US Army mountaineering techniques (basic)

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Signs of Bad Weather (within 24 to 48 hours). This may include: A gradual lowering of the clouds. This may be the arrival or formation of a new lower strata of clouds. It can also indicate the formation of a thunderhead. An increasing halo around the sun or moon. An increase in humidity and temperature. Cirrus (mares tails) clouds. A decrease in barometric pressure (registered as a gain in elevation on an altimeter). Signs of Good Weather. This may include: A gradual rising and diminishing of the clouds. A decreasing halo around the sun or moon. Dew on the ground in the morning. Small snowflakes, ice crystals, or drizzle, which indicate that the clouds are thin and fair weather may exist at higher altitudes. An increase in barometric pressure (registered as a loss in elevation on an altimeter). Precipitation. When there is precipitation and the sky cannot be seen: Small snowflakes or ice crystals indicate that the clouds above are thin, and fair weather exists at high altitudes.
A steady fall of snowflakes or raindrops indicate that the precipitation has begun at high levels, and bad weather is likely to be encountered on ridges and peaks. 1. General. PART C - ACCLIMATIZATION AND CONDITIONING Before undertaking extensive military operations in high mountainous elevations, as a soldier, you require a period of acclimatization. It is unrealistic to think that a freshly deployed, unacclimatized unit can perform well in action. This could be disastrous if the opposing force is acclimatized. Even the physically fit soldier experiences physiological and psychological degradation when thrust into high elevations. Time must be allocated to allow for acclimatization, conditioning and training. Training in mountains of low or medium elevation (1,500 to 2,500 meters) does not require special conditioning and acclimatization procedures, however, impairment of operating efficiency on some soldiers may occur. Above 3,000 meters (high elevation), most unacclimatized soldiers may be expected to display some altitude effects. About 10 percent may experience symptoms of acute mountain sickness (AMS). Conduct training at a high altitude of about 2,500 meters gradually increasing it and ending at 5,000 meters; acclimatization beyond 5,000 meters will result in degradation of the body greater than the benefits gained. Employment of the local population may be advantageous because they have lived at higher elevations, and can be expected to out perform the most fit and acclimatized soldier. 2. Symptoms and Adjustments. You are acclimatized to high altitudes when you are able to effectively perform physically and mentally. The acclimatization process begins immediately upon arrival at the higher elevation, and if the change is abrupt, it is expected that most of you will suffer the symptoms of acute mountain sickness. These symptoms will disappear from four to seven days, but their disappearance does not indicate complete acclimatization. The process of adjustment continues for weeks or months. Complete acclimatization is achieved at about 5,000 meters.
Page 1 and 2: MOUNTAINEERING TECHNIQUES (BASIC) B
Page 3 and 4: Practice Exercise LESSON 3: CLIMBIN
Page 5 and 6: weather. If you are scheduled to de
Page 7 and 8: Hazards can be termed natural (caus
Page 9 and 10: In order to obtain concealment from
Page 11 and 12: This decreased pressure causes the
Page 13 and 14: clouds are forming due to heat rele
Page 15 and 16: As the storm approaches, the cirrus
Page 17 and 18: In high mountains, the ridges and p
Page 19 and 20: 8. Thunderstorms. Although individu
Page 21 and 22: obscures frontal passages in the mo
Page 23: An increase in size and rapid thick
Page 27 and 28: During cold weather, snow may be us
Page 29 and 30: 5. Nutrition. reservoir to collect
Page 31 and 32: During ascent to high altitudes, yo
