Biomechanics

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Historical highlights The Scientific Revolution of the XVIIth century - Experiment and theory were introduced as complementary parts of scientific investigation - The Newtonian mechanics was established - The Mechanical Philosophy and Newtonian mechanics provide impetus to study human movement Historical highlights The Enlightenment: XVIIIth Century Science was not organized as today: the current subdivision into disciplines started at that time! Von Haller (1708-1777) – Recognised the role of electricity (a new discover) in muscle contraction, but refrain to associate it to the “spiritus animalius” that controlled movements Keill (1674-1719) – Calculated the number of fibres in a certain muscle and the tension per fibre to lift a given weight Daniel Bernoulli (11700-1728) – Developed a mechanical theory of muscle contraction. Breathing and the mechanical work of the heart were also studied. Nicholas Andre (1658-1742) – Coined the term “orthopaedics” (1741) and postulated that muscle unbalances can produce skeleton deformities. Exercise in childhood is recommended to prevent deformities Jean Jallabert (1746) – Was the first to rehabilitate paralysed muscles through electricity Luigi Galvani (1737-1798) – Muscles and nervous cells are able to produce electricity - Galvanic Electricity. He is considered the father of Bioelectricity. Robert Whytt (1714-1766) – Demonstrate the reflex action in the spinal chord in 1751, and localized the sites of single reflexes Historical highlights The Enlightenment: XVIII th Century Science was not organized as today: the current subdivision into disciplines started at that time! Euler (1707-1783), D’Alembert, Lagrange Euler (1707-1783) – Expanded Newton’s laws to be applied to rigid and fluid bodies on Earth, and not only to material points and celestial bodies. He start to develop the concept of conservation of energy D’Alembert (1717-1783) – Expanded Newton’s action / reaction law to moving objects Lagrange (1736-1815) – Treated mechanical problems with differential calculus. Newton’s 2nd law was expressed in terms of kinetic and potential energy. Historical highlights The Enlightenment: XVIIIth Century - The concept of force become more clearly understood - The concepts of conservation of momentum and energy started to develop - Mathematical consolidation of mechanical laws took place - Muscle contraction and action was recognised as influenced by mechanical, bio-chemical, and electrical forces
Historical highlights The XIX th Century: the gait century Development of science and its applications to human movement during the XIX th century was influenced by the XVIII th Century, namely: Rousseau, the Watt’s Steam Machine, and the French Revolution Development of sport and leisure J. J. Rousseau (1712-1778) – Emile (1762) – Revived the complementarities between body and mind, encouraging the return to NATURE and PHYSICAL ACTIVITY J. Watt (1736-1819) – Invented the Steam Machine (1777) – Potentiated the industrial revolution, the LEISURE time, recreation, and SPORTS French Revolution (1789) – The end of the monopoly of leisure and sports by the dominant social classes. Renewed scientific interest in human locomotion Historical highlights The XIX th Century: the gait century Marey (1838-1904) Historical highlights The XIX th Century: the gait century Renewed scientific interest in human locomotion Observation Photography Quantification of human and animal locomotion Eduard Weber (1795-1881) and Wilhelm Weber (1804-1891) – Published in 1836 the “Die Mechanik der menchlichen Gewerkzeuge” (On the mechanics of the human gait tools) Etienne Jules Marey (1838-1904) – Transformed the science of locomotion from observational to one based on quantification Edward Muybridge (1830-1904) – Was introduced to animal movement analysis by Mr. Stanford (Stanford University), to explain high speed trot in horses. He produced about 20.000 images of human and animal locomotion. Historical highlights The XIX th Century: the gait century Marey (1838-1904) Etienne Jules Marey (1838-1904) – Was the first to combine and synchronize kinematic and kinetic measurements. Storage and reutilization of elastic energy He also provide insight into: Ground reaction forces and CG movement EMG patterns Dependency of energy cost on movement characteristics
Page 1 and 2: Biomechanics J. Paulo Vilas-Boas, P
Page 3 and 4: Força / Peso Força / Peso 15 10 5
Page 5 and 6: BIO Complexity: Organization: Heter
Page 7 and 8: Historical highlights Antiquity - G
Page 9: Historical highlights The Scientifi
Page 13 and 14: Historical highlights The XIX th Ce
Page 15 and 16: Sports biomechanics Aims: to descri
Page 17 and 18: MECHANICS F = m . a Dynamics Unbala
Page 19 and 20: Biomechanical anthropometry Zatsior
Page 21 and 22: Kinematics Video Recording and proc
Page 23 and 24: Kinematics Velocimetry Kinematics V
Page 25 and 26: Força / Peso força normalizada Dy
Page 27 and 28: Internal forces assessment Intrusiv

Biomechanics

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