US Army mountaineering techniques (basic)

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ACTIVITY: Danger is less if the soldier is active. A man produces about 100 watts (341 BTUs) of heat standing still but up to 1,000 watts (3,413 BTUs) in vigorous activity like cross-country skiing. PROPER <strong>US</strong>E OF CLOTHING and ADEQUATE DIET are both important. COMMON SENSE: There is no substitute for it. The chart serves only as a guide to the cooling effect of the wind on bare skin when first exposed. General body cooling and many other factors affect the risk of freezing injury. Winds in traveling storms are more persistent in speed than those accompanying local storms. There are two winds that result from the daily cycle of solar heating: Valley or up-valley breezes develop on during calm, clear days in valleys that are subject to intense solar radiation. Mountain or down-valley breezes develop on clear nights, the mountainsides lose heat rapidly and cool the surrounding air, which settles downslope.
8. Thunderstorms. Although individual thunderstorms are normally local and are over quickly, they can be part of a large weather system that may hinder mountain operations. In the alpine zone, above the timberline, thunderstorms may be accompanied by freezing precipitation and sudden, squally winds. Ridges and peaks are focal points for concentrated electrical activity, which is dangerous. Local thunderstorms develop from rising air columns, and occur most often in the middle or late afternoon. Scattered, fair-weather cumulus clouds are harmless, but when they continue to grow large and reach high altitudes of several thousand meters they may turn into thunderstorms. Thunderstorms that occur at night or in the early morning are associated with major changes in the weather, resulting in stormy weather before clearing on the high summits. Thunderstorms occurring at these times may also be part of a storm line, which is followed by a prolonged period of cool, dry weather. 9. Lightning. Many casualties have been reported due to lightning during mountain operations, which involve an increased risk of being struck. Lightning kills more people in the United States than any other weather phenomenon. Mountain climbers are often on prominent peaks and exposed ridges, which are subject to lightning strikes and lesser discharges. The best way to avoid lightning in the mountains is to stay off exposed peaks or ridges, and stay out of an unprotected flat expanse during an electrical storm. If such a storm can be predicted, it is best not to climb. You should avoid being under prominent or isolated trees. If you are caught in an exposed place and have time before the storm reaches you, you should get as far down the mountain and away from the exposed ridges as possible. You should avoid ridges that dominate the skyline-the middle of a ridge is preferred to the end of a ridge.
Page 1 and 2: MOUNTAINEERING TECHNIQUES (BASIC) B
Page 3 and 4: Practice Exercise LESSON 3: CLIMBIN
Page 5 and 6: weather. If you are scheduled to de
Page 7 and 8: Hazards can be termed natural (caus
Page 9 and 10: In order to obtain concealment from
Page 11 and 12: This decreased pressure causes the
Page 13 and 14: clouds are forming due to heat rele
Page 15 and 16: As the storm approaches, the cirrus
Page 17: In high mountains, the ridges and p
Page 21 and 22: obscures frontal passages in the mo
Page 23 and 24: An increase in size and rapid thick
Page 25 and 26: A steady fall of snowflakes or rain
Page 27 and 28: During cold weather, snow may be us
Page 29 and 30: 5. Nutrition. reservoir to collect
Page 31 and 32: During ascent to high altitudes, yo
Page 33 and 34: A unit should rest after each 1,000
Page 35 and 36: field. Pace counts should be used i
Page 37 and 38: Many other factors, in various comb
Page 39 and 40: distinguish between them, open the
Page 41 and 42: Not changing socks often. Improper
Page 43 and 44: If frostbite is not recognized befo
Page 45 and 46: Sunburn. This is the burning of exp
Page 47 and 48: Acute mountain sickness (AMS) is a
Page 49 and 50: death. Cases that are recognized ea
Page 51 and 52: a. typical mountainous weather in h
Page 53 and 54: 3. c. the life cycle of a local sto
Page 55 and 56: PART A - CLIMBING ROPES AND TYPES O
Page 57 and 58: You should inspect these ropes for
Page 59 and 60: direction as the standing part. In
Page 61 and 62: itself to lock it in place. Six to
Page 63 and 64: When handling ropes, you should obs
Page 65 and 66: Class I - Joining knots Class II -
Page 67 and 68: STEP 3 - Reach through the loop and
Page 69 and 70:
Checkpoints: Two wraps with the wo
Page 71 and 72:
Checkpoints: The loop is locked in
Page 73 and 74:
STEP 2 - Tie a figure eight knot in
Page 75 and 76:
STEP 2 - Form a loop away from and
Page 77 and 78:
STEP 5 - Secure the heel wrap and p
Page 79 and 80:
The bight in the knot faces back to
Page 81 and 82:
STEP 3 - With the working end, form
Page 83 and 84:
Checkpoints: The loop is the desir
Page 85 and 86:
STEP 4 - Hold the newly formed loop
Page 87 and 88:
STEP 1 - Lay the rope across the th
Page 89 and 90:
STEP 7 - Finish the knot with a bow
Page 91 and 92:
STEP 1 - To tie a bowline on a coil
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Checkpoints are the same as for a r
Page 95 and 96:
The process of tying the knot invol
Page 97 and 98:
The process of tying the knot invol
Page 99 and 100:
The following information applies t
Page 101 and 102:
D-Shaped snaplinks are stronger tha
Page 103 and 104:
Mountain packing list. The mountain
Page 105 and 106:
the balls of his feet The length an
Page 107 and 108:
Proper wear of cold-weather clothin
Page 109 and 110:
In cold weather, the best issue soc
Page 111 and 112:
General equipment includes items us
Page 113 and 114:
There are four configurations used
Page 115 and 116:
Angle pitons. These are used in wid
Page 117 and 118:
lades are straight and edges tapere
Page 119 and 120:
3. As a member of your unit, you ha
Page 121 and 122:
When tying any class of knots, it i
Page 123 and 124:
mountain climbing equipment and tec
Page 125 and 126:
Walking on Hard Ground. Hard ground
Page 127 and 128:
3. Balance Climbing. Balance climbi
Page 129 and 130:
Down climbing. During descents, you
Page 131 and 132:
Feet kept below the body and should
Page 133 and 134:
Jam Holds. Jamming involves wedging
Page 135 and 136:
Footholds. On steep slopes, the bod
Page 138 and 139:
Inverted pull hold (see Figure 3-11
Page 140 and 141:
As the body is raised to chest leve
Page 142 and 143:
the lower man is anchored to the ro
Page 144 and 145:
Keep the soles of boots clean and d
Page 146 and 147:
Rope's point of attachment to the l
Page 148 and 149:
Static belay. This belay does not a
Page 150 and 151:
If the anchor is further than an ar
Page 152 and 153:
Brace properly for the expected dir
Page 154 and 155:
ake position is to the belay's oppo
Page 156 and 157:
The rope leading from the climber i
Page 158 and 159:
10. Mechanical Belay. These belays
Page 160 and 161:
1. General. PART C - RAPPELLING Rap
Page 162 and 163:
In an emergency, double the rope an
Page 164 and 165:
Adjust the joining knot so that it
Page 166 and 167:
to face up toward the anchor point.
Page 168 and 169:
Seat-Shoulder Rappel. To hook up fo
Page 170 and 171:
Munter Hitch. Attach a large radius
Page 172 and 173:
If you are the first rappeller down
Page 174 and 175:
LESSON 3 PRACTICAL EXERCISE Instruc
Page 176 and 177:
tight. c. ensure that the rope runn
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US Army mountaineering techniques (basic)

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