Linking elements in compounds - LOT publications

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LINKING ELEMENTS IN COMPOUNDS contribute to our knowledge of regional variation in the pronunciation of specifically the linking element en in Dutch nominal compounds. The main issue of this study is the relation between linking elements and plural endings in Dutch speech production. The question is whether similarities exist between the pronunciation of the plural -en in nouns (e.g., noten kraken, ‗nut+[plural] crack, to crack nuts‘) and the pronunciation of the linking en in compounds (notenkraker, ‗nut+en+cracker, nutcracker‘). If the plural -en and linking en constitute different morphemes, then one can expect differences in their pronunciations to occur. If they do not constitute different morphemes, in contrast, then one can expect similar pronunciations. Evidence of the latter could suggest that the plural -en and linking en are closely related in Dutch, as claimed by some (e.g., Schreuder et al., 1998), but denied by others (e.g., Verkuyl, 2007). The production of plural nouns in phrases versus modifiers of a compound can give rise to prosodic differences as the plural nouns provide an -n at the end of the phonological phrase, while the modifiers provide an -n at only the end of the prosodic word. In earlier studies, it has been reported that the pronunciation of consonants in word final syllables tends to be longer than the pronunciation of consonants in medial syllables (Oller, 1973). Therefore, differences in the final lengthening of the final syllable before a phonological phrase boundary (plural nouns) versus a prosodic word boundary (compounds) can occur (Hofhuis, Gussenhoven, & Rietveld, 1995). 3 Perhaps final length differences can cause differences in the production of a medial -n within a compound word and a final -n at the end of a noun. For this reason, less n- pronunciation in compounds than in plural nouns can also be expected in the present study. 3 The research results of Cambier-Langeveld, Nespor and van Heuven (1997), however, have shown no significant differences in the durations of the final syllables at a prosodic word versus a phonological phrase boundary during regular speech production. 34
SIMILARITY OF PLURAL ENDINGS AND LINKING ELEMENTS In the study reported here, we compared the standard Dutch pronunciation of the plural suffix -en in nouns with the linking en in compounds by speakers from five different regions of the Netherlands. 2.2 Methods 2.2.1 Participants A total of 109 students participated in this study. The students were all intermediate vocational education students of agriculture in the Netherlands, with a mean age of 17 years. The schools were offered a small amount of money to participate. For each of the five regions of the Netherlands in which the plural -en is pronounced differently, one school was selected to participate (cf. Table 1 and Figure 1). Figure 1. Map of the Netherlands showing the five selected regions in the present study (N = North, M = Middle, E = East, S = South, W = West). Each school was located in a city that was not a provincial capital or a university city, and the students in the schools were all pursuing a relatively low level of agricultural study. With the use of this type of regional schools it was 35
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