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Results: At one year, there was no significant difference in prevalence of xylitol-resistant MS genotypes between the xylitol-wipe and the placebo-wipe groups. In addition, there were no statistical significant differences in biofilm formation of MS isolated from the two wipe groups at baseline or one year (p>0.05). Conclusions: This prospective randomized clinic trial has shown no correlation between caries reduction and selection of xylitolresistant MS. Furthermore, xylitol-wipe use did not alter the ability of MS to form biofilm. Further studies are needed to identify other possible mechanisms of caries prevention resulting from the use of xylitol-wipes in children. #36 Title: The morphological and cellular basis of hypoxia induced craniofacial malformations F SMITH (1), D HU (2), N YOUNG (2), B HALLGRIMSSON (3), R MARCUCIO (1) (1) Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, UCSF School of Dentistry (2) Dept. of Orthopaedic Surgery, SFGH, UCSF School of Medicine (3) Dept. of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada Introduction: Craniofacial malformations, ranging from simple cleft lip and palate to complex syndromes including holoprosencephaly, can be caused by genetic and/or environmental factors. One particular environmental factor of interest is prenatal hypoxia. Recent clinical and experimental evidence correlates hypoxia to craniofacial anomalies. However the mechanisms whereby hypoxia causes these defects are not yet understood. Objective: The objective of this work was to examine the morphological and cellular changes underlying hypoxia induced craniofacial defects in chick embryos. Methods: Chicken eggs were incubated in 9%, 11%, or 13% O2 (hypoxia) or in 21% O2 (normoxic control). Embryos were collected on days 2 through 6 for morphological, cellular behavior and metabolic analyses. Embryos were fixed overnight in 4% paraformaldehyde and photographed. Geometric morphometric analyses were performed on images of embryos to quantitate facial shape variation. TUNEL assay (for apoptosis) and BrdU staining (for cell proliferation) were performed. Immunohistochemical staining for AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) was performed for analysis of metabolic stress. Results: Hypoxia reduced the survival rate of avian embryos and led to developmental delay. Severe malformations included exencephaly, anencephaly, microcephaly, facial anomalies, and absence of the upper jaw anlage. Milder malformations included cephalic asymmetry, anophthalmia, and microphthalmia. Hypoxic embryos exhibited abnormal facial shape variation in relation to centroid size and age among individuals in hypoxic groups and between the hypoxic and normoxic groups. Cell proliferation was disrupted in hypoxic embryos. A cohort of early stage hypoxic embryos showed apoptosis of neural crest progenitor cells. Hypoxic embryos also exhibited increased activity of AMPK in sections. Conclusions: Hypoxia leads to high mortality, developmental delay, and craniofacial and cephalic malformations in chick embryos. Hypoxia also disrupts cell proliferation and leads to early stage neuroepithelial apoptosis, and may induce cellular oxidative stress. Support: NIH/NIDCR 1F31-DE021964 #37 Title: 3D Dental and Soft Tissue Changes between Skeletal and Conventional Anchorage Determined via CBCT Superimposition C SOLEM (1), G NELSON (1), S KIM (2), C CONTRO (1) (1) UCSF School of Dentistry (2) Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea Objectives: Patients with procumbent lips often seek orthodontic treatment to improve facial esthetics. The maxillary dentoalveolar complex primarily determines upper lip support. Therefore, optimal esthetic change to the lip soft tissue profile requires maximum retraction of the anterior dentition. Various forms of anchorage control aim to prevent forward movement of the posterior dentition resulting from retraction of the anterior teeth. We investigate a treatment approach in which no appliances are placed on the posterior teeth and the anterior teeth are retracted against partially-osseointegrated mini-implants. We compare the 3D dental, skeletal and soft tissue changes utilizing this approach to conventional treatment approaches in which non-skeletal (headgear, transpalatal arch) forms of anchorage are utilized. Methods: Patient records and CBCT radiographs were obtained from Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea and the UCSF Orthodontic clinic. IRB approval for the study was obtained from each institution. Patients were selected based on the severity of maxillary dentoalveolar protrusion and lip procumbency. CBCT radiographs were obtained at time points before and after anterior retraction. The two serial CBCT radiographs were superimposed on stable structures unmodified by growth using a fully automated, voxel-wise, rigid registration at the cranial base. Landmarks were identified in 3 dimensions on dental, skeletal and soft tissue points to resolve treatment changes. Results: We observed no net movement of the maxillary posterior dentition greater than 1.4 mm in the skeletal anchorage group in all 3 planes of space. The conventional anchorage group experienced greater movement of the posterior dentition, less incisor retraction, and less retraction of soft tissue A and B point. Conclusions: Treatment of maxillary dentoalveolar protrusion via skeletal anchorage results in improved reduction in lip procumbency, while minimizing change to the posterior dentition. Support: CBCT radiographs in this study were generously contributed from Kyung Hee University in Seoul, Korea. School of Dentistry Research and Clinical Excellence Day 2011 Program 17
