The effects of road pricing - Feweb - Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam

4.4 Stated choice experiment: theoretical framework...........................................64
4.4.1 Discrete choice models................................................................................................................... 64
4.4.2 Choice model specification ............................................................................................................ 65
4.5 Estimation results of stated choice experiment (SCE) data ............................66
4.5.1 The basic multinomial logit (MNL) model .................................................................................... 66
4.5.2 Observed heterogeneity: multinomial logit model with a set of covariates.................................... 70
4.6 Conclusions .....................................................................................................72
Appendix 4A.................................................................................................................................................... 74
Appendix 4B.................................................................................................................................................... 75
Appendix 4C.................................................................................................................................................... 76
Appendix 4D.................................................................................................................................................... 77
Appendix 4E.................................................................................................................................................... 79
Appendix 4F .................................................................................................................................................... 80
CHAPTER 5...................................................................................................................81
THE EFFECTS OF ROAD PRICING: SHORT-TERM RESPONSES AND CAR OWNERSHIP FROM A
SURVEY AMONG CAR OWNERS .......................................................................................81
5.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................81
5.2 Data collection and survey description...........................................................81
5.2.1 Data collection ............................................................................................................................... 81
5.2.2 Survey ............................................................................................................................................ 82
5.3 Effectiveness of different pricing regimes .......................................................84
5.3.1 Measure 1: flat kilometre charge (3, 6 and 12 €cents) and different revenue use........................... 84
5.3.2 Measure 2: kilometre charge with multi-step bottleneck toll (2A), and kilometre charge
differentiated according to weight of the vehicle (2B)..................................................................................... 86
5.3.3 Measure 3: peak and off peak kilometre charge with different revenue use................................... 87
5.3.4 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 88
5.4 Statistical analysis on effectiveness of pricing measures................................90
5.4.1 Methodology .................................................................................................................................. 90
5.4.2 Results for measure 1: a kilometre charge (3, 6 and 12 €cents,) and different types of revenue use
92
5.4.3 Results for measure 2: a kilometre charge with multi-step bottleneck toll (2A), and a kilometre
charge differentiated according to weight of the vehicle (2B) ......................................................................... 93
5.4.4 Results for measure 3: a peak and off-peak kilometre charge, with different revenue use............ 94
5.5 Car ownership .................................................................................................95
5.5.1 Survey ............................................................................................................................................ 96
5.5.2 Results for measures 1, 2 and 3...................................................................................................... 96
5.5.3 Results for measure 4: an increase of car ownership taxes and decrease of fuel costs ................... 98
5.6 Conclusions ...................................................................................................100
Appendix 5A.................................................................................................................................................. 103
Appendix 5B.................................................................................................................................................. 104
Appendix 5C.................................................................................................................................................. 105
PART II: INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS OF TRANSPORT PRICING ................107
CHAPTER 6.................................................................................................................109
AUCTIONING CONCESSIONS FOR PRIVATE ROADS.........................................................109
6.1 Introduction...................................................................................................109
6.2 Investment and pricing of infrastructure.......................................................109
6.3 A modelling framework for evaluating auctions for private roads...............111
6.3.1 Previous studies............................................................................................................................ 112
6.3.2 Model formulation ....................................................................................................................... 113
6.3.3 Numerical Example...................................................................................................................... 115
6.3.4 Auction rules for governments..................................................................................................... 116
6.3.5 Sensitivity analysis....................................................................................................................... 119
6.4 Conclusions ...................................................................................................123
Appendix 6A.................................................................................................................................................. 125
Appendix 6B.................................................................................................................................................. 126
Appendix 6C.................................................................................................................................................. 127
Appendix 6D.................................................................................................................................................. 129
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