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The etTorts around unifying opposing Mennonite groups during the early 17th century were supported by fostering a historic consciousness. Wedel (1901) provides us with a revealing account of the process that led to one of the most famous sources of early Mennonite testimonies, namely the above mentioned Mariyrx' Mirror (\660): In order to maintain consciousness of the historical position of their church and in order to make the blood-sealed inheritance of their fathers'^ important to the younger generation, 17"* century congregations experienced a great zeal in finishing and editing this great, venerable portfolio: "The Martyrs' Mirror". Soon it found its way into hundreds of families and rightly was honored as an archive of our fathers* testimonies of faith. The origin of this book is a chapter in itself, the beginnings of which reach down to the first years of the Anabaptist movement in the Netherlands. The reports of Anabaptists' persecutions, interrogations and endings, as well as their last letters, admonitions and prayers were recorded on single sheets. They were read with tears and guarded and valued as little treasures, since the Spanish Inquisition strove to destroy them. These writings kept up the courage of the persecuted and recruited new members for the cause, [from HG; my translation] Um sich ihrer kirchengeschichllichen SteHung hewuflt zu hleihen umi namentUch Jem jiingeren Geschlecht das mil Blul gesiegehe Erhe ihrer Vciler wichlig lu mac hen. zeigte sich vom Anfang cies / 7. Jahrhunderts an grosser Eifer in den Gemeinden in der Feriigsielliing unci Herausgahe jenes grofien, ehrwiirdigen Folianten, der hald unler dent Tilel: "Mdrlhyrerspiegel " seinen IVeg in hunderte von Familien /and und mi! Rechi als ein Archiv der Glaubenszeiignisse der Viiter verehrl wurde. Die Geschichte der Entsiehung desselhen bildei ja ein Kapitel fur sich, dessen Anfange bis in die erst en Jahre der Tdujerbewegung in den Niederlanden hinahreichen. Auf losen Blailern wurden da die Berichte von den Verfolgtmgen der Tciufer, ebenso ihrer Verhore und ihres Endes aufgeschrieben, - ehenso ihre letzten Briefe, Ermahnungen und Gebete. Unler Thrdnen wurden sie gelesen und wie kostbare Kleinode gehiilel. da die spanische Inquisiiion hinier denselben her war. um sie zu vernichten. Sie hielien Ja den Mul der Verfolgien aufrechi und war hen der Sache neue Genossen (Wedel 1901:36). " While Wedel correctly reports that martyrs were of both sexes, he continues his history of Mennonite church and life by using the generic "he." e.g. "our fathers." which silences the strong support of women in these historical affairs. 39
Prussia Although the communities in the Netherlands grew and developed, they were not spared from repression and persecution. Consequently, large numbers of Mennonites sought refuge in more tolerant regions of northeastern Germany and northwestern Poland. At the end of the 16"^ centur>'. Mennonite settlements could be found (I) along the upper Weichsel river. (2) within the city of Danzig. (3) within the city of Elbingen. (4) within the lower plains between the cities of Danzig and Elbingen. and (5) in eastern Prussia. Of special interest to this study of Me.xican Mennonites are those Mennonites who settled in the West Prussian - then under Polish rule - Vistula Delta, i.e. the delta and lower tlood plains of the Vistula and Nogat rivers between the cities of Danzig and Elbingen.'