#38 Title: Death Note against OSCC F YANG (1), W XIAO (2), R LIU (2), R KRAMER (1), K LAM (2) (1) UCSF School of Dentistry; (2) UC Davis Medical Center Department of Biochemistry Background: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a well-known malignancy that accounts for more than 90% of all oral cancers. 5-years survival rates for OSCC decrease with delayed diagnosis. So far, there is no sensitive and specific clinical screening method for OSCC . We therefore investigate a less invasive but more specific and sensitive method for screening OSCC. Objective: Our goal is to find ligands that will specifically bind to OSCC cells but not to normal healthy oral cells for clinical screening and subsequent treatment. Method: In this study, we employed “one bead one compound” combinatorial library (OBOC) strategy to identify specific ligands for OSCC. Briefly, 24 random libraries were screened with OSCC derived from lateral side of tongue for 1.5 hrs to identify library with possible OSCC binding ability. One library named X1 with strong, and fast OSCC binding property was chosen for further study. The selected libr ary has a permutation of 24.3 million compounds. Live OSCC were co-cultured with X1 OBOC libraries for 1.5 hrs. These OSCC cell binding beads were isolated and co-cultured with normal keratinocytes derived from skin. Compound beads that showed strong binding to OSCC but not to normal keratinocytes were identified. The chemical structures of the compounds were determined using Edmund Chemistry. Results: A final of 12 beads with strong OSCC binding, but no keratinocyte binding ability were identified and a motif was observed. Conclusion: Current work is underway to evaluate these ligands’ cytotoxicity, and possible conjugation to imaging agents for visual inspection of OSCC in vitro. In the future, these OSCC cell binding ligands will be reserved and generated on “one bead two compound” libraries to induce apoptosis of OSCC. III. POSTDOCTURAL/RESIDENT CATEGORY #39 Title: “Meth Mouth”: The Effect of Drug-Use Patterns, Beliefs, and Knowledge R BROWN-KIMBREW UCSF Department of Preventive and Restorative Health Sciences Objectives: Rampant dental caries, “meth mouth,” is characteristic of methamphetamine use; the second most widely abused drug in the world. The author sought to investigate the impact of drug-use patterns and knowledge on “meth mouth” severity and compared the number of teeth affected by caries between methamphetamine users (MA users) and nonusers using the DMFT (decayed, missing and filled teeth) index. Methods: A case-control study design was used amongst voluntary participants at the Sonoma County Main Adult Detention Facility. A sample of 59 MA users and 40 nonusers completed a self-administered questionnaire to assess their dental health, druguse patterns, and knowledge of “meth mouth.” Oral examinations were performed to obtain a DMFT index for each cohort. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-tests and analysis of variance. Results: MA users had higher DMFT scores (p=0.019) than nonusers and perceived that their oral health had declined (p=0.000) since using. Two drug-use patterns, years of use (p=0.026) and dosage (p=0.031), impacted DMFT and missing scores, respectively. Few participants (6.1 percent) had received “meth mouth” information from dental professionals. Conclusions: MA users have more permanent teeth affected by dental caries and the years of use and the dosage impacts the severity of “meth mouth”. Dentists should consider methamphetamine abuse among patients with high DMFT scores and provide all patients with information about “meth mouth” to prevent future or continued use of this drug. #40 Title: Effect of hydrogel Modulus and RGD Ligand Density on Mesenchymal Stem Cell Proliferation and Differentiation A JANG (1) A JHA (2), E CHEUNG (2), K HEALY (2)(3) (1) UCSF Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences (2) UC Berkeley Department of Bioengineering (3) UC Berkeley Department of Materials Science and Engineering Background: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) carry the potential to differentiate into multiple tissue types including osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and adipocytes. These cells hold great promise for the regeneration of orthopedic joints including the periodontium. Self-renewal and differentiation of these cells are thought to be directed, in part, by biomechanical microenvironment features of the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM). Objectives: In this study, we report on a synthetic ECM system which is independently tunable for cell adhesion ligand presentation and matrix stiffness for the purposes of guiding MSC proliferation and differentiation towards an osteoblastic state. Methods: A semi interpenetrating network (sIPN) hydrogel containing p(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-AAc) was synthesized using a radical addition reaction. Variation of crosslinking agent and polyacrylic acid-graft-[RGD] peptide concentration allowed for the independent tuning of complex modulus and cell adhesion ligand presentation. A custom QPQGLAK diacrylate crosslinking agent was utilized to facilitate osteoblastic differentiation by providing MMP-13 cleavage sites. Complex modulus was determined using rheology. Responses of both rat mesenchymal stem cells (rMSCs) and human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) were School of Dentistry Research and Clinical Excellence Day 2011 Program 18
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