EN REPORT (SCIE) F&B (3529b) - FreshwaterLife

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Except for vascular plants, there is a very marked difference between numbers of species recorded in the south and in the north. In the North East region, there are 91 non-native terrestrial and freshwater animals, as opposed to 278 in the South East region. The difference for vascular plants is smaller, with 514 species in the North East region, and 655 in the South East region. Introduced freshwater and terrestrial animals occupy a wide variety of habitats, especially surface waters, woodland, and cultivated land. Plants are completely different, being strongly concentrated on cultivated, built and derelict land. Marine organisms are not concentrated in one particular habitat. The terrestrial habitats with by far the lowest number of introduced species are the wetlands - bogs, fens and marshes. The economic and environmental effects of introduced species are generally unfavourable. Only four animals were rated as having a strongly positive economic effect, namely the quarry species common pheasant Phasianus colchicus, greylag goose Anser anser and redlegged partridge Alectoris rufa, and the predatory beetle Rhizophagus grandis, which is a biocontrol agent of the great spruce bark beetle Dendroctonus micans. Many plants of wild or wild-type seed origin are cultivated, especially by foresters; these have a strong positive economic impact. Nineteen species have been identified as having strongly negative environmental impacts. The animals include six mammals, two birds and one fish. The other two are the slipper limpet Crepidula fornicata, and the Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis, which spends most of its life in freshwater and estuaries. Three pathogens were noted for their major impact. Six vascular plants were in this category, but the number could be larger if different selection criteria were applied. The majority of non-native species are not thought to be strongly increasing or decreasing. Twenty-eight plants are strongly decreasing, all but five of which were introduced before 1500. Only two animals are strongly decreasing, Carthusian snail Monacha cartusiana and the giant earwig Labidura riparia. Thirty-six organisms are strongly increasing. It is recommended that for the purposes of monitoring and control, the species identified as strongly increasing or with large negative impacts are given the greatest attention.
Contents Summary 1. Introduction....................................................................................................................9 2. Aims ............................................................................................................................9 3. Methodologies of data collation...................................................................................10 4. Data searched...............................................................................................................10 5. Assumptions and definitions used ...............................................................................11 5.1 Non-native species...........................................................................................11 5.2 Species naturalized or occurring in the wild....................................................11 5.3 Type of non-nativeness....................................................................................12 5.4 Pathway of introduction...................................................................................12 5.5 Marine species .................................................................................................12 5.6 Terrestrial and freshwater invertebrates...........................................................13 5.6.1 Species newly recorded as British, or described as new to science from British specimens ........................................................................13 5.6.2 Species known in Britain only as pests of stored products or as commensals in houses..........................................................................14 5.7 Freshwater fish species ....................................................................................14 5.8 Birds.................................................................................................................14 5.9 Mammals, reptiles and amphibians..................................................................16 5.10 Vascular plants (terrestrial and freshwater) .....................................................16 5.10.1 Archaeophytes......................................................................................17 5.10.2 Neophytes ............................................................................................17 5.10.3 Spontaneous hybrids and derived species............................................17 5.10.4 Plants introduced from other parts of the British Isles ........................17 5.10.5 Deliberately introduced populations of formerly native species .........17 5.10.6 Casuals and planted species.................................................................18 5.11 Bryophytes .......................................................................................................18 5.12 Fungi (including lichens) .................................................................................18 5.13 Myxomycetes...................................................................................................20 6. Limitations of the data .................................................................................................20 7. Key findings in terms of the numbers and impacts of non-native species on biodiversity ..................................................................................................................21 7.1 Totals in major categories................................................................................21 7.2 Types of non-nativeness ..................................................................................23 7.3 Pathway of introduction...................................................................................24 7.4 Continent of origin...........................................................................................24 7.5 Date of introduction .........................................................................................25 7.6 Persistence........................................................................................................26 7.7 Numbers of species according in geographical regions...................................27 7.8 Habitats of introduced species .........................................................................27 7.9 Economic and ecological impacts....................................................................28
Page 1: Report Number 662 Audit of non-nati
Page 5: Summary This paper presents the res
Page 9 and 10: 1 Introduction Invasive non-native
Page 11 and 12: Together with these major sources,
Page 13 and 14: iogeographical boundary between nor
Page 15 and 16: Table 1. British Ornithologists’
Page 17 and 18: 5.10.1 Archaeophytes Non-native arc
Page 19 and 20: addition, the taxonomy of many grou
Page 21 and 22: introduced species in uncertain, ei
Page 23 and 24: Table 4. Numbers and proportions of
Page 25 and 26: cat, ferret and goat. Almost all th
Page 27 and 28: The category of species that are ex
Page 29 and 30: Table 12. Economic and ecological e
Page 31 and 32: Table 14. Trends in range and abund
Page 33 and 34: 8 Conclusions The audit of aliens s
Page 35 and 36: ATKINS, S.M., JONES, A.M., & GARWOO
Page 37 and 38: BLACKMAN, R.L. 1984. Two species of
Page 39 and 40: CARTER, J., & LEONARD, B.P. 2002. A
Page 41 and 42: COX, M.L. (in prep.). Atlas of Chry
Page 43 and 44: ELLIS, J.P. 1977a. The genera Trich
Page 45 and 46: GIBSON, D.I. 1993. Monobothrium wag
Page 47 and 48: HASLE, G.R. 1983. Thalassiosira pun
Page 49 and 50: ING, B. 1985. Pisolithus in Ireland
Page 51 and 52: KLAAR, M., COPP, G.H., & HORSFIELD,
Page 53 and 54: MARQUISS, M., and others. 2003. Con
Page 55 and 56: NBN SPECIES DICTIONARY. 2005. Avail
Page 57 and 58:
PRESTON, C.D., PEARMAN, D.A., & DIN
Page 59 and 60:
SHARROCK, J.T.R., ed. 1976. The Atl
Page 61 and 62:
STRAW, N.A., & BELLET-TRAVERS, M. 2
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WELCH, R.C. 2000. Phytomyza hellebo
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Appendix 1. Categories for species
Page 67 and 68:
Appendix 2. Terrestrial and marine
Page 69 and 70:
Appendix 3. EUNIS typology of habit
Page 71 and 72:
Appendix 4. Headings in database Th
Page 73 and 74:
(earliest) and Date 2 (latest). Pre
Page 75 and 76:
Direct economic value Valued animal
Page 77 and 78:
NM Moore PJC Chandler RH Hammon RHA
Page 79 and 80:
Scientific name Common name Comment
Page 81 and 82:
Paurocotylis pila an ascomycete Rec
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EN REPORT (SCIE) F&B (3529b) - FreshwaterLife

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