Journal of Eurasian Studies

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April-June 2012 JOURNAL OF EURASIAN STUDIES Volume IV., Issue 2. _____________________________________________________________________________________ 29. Instead of protecting the interests of workers, trade unions became a party to administration in exploiting the labour. In stitching and shoemaking factories, production quotas were raised so high that even highly skilled cobblers were unable to complete quota without extra shifts. Reports go that job-related illness among textile workers had increased five times in late 80s, which led to increase in skin and bone diseases besides muscular and digestive problems. M. Tokhtakhdejeava: Between the Slogans of Communism and the Laws of Islam, p. 122 .. 30. Their predominance in unskilled positions is borne out by 1970s when women constituted only 2.4% of 21680 mechanized agricultural workers: against this, women formed 98.9% of manual labourers on state farms. Very few women were enrolled in agricultural studies; by one estimate, out of 10,104 students in agricultural mechanization schools only 292 or 2.9% were women; in some oblasts no women were enrolled. Nancy Lubin: “Women in Soviet Central Asia,” Soviet Studies, Vol. XXXIII, No 2, Taylor and Francis, 1981. 31. In metallurgical and woodwork industries of Uzbekistan, for instance, only 15% of the total 10000 workers were women. Similarly, women constituted 50% of the workforce doing other heavy physical and manual works like driving tractors, etc. 32. Even in textile industry, which was superficially prosperous, the average wages remained only 30% higher than the country’s official minimum. A massive income generated by workers was spent on running the establishments and their overstaffed managements, and workers had no say in policy matters. M. Tokhtakhdejeava: Between the Slogans of Communism and the Laws of Islam, p. 123 33. The disproportionate representation of women in industrial sector as manual labourers is proved by the fact that in 1972 53.5% workers were employed in manual labour of whom about half were women even though there proportion in total labour force was only about 46%. Nancy Lubin, “women in Soviet Central Asia” p 184, Soviet Studies, Vol XXXIII, no 2, 1981. 34. Although in 1930’s to 1960’s women made remarkable strides in every field like doctors, lawyers, orientalists, scientists , philologists, professors and philosophers yet alter on the period of stagnationation has set in which roughly is considered from the1960’s till beginning of perestroika in 1985 and only few women stood out of entailing numberless compromises with their individuality. The tragic stories unfolded by a Sociologist about the career of working women in Soviet period substantiates the fact that even those women who held power position were caught by dichotomy between their supposed position _____________________________________________________________________________________ © Copyright Mikes International 2001-2012 20
April-June 2012 JOURNAL OF EURASIAN STUDIES Volume IV., Issue 2. _____________________________________________________________________________________ of power and the reality resulting pain and agony at the end of their career. For details sees M.Tokhtakhdejeava Between the Slogans of Communism and the laws of Islam P 134-157 35. M.Tokhtakhdejeava Between the Slogans of Communism and the laws of Islam p 126 36. Nancy Lubin, “women in Soviet Central Asia”., Soviet Studies, Vol XXXIII, no 2, 1981. 37. During this period, the universally accepted criteria, like professional abilities and skill to do concrete tasks in specific fields, were of secondary importance. 38. The various experiences of intellectual workers and scientists, as narrated by a sociologist, reveal the frustration which women scientists were confronting during Soviet period. Often, new ideas originated from women but were exploited by their men supervisors. For details see Marfua Tokhtakhdejeava: Between the Slogans of Communism and the Laws of Islam, pp. 126-129 39. The salaries of women working in intellectual fields were less than the minimum wages of women labourers. For details of women’s dramatic struggle against the totalitarian system, see Marufa Tokhtakhdejeava: Between the Slogans of Communism and the Laws of Islam, pp. 139-142 40. In one of the clothing factories of Fergana valley, for instance, out of 2743 women workers, the Uzbek were 2737 and 90% of them concentrated in the lowest skill jobs: Slavic women constituted 70% of female engineering, technical, and white-collar workforce. Nancy Lubin: Women in Soviet Central Asia, Progress and Contradictions, p. 185 41. Nancy Lubin: Women in Soviet Central Asia, Progress and Contradictions, p. 186; M.A.Tolmacheva, The Muslim Women in Soviet Central Asia, p.535, Great Britain, 1993. 42. Usually, women were assigned subordinate roles like Secretary of a district or a city committee, even when they composed one-third to one-fifth of the legislative, party, and komsomol bodies. But the official data claimed that the quotas of representation, as reserved for women within government and party organs, had been achieved in 1970s. Encyclopaedia of Women, Vol. II, year 2005. 43. For details of her dramatic struggle against the totalitarian system, see Marufa Tokhtakhdejeava: Between the Slogans of Communism and the Laws of Islam, pp. 139-142 44. It is noteworthy that women who emerged 1930s-40s did not come from the traditional background, – so because social attitudes rejected those who openly broke away from traditional concepts regarding the position and role of women. These female cadres came mostly from the de-classed, where women’s traditional dependence including economic dependence had weakened as a result of their life _____________________________________________________________________________________ © Copyright Mikes International 2001-2012 21
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