* Not much is known about the early history of the Polish - and German-Prussian Mennonite settlements. A letter by Menno Simons to a congregation in Prussia in 1549 hints of early settlement in the east, but reliable information about first settlements in Prussia is missing. Dutch Mennonites began their emigration to Prussia during the 1530s. where they continued to settle until 1570. While the more urban. Flemish Mennonites moved to the cities, the Friesians settled in the countryside. Not only did Dutch Mennonites find protection under Northeastern German and Polish noblemen, they often were invited and granted special protection by them. The reason behind this generosity was simple; Dutch Mennonites were known for their skills and industry in turning marshy lands into fertile farmland (Redekop 1969; Sawatzky 1971:2-3; Schroederand Huebert 1996:115; Wedel 1901:8, 62-65). Within the cities, Mennonites became increasingly involved in urban life and took up various occupations, such as merchant, manufacturer, craftsman, artisan, town laborer, etc. (Bender and Smith 1974:63; Schroeder and Huebert 1996:115). Outside the large cities, the first generations of immigrants had to struggle hard in working the swampy '* See Figure 5: The Vistula Delta (From Schroeder and Huebert 1996:11). 40
Page 1: INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscrip
Page 4 and 5: UMI Number: 3031394 Copyright 2001
Page 6 and 7: STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertati
Page 8 and 9: TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ILLUSTRAT
Page 10 and 11: TABLE OF CONTENTS - Conlinued Writi
Page 12 and 13: TABLE OF CONTENTS - Continued Women
Page 14 and 15: LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS FIGURE 1, Cen
Page 16 and 17: A NOTE ON TRANSLATIONS AND SPELLING
Page 18 and 19: operationalized, and the contrastin
Page 20 and 21: groceries, while walking behind the
Page 22 and 23: Eric Wolf and William Roseberry. I
Page 24 and 25: Chapter 5 (Serving and Spatsearen)
Page 26 and 27: In concluding, I draw attention to
Page 28 and 29: during August 1997. I then show how
Page 30 and 31: point of departure. By stressing th
Page 32 and 33: and other natural resources, as wel
Page 34 and 35: The foundations of Anabaptist belie
Page 36 and 37: people who were killed between 1524
Page 38 and 39: eturn of Christ brought much confus
Page 40 and 41: Working unceasingly, Menno Simons o
Page 44 and 45: marshes and many died of swamp feve
Page 46 and 47: granted Mennonites recognition on a
Page 48 and 49: Big sacrifices were made by both of
Page 50 and 51: On the long trek to South Russia, M
Page 52 and 53: hand-copied and transmitted from ge
Page 54 and 55: The highest religious leaders, the
Page 56 and 57: as peaceful as it might have seemed
Page 58 and 59: autonomy. Their delegates to St. Pe
Page 60 and 61: already resulted in separate groups
Page 62 and 63: The recently arrived immigrants liv
Page 64 and 65: solid landbase and village communit
Page 66 and 67: join the less conservative Berglhal
Page 68 and 69: prison. The troubled Old Colony mem
Page 70 and 71: Manitoba Old Colony members. This 1
Page 72 and 73: who among the conservatives had off
Page 74 and 75: sociopolitical upheavals, each of w
Page 76 and 77: development of two Mennonite school
Page 78 and 79: to select the village, the lot deci
Page 80 and 81: Besides suffering from droughts, th
Page 82 and 83: eventually had to comply. In Januar
Page 84 and 85: only fifteen years, the little trai
Page 86 and 87: While the external markets are male
Page 88 and 89: the implementation of good sanitati
Page 90 and 91: Excommunications are meant to induc
Page 92 and 93:
equipment, such as threshing machin
Page 94 and 95:
the exclusiveness of their way of l
Page 96 and 97:
CHAPTER 2: Representations of "The
Page 98 and 99:
exotic "otiier." In "Reading Nation
Page 100 and 101:
their traditional material culture
Page 102 and 103:
States Mennonite scholars to partic
Page 104 and 105:
101 In a more recent study, Redekop
Page 106 and 107:
1983; Toews et al. 1992) is sparse,
Page 108 and 109:
about the celebration once in a whi
Page 110 and 111:
Unser Hoffnungsheim^° as well as s
