003,<br />
Rolf H.J. Schlegel<br />
Advances in Fruit <strong>Breeding</strong>, 1975, Janick – Moore<br />
Fruit <strong>Breeding</strong> Volumes I-III, rev edition 1996, Janick –<br />
Moore<br />
Using <strong>Black</strong> Raspberries<br />
Plain<br />
Milk & sugar<br />
Cold cereal<br />
English custard<br />
Fruit salad<br />
Ice cream<br />
Sorbet<br />
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Stocking the Freezer<br />
Living in Poughkeepsie, NY<br />
<strong>Black</strong> Raspberries growing wild<br />
Unimproved roadsides<br />
Town park fringes<br />
Short picking season<br />
Hottest day of the summer, July 4<br />
Blue jeans, long-sleeved shirt (thorns)<br />
Many quarts for the freezer<br />
…<br />
Wild Selection W1<br />
Pancakes<br />
Cobbler<br />
Pie<br />
Apple crisp<br />
Jam...<br />
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10/1991<br />
5
Wild Selection W1<br />
First observed October 1986<br />
Reliable primocane fruiting<br />
Berries small<br />
Plants small<br />
Low fruit count<br />
Late Sept., early Oct. ripening<br />
Wanted more!<br />
PF <strong>Black</strong> <strong>Raspberry</strong> Available?<br />
No commercial source<br />
No breeding work found<br />
Several historical references<br />
‘W1’ could be something special<br />
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A. J. Downing<br />
The Fruits and Fruit Trees of America, by A. J.<br />
Downing, (1 st ed. 1845), revised ed.1869<br />
‘Ohio Everbearing’<br />
Found by Nicholas Longworth near Lake Erie, Cincinnati,<br />
1832<br />
Downing believed it had been grown earlier at an Ohio<br />
Quaker settlement<br />
“[Ohio Everbearing] …has the valuable property of<br />
bearing abundant crops of fine fruit, till late in the<br />
season. We have seen a quart gathered from a<br />
single plant on the 1 st day of November. It deserves<br />
a place in every large garden.”<br />
NY State Ag. Exp. Station<br />
The Small Fruits of New York, by U. P. Hedrick,<br />
NYSAES, Geneva, 1925<br />
252 named black raspberry varieties<br />
15 named varieties of primocane-fruiting<br />
black raspberry, including ‘Ohio Everbearing’<br />
‘Ohio Everbearing’<br />
Berries small, acid, poor quality<br />
Summer crop unproductive<br />
Cultivar dropped 1897!<br />
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Recent Sightings<br />
Dr. James Ballington, North Carolina State U.<br />
Limited primocane fruiting for a few NC wild<br />
selections<br />
Occasionally, ‘Jewel’ in southern states (NAFEX<br />
Pomona Spring 1992; private communication, 2005)<br />
Crops not commercially useful<br />
Improvement attempts unsuccessful<br />
Dr. Chad Finn, USDA-ARS, Corvallis, OR<br />
Growing several primocane-fruiting selections<br />
None ready for release<br />
<strong>Pete</strong>’s <strong>Breeding</strong> <strong>Program</strong><br />
NAFEX Pomona Article Summer 1991<br />
I found a fall-bearing black raspberry<br />
Wonder if I should breed it?<br />
North American Fruit Explorers (NAFEX), www.nafex.org<br />
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NAFEX Connections<br />
(as the result of my article)<br />
Collins Brooks, Arkansas<br />
Detailed controlled crossing & germination instructions<br />
Propagation instructions, misting bench plans<br />
Chance wild seedling (CB)<br />
Lon Rombough – Ongoing encouragement, guidance<br />
Jim Ballington, North Carolina State U. breeder<br />
Crossing suggestions<br />
Germination treatment<br />
W1 Material Shared 1991-1993<br />
Shared Seeds & Plants<br />
NAFEX members<br />
NCGR Corvallis, Oregon<br />
(CRUB 1391 PI 618559)<br />
Paul Otten, North Star Gardens, Minnesota<br />
Dr. Harry Jan Swartz, U of Md.<br />
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Lots to Learn<br />
Controlled crossing<br />
Propagation<br />
Germination<br />
Scarification<br />
Stratification<br />
Genetic inheritance<br />
Initial <strong>Breeding</strong> <strong>Program</strong> Goals, 1991<br />
“Commercially viable fall-bearing black<br />
raspberry”<br />
Cross with commercial cultivars<br />
Plant Patent potential<br />
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<strong>Primocane</strong>-<strong>Fruiting</strong> Trait<br />
Initial op seedlings of<br />
W1 were also pf!<br />
Trait apparently<br />
recessive in crosses to<br />
some degree<br />
Reappears in F2<br />
generation seedlings<br />
Exception: Haut in F1<br />
Trait moved into cross<br />
lines from Jewel, Allen,<br />
Haut, CB<br />
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Selection Progress<br />
Better selections marked and reused<br />
Open pollinated seedlings, i.e. “selfed”<br />
