Evacuation and traffic management (full report) - FLOODsite

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Task 17 Evacuation D17-1 Contract No:GOCE-CT-2004-505420 1.3 Definition of evacuation Evacuation is a response to the immediate or forecast threat of flooding that is expected to pose a risk to life, health or well-being. It involves people moving from their houses or places of business to ‘safe’ locations, out of the flood risk area where they are able to shelter until it is possible and appropriate for them to return. Figure 1.2 shows how the eight main stages in evacuation planning and how they are related to the preparation and response phases of the disaster risk management cycle. After the event Figure 1.2 The stages of evacuation related to the preparation and response phases of the disaster risk management cycle 1.4 Stages in evacuation planning In evacuation planning eight main stages can be identified. These are detailed below. 1. Stakeholder involvement Before the actual start of the planning takes place it is important to recognise who should be involved in the planning process. Research has demonstrated a huge added value of involving appropriate stakeholders since they bring with them an amount of experience and knowledge that might be useful for planning an organisation (Atkinson et al, 2006). 2. Design of the plan Actual evacuation Evacuation Evacuation Preparation/packing Preparation/packing Decision Decision Assessment Assessment Recovery Recovery Response Response Recognition Recognition EVENT EVENT Prevention Prevention && Mitigation Mitigation Preparation Preparation Evacuation planning Raising Raising awareness awareness Stakeholder Stakeholder involvement involvement Plan Plan design design Before the event T17_07_02_Evacuation_and_traffic_management_D17_1_V4_4_P01.doc 19 03 2008 4
Task 17 Evacuation D17-1 Contract No:GOCE-CT-2004-505420 In this stage the actual emergency plan is designed and exercises carried out. The previous stage should have provided a clear idea of the responsibilities of different actors in the process. 3. Pre-flood preparedness This will determine the level of flood awareness and is likely to influence whether people receive official (or unofficial) warnings and how they act on them. People who have had previous experience of flooding may extend or reduce the time between warning and evacuation, depending on the level of the previous flood and their understanding of the warning codes (Atkinson et al, 2006). 4. Flood emergency stage a) Recognition of critical situation The physical parameters of the flood define the emergency, and the official recognition of an emergency defines the response. The depth of water and velocity of the flow are just two of the factors upon which a decision about the seriousness of a flood and evacuation may be made, whether by an official or by the individual householder. b) Assessment of evacuation options Given a certain flood forecast and the estimation of the likely flood extent the availability of the various escape routes can be assessed. On this basis an assessment of evacuation options will be carried out. The results of this assessment form the basis for the decision to evacuate and for any of the actions to be taken in the rest of the process. c) Decision to act upon critical situation The development of the source of risk (e.g. floodwater depths and velocities) needs to be monitored. After recognising a critical situation and its potential development over time, the decision is taken to evacuate. 5. Evacuation (leaving home) Whether or not people evacuate in a structured manner (i.e. on recommended routes, using recommended transport modes, to recommended shelter zone) will depend on whether an official evacuation recommendation is given, and how much guidance is provided to assist evacuees in their decision-making. 6. Emergency shelter The official response at the scene will direct those affected towards the official rest centres or reception centres that have been set up by teams coordinating response. Clearly this necessitates good liaison and communication between all those involved, but in particular between the official responders and those coordinating that response across different local authority departments. For some, emergency response terminates when householders reach the rest centre, whereas for many the disaster may only just have become apparent at this stage. Communication and coordination between those involved in the response and the public is paramount at the rest centre (Atkinson et al, 2006). 7. The return There may need to be temporary accommodation between emergency and return. A coordinated reentry process is paramount, with appropriate social and technical support. 8. Debriefing At the end of an evacuation is it necessary for the stakeholders to evaluate the result of the evacuation and their respective contributions to it. This is regarded as extremely important since it allows organisations to improve themselves and their actions. These in relation to the end user requirements are further discussed in Chapter 3. T17_07_02_Evacuation_and_traffic_management_D17_1_V4_4_P01.doc 19 03 2008 5
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