Page 112 and 113:
109 the Mennonite migrations since
Page 114 and 115:
all, the women attending the circle
Page 116 and 117:
113 Celebrating 75 Years of Mennoni
Page 118 and 119:
115 Everyone waited patiently for a
Page 120 and 121:
117 quilts and stitched kitchen tow
Page 122 and 123:
Those who stayed on the premises we
Page 124 and 125:
121 The themes of thankfulness and
Page 126 and 127:
longer allowed to own more than 200
Page 128 and 129:
versucht, den Armen zu helfen, inde
Page 130 and 131:
a thankful heart is good, because i
Page 132 and 133:
129 worldwide. Some cooperation, ho
Page 134 and 135:
13t The praise for the Mennonites b
Page 136 and 137:
(from HG; my translation) tVir Menn
Page 138 and 139:
135 Static definitions of group ide
Page 140 and 141:
examines how nationalist re-present
Page 142 and 143:
139 427). While the hegemonic disco
Page 144 and 145:
solid land base and village communi
Page 146 and 147:
to allow special privileges - even
Page 148 and 149:
epresentations of their history and
Page 150 and 151:
147 migration possible. More import
Page 152 and 153:
149 The local Chihuahuan Mennonite
Page 154 and 155:
15t The importance of uncovering wo
Page 156 and 157:
15S The gender division of Mennonit
Page 158 and 159:
women present during the anniversar
Page 160 and 161:
casting is delineated in strong con
Page 162 and 163:
In spite of the long pilgrimage all
Page 164 and 165:
16t Of special mention in journalis
Page 166 and 167:
16S German Consul Walter Schmiedeha
Page 168 and 169:
165 Similarly. Mexican ramhos refle
Page 170 and 171:
167 Instead of attempting to give a
Page 172 and 173:
16» Mennonites. Besides laying out
Page 174 and 175:
oth on the sidewalks and across the
Page 176 and 177:
e important in Chihuahua, but apple
Page 178 and 179:
175 Mennonites in 1922. Driving at
Page 180 and 181:
who hold key positions between the
Page 182 and 183:
17» Each of the bookstores offered
Page 184 and 185:
181 First Impressions During the tw
Page 186 and 187:
183 more successful in learning Spa
Page 188 and 189:
addressed during the "lecture" whic
Page 190 and 191:
187 trip to Cuauhtemoc with overnig
Page 192 and 193:
While explaining my interests to wo
Page 194 and 195:
the purpose of communicating while
Page 196 and 197:
19a conservative church group? Or s
Page 198 and 199:
195 The sample of 12 health care pr
Page 200 and 201:
Enjoy with ham, Schmamtfal (LG; sau
Page 202 and 203:
into their work aimed at supporting
Page 204 and 205:
201 work in a total of 102 househol
Page 206 and 207:
3.3. Writing Processes 2oa Epistemo
Page 208 and 209:
20& In order to express respect for
Page 210 and 211:
207 a researcher, but also because
Page 212 and 213:
209 of representing an exotic "othe
Page 214 and 215:
211 Mennonite groups in Chihuahua s
Page 216 and 217:
2t3 While I became friends with som
Page 218 and 219:
PART III: EVERYDAY LIFE: WOMEN'S WO
Page 220 and 221:
217 Mennonite habitus simultaneousl
Page 222 and 223:
219 show how they are located in wo
Page 224 and 225:
surrounding each farm shows doors a
Page 226 and 227:
223 Paul Redekop (1986:83) summariz
Page 228 and 229:
225 engage in wage labor.^ In both
Page 230 and 231:
227 labor of the kind stereotyped a
Page 232 and 233:
Whether working at home, on the far
Page 234 and 235:
church services and other Sunday ev
Page 236 and 237:
233 The case studies lead the reade
Page 238 and 239:
at play, works on crafts projects,
Page 240 and 241:
Monday. June 8. 1998: Morning: I jo
Page 242 and 243:
239 because milking by hand takes a
Page 244 and 245:
of the traditional village schools
Page 246 and 247:
we ate. I formed the butter, then p
Page 248 and 249:
245 Helena Enns married Peter, one
Page 250 and 251:
247 sisters come from a big family
Page 252 and 253:
249 After eleven years of marriage,
Page 254 and 255:
come home from school for lunch. Bo