Crosses using better selections<br />
With cultivars<br />
With other selections<br />
Poor performers eliminated<br />
Iterate<br />
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7
Agenda<br />
Fruit breeding process general overview<br />
History & <strong>Breeding</strong> <strong>Program</strong><br />
Advanced selections<br />
Release Evaluation Yardstick<br />
USDA Zone 5 hardiness<br />
Over 50 berries per primocane<br />
Berries > 2 g<br />
Good berry form<br />
Ripening starting in August<br />
Seeds < 1.6 mg<br />
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Selection 9301.A.3<br />
Selected August, 2002<br />
F2 generation seedling of (W1 x CB)<br />
USDA Zone 5 hardiness Yes<br />
Over 50 berries per primocane Yes<br />
> 2 g berries Partial<br />
Good berry form Yes<br />
Ripening starting in August Yes<br />
Seeds < 1.6 mg 2.1 mg<br />
“There will never be a perfect cultivar.”<br />
--Dr. Courtney Weber, Cornell<br />
(private communication, 2002)<br />
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Prepare 9301.A.3 for Trials<br />
Additional clones via rooted primocane<br />
cuttings<br />
Contract propagation via meristem tissue<br />
culture<br />
Patent application<br />
Test sites arranged<br />
Cultivar named<br />
Explorer <strong>Black</strong> <strong>Raspberry</strong><br />
US Plant Patent #17,727 issued May, 2007<br />
8/23/2005<br />
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Explorer Berries<br />
Avg. 1.8 to 2.0g<br />
first pick<br />
Max berry to<br />
date 2.69 g<br />
Size declines<br />
through season<br />
10/3/2005<br />
(2.35 g, 2.34g)<br />
Toward Thornless<br />
Explorer is significantly less thorny than standard<br />
black raspberry cultivars on upper portions of canes<br />
Base of canes thorny; berry clusters thorny<br />
Leaves less thorny than other cultivars<br />
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Progress W1 to Explorer<br />
W1 10/1991<br />
Explorer 8/23/2005<br />
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Backup Selection PT-2A4<br />
Selected Summer/Fall 2006 (as 9866.2.A.4)<br />
F 3 generation from cross (CB x (W1 x selfed))<br />
Bigger berries, smaller seeds, more<br />
productive than Explorer<br />
Held back -- don’t disturb Explorer program<br />
Confirmed self-fruitful summer 2008 (whew!)<br />
Really thorny (sigh!)<br />
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Show-Stopper in Summer 2008<br />
Trials found Explorer wasn’t self-fruitful<br />
Confirmed by bagging, hand pollination<br />
experiments – suspected pollen sterile<br />
Explorer can produce with outside pollinator<br />
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Selection PT-2A4<br />
8/11/2012<br />
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9
PT-2A4 <strong>Primocane</strong> <strong>Fruiting</strong><br />
Reliable trait<br />
Ancestor trait observed since 1986<br />
Limited fruit possible in planting year<br />
Start ripening August to early September<br />
(Colorado, zone 5)<br />
about 70 days from tip pruning<br />
Cane ripens berries until exhaustion of berry<br />
sites, about 3-4 weeks, or until frost<br />
Hardiness, Disease Resistance<br />
PT-2A4 Hardy for zone 5 Longmont, CO<br />
Report of zone 3 hardiness in Minnesota<br />
Little or no disease pressure in Colorado<br />
Asking for observations<br />
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PT-2A4 Evaluation<br />
Material Transfer Agreements with evaluators<br />
Breeder-propagated plants to select few in<br />
spring 2009<br />
Heat treatment 2009-2011 to remove virus<br />
Contracted virus-indexed plants to evaluators<br />
spring 2012<br />
Expect first evaluation crop Aug-Sep 2013<br />
Plants not offered for sale<br />
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Testing Observations<br />
First PT-2A4 evaluation crop to be 2013<br />
[Watch this space]<br />
No plants for sale<br />
PT-2A4 Evaluation<br />
University<br />
programs<br />
Commercial<br />
Farmers market<br />
Pick your own<br />
Backyard<br />
Zones 3, 4<br />
Productivity?<br />
Adequate berry size?<br />
Adaptability?<br />
Flaws?<br />
Worthy of release?<br />
Worthy of further trial?<br />
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Contact Info<br />
8/23/2005 08/31/04<br />
<strong>Pete</strong>r H. <strong>Tallman</strong><br />
5690 Steeplechase Dr.<br />
Longmont, CO 80503<br />
E-mail: <strong>Pete</strong>_<strong>Tallman</strong> at hotmail dot com<br />
Web page: search on <strong>Pete</strong> <strong>Tallman</strong> Raspberries<br />
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10/03/2005<br />
10/23/2004<br />
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