Biomechanics

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Historical highlights The Italian Renaissance (1450-1527) The revival of ancient Greek Philosophy, Literature, Art and freedom of thought and ethics. Nevertheless a scientific community didn’t exist. The authority of the church was replaced by the authority of the ancients Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) and Machiavelli emerged as the Renaissance men. The parallelogram of forces, simple and compound forces, studied friction, and questioned Aristotle’s relationships between force, weight, and velocity. “… an object offers as much resistance to the air as the air does to the object” Da Vinci’s mechanical analysis of human movement included joints, muscles, bones, ligaments, tendons and cartilage. He discarded the Aristotelian theory of Pneuma. “Spiritual force” replaced it. Historical highlights The Italian Renaissance (1450-1527) - Scientific work was revived - The foundations of modern anatomy and physiology were laid - Movement and muscle action were studied as connected entities. Historical highlights The Italian Renaissance (1450-1527) Vasselius (1514-1564) – Was authorised to make dissections of cadavers of executed criminals and noticed that Galen’s anatomy mixed human and animal characteristics. De Humani Corporis Fabrica Libri Septem was published in 1543, in the same year as Copernico’s Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium. Vesalius demonstrated that muscle shortens and become thicker during contraction. He consider muscle to be compose of the substance of the ligament and tendon, being divided into a great number of fibres Fallopius (1523-1562) – Was mainly devoted to fibrous tissues: “… motion requires a fibrous nature sin the actual body that is moved.”. He adopted the Galen’s theory that the Spiritus Animalis was the cause of muscular contraction, and carrier of the motor/spiritual function of the brain. Historical highlights The Scientific Revolution of the XVII th century Kings, Counts, wealthy families, Universities, and the Vatican supported men of science - Galileu Galilei (1564-1642), Kepler (1571-1630), Descartes (1596-1650), Newton (1642-1727) Intellectual freedom, as well as new ideas and finings were highly respected Experimentation becomes the cornerstone Galileu Galilei (1564-1642) – Showed that the rate of a fall is not a function of the falling object’s weight (Aristotelian approach). He was about to publish De Animaliam Motibus (The movement of animals), previously than Borelli’s De Motu Animalum (1680-81) by 40 years! He studied the biomechanics of human jump, the gait oh horses and insects, and human floatability conditions (Discourses on Two New Sciences, 1638). Scaling foundations were introduced (the three times sized animal femur).
Historical highlights The Scientific Revolution of the XVIIth century Galileu Galilei (1564-1642) The father of <strong>Biomechanics</strong> Theory of uniform movement Theory of projectiles Theory of the inclined plane The definition of Momentum Foundations for the three laws of Newton “If I was able to see further was because I stood on the shoulders of giants” Santorio (1561-1636) – Weighted himself and his solid and liquid inputs and output, experiments were laying the foundations of metabolism. William Harvey (1578-1657) – Discovered circulation, the capillaries connecting the arterial and venous circulation (without a microscope!), and the systole as the active action of the heart (against Gelen’s concept). Described the heart as a pump. He was the first “Cardiac Biomechanicist”. He died of a stroke. Renée Descartes (1596-1650) – Discovered the Cartesian Coordinate System observing a fly in the corner of the bedroom. One of the fathers of Mechanical Philosophy: “Changes observed in the natural world should be explained only in terms of motion and rearrangements of parts of matter” (L’homme, 1664, distinguish man from animals by the soul). Historical highlights The Scientific Revolution of the XVIIth century Isaac Newton (1642-1727), the “orchestra conductor” (Koestler, 1959) Kepler´s lows of motion of heavenly bodies Galileo’s law of falling bodies and projectiles Descartes law of inertia which require straight motion if no external force acted Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Methematica (1686) The law of inertia The law of acceleration due to an acting force The law of action and reaction The law of gravity The fundamental tool for kinematic and kinetic analysis of movement All motions in the universe can be described and / or predicted. As long as the movement was with relative speeds, which were small compared to the speed of light. Historical highlights The Scientific Revolution of the XVIIth century Giovanni Borelli (1608-1679), was granted by Queen Christina for the investigation of the mechanics of the human body The father of <strong>Biomechanics</strong>? The Motu Animalum, 1680 Historical highlights The Scientific Revolution of the XVIIth century Jan Swammerdam (1643-1680) – Constancy of frog’s muscle volume during contraction William Croone (1633-1684) – The brain must send a signal to the muscles to cause contraction Niels Stensen (1638-1686) – Precise descriptions of muscular structure Francis Glisson (1597-1677) – The theory of irritability of muscles Clopton Havers (1655-1702) – Systematic study of bone with a microscope. Bone is organic and inorganic in nature, with tubular cavities.
Page 1 and 2: Biomechanics J. Paulo Vilas-Boas, P
Page 3 and 4: Força / Peso Força / Peso 15 10 5
Page 5 and 6: BIO Complexity: Organization: Heter
Page 7: Historical highlights Antiquity - G
Page 11 and 12: Historical highlights The XIX th Ce
Page 13 and 14: Historical highlights The XIX th Ce
Page 15 and 16: Sports biomechanics Aims: to descri
Page 17 and 18: MECHANICS F = m . a Dynamics Unbala
Page 19 and 20: Biomechanical anthropometry Zatsior
Page 21 and 22: Kinematics Video Recording and proc
Page 23 and 24: Kinematics Velocimetry Kinematics V
Page 25 and 26: Força / Peso força normalizada Dy
Page 27 and 28: Internal forces assessment Intrusiv

Biomechanics

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