Page 256 and 257:
during the wori( (e.g.. healthy or
Page 258 and 259:
255 with my baby: read to the child
Page 260 and 261:
257 In general, housework is a soli
Page 262 and 263:
Justina and her sister Helena were
Page 264 and 265:
sharing their recipes with me. and
Page 266 and 267:
and Monday is the traditional day f
Page 268 and 269:
265 from traditional, homemade dres
Page 270 and 271:
267 interesting feature of her gard
Page 272 and 273:
269 looking fur. She also had taken
Page 274 and 275:
calves that were waiting in small c
Page 276 and 277:
27a left for work, because she was
Page 278 and 279:
275 so that each task had its alloc
Page 280 and 281:
277 yard cleaning. Women also bake
Page 282 and 283:
279 seasonal periods (spring, summe
Page 284 and 285:
281 beans and making lunch - bean s
Page 286 and 287:
283 Besides sewing, Christmas time
Page 288 and 289:
CHAPTER 5: Serving and Spatsearen^
Page 290 and 291:
287 community rules continue to be
Page 292 and 293:
Mennonite communities with a focus
Page 294 and 295:
circles of related couples or frien
Page 296 and 297:
293 Executive Committee). The Progr
Page 298 and 299:
Lafiet um aber Gules tun und nicht
Page 300 and 301:
297 while they talk quietly. Some o
Page 302 and 303:
299 which mothers could bring peace
Page 304 and 305:
301 Traditionally, visiting is the
Page 306 and 307:
303 dishes plus sodas, coffee, and
Page 308 and 309:
they saw what I had brought, they a
Page 310 and 311:
307 An Easter Sunday at Anna Krahn'
Page 312 and 313:
309 In mixed groups, the gender and
Page 314 and 315:
311 In a society segmented along th
Page 316 and 317:
at the same time. In the case of on
Page 318 and 319:
the accompanying words do make a si
Page 320 and 321:
Conference women and men. More gend
Page 322 and 323:
old and more recent family pictures
Page 324 and 325:
chisme may also serve as a means of
Page 326 and 327:
323 concerns for health, detailed n
Page 328 and 329:
325 The health of those Mennonites
Page 330 and 331:
two years. ... in total, eighty-six
Page 332 and 333:
329 thousand doses of vaccines alon
Page 334 and 335:
331 As San Antonio's population beg
Page 336 and 337:
Life expectancy [among Mennonites]
Page 338 and 339:
There is no way of telling the exac
Page 340 and 341:
She thought one has to watch those
Page 342 and 343:
339 Health care seeking is influenc
Page 344 and 345:
341 at and talking directly to the
Page 346 and 347:
in these practices intended to prod
Page 348 and 349:
345 management groups that transcen
Page 350 and 351:
This approach to health in the Menn
Page 352 and 353:
349 dynamics of women's own iiealth
Page 354 and 355:
health promoting behavior. Some of
Page 356 and 357:
medicines and plants. One fruit not
Page 358 and 359:
355 before she noticed. Surely thei
Page 360 and 361:
357 As the vaccination team works d
Page 362 and 363:
solution. These explanations in spo
Page 364 and 365:
pains. ... We also went to the phar
Page 366 and 367:
ut realized that her seemingly simi
Page 368 and 369:
365 Eghte Hieng-fong Essenz (deutsc
Page 370 and 371:
her head and then her heart. The au
Page 372 and 373:
Israel liebte Gurken " (HG; The Hea
Page 374 and 375:
1996; Koblinsky et al 1993; Okojie
Page 376 and 377:
The only local Mennonile doctor gav
Page 378 and 379:
375 When I first visited the Mennon
Page 380 and 381:
377 donn, no dree Moonalen. jing el
Page 382 and 383:
379 childcare and housework (Bird a
Page 384 and 385:
play classical tunes and also had a
Page 386 and 387:
383 Once a woman is too sick to wor
Page 388 and 389:
Finally she realized that she had t
Page 390 and 391:
community member, who was suffering
Page 392 and 393:
members because of the belief that
Page 394 and 395:
etween conceptions of the healthy b
Page 396 and 397:
Other studies have stressed that "n
Page 398 and 399:
