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LINKING ELEMENTS IN COMPOUNDS and tandenborstel (tand+en+borstel, ‗toothbrush‘). For this reason, it is possible that the first part of a compound may be interpreted as a plural form (Booij & van Santen, 1998; Haeseryn, Romijn, Geerts, de Rooij, & van den Toorn, 1997, p. 685; van den Toorn, 1982, p. 157). Empirical support for the claim that Dutch linking en can be interpreted as a plural form has been frequently found (Hanssen, Banga, Schreuder, & Neijt, accepted; Neijt, Krebbers, & Fikkert, 2002; Neijt, Schreuder, & Baayen, 2004; Schreuder et al., 1998). For instance, Schreuder et al. (1998) investigated the function of Dutch linking en in written nominal compounds. Dutch readers were at that time accustomed to the use of both e and en for the spelling of linking elements. In a number decision task, the participants were presented singular compounds (e.g., slang+e+beet, ‗snake+e+bite, snakebite‘) or plural compounds (e.g., muziek+critici, ‗music critics‘), and had to decide whether they saw a singular or a plural word. The experimental items were presented with a linking e (slang+e+beet, ‗snake+e+bite, snakebite‘) or a linking en (slang+en+beet, ‗snake+en+bite, snakebite‘) with the linking en always corresponding to the regular plural form of the noun (slang+en, ‗snakes‘). Note that in both cases, the correct response was ―singular‖ but slower response latencies were found when en occurred between the two constituents of the compound. Schreuder et al. (1998) conclude that the parsing of the compound delivers an initially plural reading when the linking element is written as the en plural. On the basis of their findings, they conclude that Dutch linking en activates plural semantics. Additional evidence for a relation between the linking en and the plural -en in Dutch is reported by Neijt et al. (2002) who undertook a picture naming task with Dutch children. When the participants were presented a picture of a balloon with bananas on it, they responded more often with a linking en, pronounced as [ə] or [ən], (e.g., banaan+en+ballon, ‗banana+en+balloon, banana balloon‘) and the first part of the compound thus corresponding to the Dutch plural for banana (banaan+en, ‗bananas‘) than when they were presented a picture of a balloon shaped as a banana. In the latter case, the participants responded more often with no linking element (e.g., banaan+ballon, 30
SIMILARITY OF PLURAL ENDINGS AND LINKING ELEMENTS ‗banana+Ø+balloon, banana balloon‘) and the first part of the compound thus corresponding to the Dutch singular for banana (banaan, ‗banana‘). These results show that a plural meaning induces a preference for the use of a linking en among Dutch children. The observation that left constituents in Dutch compounds may be interpreted as regular plural forms is problematic for the level-ordering hypothesis (Kiparsky, 1982) and the words-and-rules theory (Pinker, 1999). Both theories predict that irregular plurals may occur as modifiers in compounds (mice eater), whereas regular plurals (*rats eater) cannot. However, the Dutch translation equivalents muis+en+eter (‗mice eater‘) and rat+en+eter (‗rat eater‘) which contain a linking element en in between the two constituents provide a counterexample, because both examples may be analyzed as being composed of a regular noun plural as modifier (muizen+eter, ‗mice+eater‘ and ratten+eter, ‗rats+eater‘). If these forms are plural nouns, it means that regularly inflected nouns feed compound formation in Dutch. However, not all linguists agree with the perspective that Dutch linking en is similar to the plural suffix -en (de Haas & Trommelen, 1993; Verkuyl, 2007). Verkuyl (2007, p. 457-458) for instance, refutes the idea that boek+verkoper (‗bookseller‘) denotes one boek (‗book‘) and boek+en+plank (‗bookshelf‘) denotes a shelf for several boeken (‗books‘). In his view, plural and singular are characteristics that belong to phrases and not to single nouns. De Haas and Trommelen (1993, p. 402) report that linking e and en are both pronounced as [ə] and they consider the spelling difference between the two as irrelevant. Furthermore, they report that in compounds like boek+en+kast (‗bookcase‘) it is not possible to decide that the en of boek+en (book+en) is a plural suffix or a linking element (de Haas & Trommelen, 1993, p. 361). Some linguists take an intermediate position in this discussion and make a distinction between plural morphemes and linking elements (Bauer, 2003, p. 30; Booij, 2007, p. 88-89). In their view, the linking en is sometimes considered a plural morpheme (e.g., sted+en+raad, ‗cities‘ council‘), and sometimes a 31
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