Page 33 and 34: A unit should rest after each 1,000
Page 35 and 36: field. Pace counts should be used i
Page 37 and 38: Many other factors, in various comb
Page 39 and 40: distinguish between them, open the
Page 41 and 42: Not changing socks often. Improper
Page 43 and 44: If frostbite is not recognized befo
Page 45 and 46: Sunburn. This is the burning of exp
Page 47 and 48: Acute mountain sickness (AMS) is a
Page 49 and 50: death. Cases that are recognized ea
Page 51 and 52: a. typical mountainous weather in h
Page 53 and 54: 3. c. the life cycle of a local sto
Page 55 and 56: PART A - CLIMBING ROPES AND TYPES O
Page 57 and 58: You should inspect these ropes for
Page 59 and 60: direction as the standing part. In
Page 61 and 62: itself to lock it in place. Six to
Page 63 and 64: When handling ropes, you should obs
Page 65 and 66: Class I - Joining knots Class II -
Page 67 and 68: STEP 3 - Reach through the loop and
Page 69 and 70: Checkpoints: Two wraps with the wo
Page 71 and 72: Checkpoints: The loop is locked in
Page 73 and 74: STEP 2 - Tie a figure eight knot in
Page 75 and 76:
STEP 2 - Form a loop away from and
Page 77 and 78:
STEP 5 - Secure the heel wrap and p
Page 79 and 80:
The bight in the knot faces back to
Page 81 and 82:
STEP 3 - With the working end, form
Page 83 and 84:
Checkpoints: The loop is the desir
Page 85 and 86:
STEP 4 - Hold the newly formed loop
Page 87 and 88:
STEP 1 - Lay the rope across the th
Page 89 and 90:
STEP 7 - Finish the knot with a bow
Page 91 and 92:
STEP 1 - To tie a bowline on a coil
Page 93 and 94:
Checkpoints are the same as for a r
Page 95 and 96:
The process of tying the knot invol
Page 97 and 98:
The process of tying the knot invol
Page 99 and 100:
The following information applies t
Page 101 and 102:
D-Shaped snaplinks are stronger tha
Page 103 and 104:
Mountain packing list. The mountain
Page 105 and 106:
the balls of his feet The length an
Page 107 and 108:
Proper wear of cold-weather clothin
Page 109 and 110:
In cold weather, the best issue soc
Page 111 and 112:
General equipment includes items us
Page 113 and 114:
There are four configurations used
Page 115 and 116:
Angle pitons. These are used in wid
Page 117 and 118:
lades are straight and edges tapere
Page 119 and 120:
3. As a member of your unit, you ha
Page 121 and 122:
When tying any class of knots, it i
Page 123 and 124:
mountain climbing equipment and tec
Page 125 and 126:
Walking on Hard Ground. Hard ground
Page 127 and 128:
3. Balance Climbing. Balance climbi
Page 129 and 130:
Down climbing. During descents, you
Page 131 and 132:
Feet kept below the body and should
Page 133 and 134:
Jam Holds. Jamming involves wedging
Page 135 and 136:
Footholds. On steep slopes, the bod
Page 138 and 139:
Inverted pull hold (see Figure 3-11
Page 140 and 141:
As the body is raised to chest leve
Page 142 and 143:
the lower man is anchored to the ro
Page 144 and 145:
Keep the soles of boots clean and d
Page 146 and 147:
Rope's point of attachment to the l
Page 148 and 149:
Static belay. This belay does not a
Page 150 and 151:
If the anchor is further than an ar
Page 152 and 153:
Brace properly for the expected dir
Page 154 and 155:
ake position is to the belay's oppo
Page 156 and 157:
The rope leading from the climber i
Page 158 and 159:
10. Mechanical Belay. These belays
Page 160 and 161:
1. General. PART C - RAPPELLING Rap
Page 162 and 163:
In an emergency, double the rope an
Page 164 and 165:
Adjust the joining knot so that it
Page 166 and 167:
to face up toward the anchor point.
Page 168 and 169:
Seat-Shoulder Rappel. To hook up fo
Page 170 and 171:
Munter Hitch. Attach a large radius
Page 172 and 173:
If you are the first rappeller down
Page 174 and 175:
LESSON 3 PRACTICAL EXERCISE Instruc
Page 176 and 177:
tight. c. ensure that the rope runn
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US Army mountaineering techniques (basic)

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