395 cope ... or a disease that can
Page 400 and 401:
communication, and processes of hea
Page 402 and 403:
strenuous human effort. The idea th
Page 404 and 405:
401 indicating "health" to be part
Page 406 and 407:
continued with her woric. because,
Page 408 and 409:
405 focused on intra-congregational
Page 410 and 411:
407 order to keep their patients. T
Page 412 and 413:
409 As indicated above in the Menno
Page 414 and 415:
411 lost to death decades after the
Page 416 and 417:
413 Froese was the first to come to
Page 418 and 419:
strengthen women's social positions
Page 420 and 421:
417 Becoming a Mennonite woman enta
Page 422 and 423:
419 mothers.* I divide this process
Page 424 and 425:
421 screamed, umil her mother told
Page 426 and 427:
early age come to see a gender divi
Page 428 and 429:
425 skill's are in demand." A teach
Page 430 and 431:
427 having their daughters around,
Page 432 and 433:
preparing dinner. While we were con
Page 434 and 435:
during the colder season, women wea
Page 436 and 437:
elatives. Similarly. Old Colony tee
Page 438 and 439:
436 houses, have coffee and cake, c
Page 440 and 441:
437 Over the years, women's everyda
Page 442 and 443:
439 "pregnancy" towards persons who
Page 444 and 445:
441 As household compositions chang
Page 446 and 447:
8. Social Challenges and Copine wit
Page 448 and 449:
... there is reason to believe, on
Page 450 and 451:
Funerals thus are ideal occasions f
Page 452 and 453:
In addition to social struggle base
Page 454 and 455:
Wealth is thus bad ethically only i
Page 456 and 457:
the time or energy to take care of
Page 458 and 459:
Owing that Mennonite women live in
Page 460 and 461:
CONCLUSIONS Old Colony and General
Page 462 and 463:
their accepted gender roles through
Page 464 and 465:
In contrast to men, women are neith
Page 466 and 467:
church community needs to be succes
Page 468 and 469:
Mennonites, the interrelated concep
Page 470 and 471:
Notably, the hands-on caring staff
Page 472 and 473:
Questionnaire 1. Mennonite Women Ke
Page 474 and 475:
(4) If you or a family member gets
Page 476 and 477:
Questionnaire 2. Mennonite Nurses (
Page 478 and 479:
APPENDIX B: PERMISSION
Page 480 and 481:
APPENDIX C: ILLUSTRATIONS
Page 482 and 483:
The MimtioiM of Mennonitei from the
Page 484 and 485:
NORTH WESTERN EUROPE A CENTRE OF AN
Page 486 and 487:
Bcfgradt Jchtmioov FIGURE 6, Migrat
Page 488 and 489:
Livtrpool FltNCf G11««*» SWCWK)
Page 490 and 491:
MENNONITE SETTLEMENTS IN MANITOBA 1
Page 492 and 493:
MENNONITE COLONIES IN MEXICO wnnonn
Page 494 and 495:
i 3 T ttDancni rm rm rm IndusUial a
Page 496 and 497:
Households and Communities Mennonit
Page 498 and 499:
COMMITTEES TOTAL FEMALE MALE COUPLE
Page 500 and 501:
©T-W ®-rH I I I I ^ S3 1 ~r D 3 S
Page 502 and 503:
Number Health Care Practitioner Eth
Page 504 and 505:
Monday Thursday Sunday TABLE 5b, Wo
Page 506 and 507:
7W^: Monday Wednesday Friday Sunday
Page 508 and 509:
Women Men Children Total Problems 3
Page 510 and 511:
APPENDIX E: PHOTOGRAPHS
Page 512 and 513:
REFERENCES References - Articles. B
Page 514 and 515:
Bourdieu, Pierre 1990 The Logic of
Page 516 and 517:
513 Collier, George A. 1994 BASTA!
Page 518 and 519:
Dyck, Isaak M. 1995a [1942?] Auswan
Page 520 and 521:
Friedrich, Paul 1977 [1970] Agraria
Page 522 and 523:
Irvine, J. 1982 The Creation of Ide
Page 524 and 525:
Koblinsky, Marge, Oona M.R. Campbel
Page 526 and 527:
Martens, Katherine and Heidi Harms,
Page 528 and 529:
Nugent, Daniel 1994a Social Class a
Page 530 and 531:
Rebhun, L. 1993 Nerves and Emotiona
Page 532 and 533:
1986 Sie suchten eine Heimat - Deul
Page 534 and 535:
Stavenhaven, Rodolfo 1970 Social As
Page 536 and 537:
Whiteford, Linda 1993 Child and Mat
Page 538 and 539:
Vol. 6. No. 17. September 3. 1997 V
Page 540:
Unknown 1998 Unsere Heimgegangenen
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