US Army mountaineering techniques (basic)

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Weather predictions are based on educated estimation or on meteorological evidence. Natives of an area may supply weather knowledge that is accurate. An individual remaining in one mountain region for several weeks in any season can add indications for that area based on his own experience. Changing Weather. This change may be indicated by a marked shift in pressure, wind velocity, or wind direction; an abnormal change in temperature; or in the moisture content of the air within a 12-hour period. Traveling Storms. The approach of a traveling storm is indicated when: A thin veil of cirrus clouds spreads over the sky, thickening and lowering until altostratus clouds are formed. The same trend is shown at night when a halo forms around the moon and then darkens until only the glow of the moon is visible. When there is no moon, cirrus clouds only dim the stars but altostratus clouds completely hide them. Low clouds, which have been persistent on lower slopes, begin to rise at the time upper clouds appear. Various layers of clouds move in at different heights and become abundant. Lens-shaped clouds accompanying strong winds lose their streamlined shape and other cloud types appear in increasing amounts. A change in the direction of the wind is accompanied by a rapid rise in temperature not caused by solar radiation. This may also indicate a warm, damp period. A light green haze is observed shortly after sunrise in mountain regions above the timberline. Local Disturbances. Indications of local thunderstorm showers or squally weather are:
An increase in size and rapid thickening of scattered cumulus clouds during the afternoon. The approach of a line of large cumulus or cumulonimbus clouds with an advance guard of altocumulus clouds. At night, increasing lightning windward of the prevailing wind gives the same warning. Massive cumulus clouds hanging over a ridge or summit at nighttime or daytime. Strong Winds. Indications of approaching strong winds may be: Plumes of blowing snow from the crests of ridges and peaks or ragged shreds of cloud moving rapidly. Persistent lens-shaped clouds; or a band of clouds over high peaks and ridges, or downwind from them. A turbulent and ragged banner cloud that hangs to the lee of a peak. Fair Weather. Fair weather may be associated with: A cloudless sky and shallow fog, or layers of smoke or haze at valley bottoms in early morning. A cloudless sky that is blue down to the horizon or down to where a level haze layer forms a secondary horizon. Conditions under which small cumulus clouds appearing in the forenoon do not increase but decrease or vanish during the day. Clear skies except for a low cloud deck that does not rise or thicken during the day.
Page 1 and 2: MOUNTAINEERING TECHNIQUES (BASIC) B
Page 3 and 4: Practice Exercise LESSON 3: CLIMBIN
Page 5 and 6: weather. If you are scheduled to de
Page 7 and 8: Hazards can be termed natural (caus
Page 9 and 10: In order to obtain concealment from
Page 11 and 12: This decreased pressure causes the
Page 13 and 14: clouds are forming due to heat rele
Page 15 and 16: As the storm approaches, the cirrus
Page 17 and 18: In high mountains, the ridges and p
Page 19 and 20: 8. Thunderstorms. Although individu
Page 21: obscures frontal passages in the mo
Page 25 and 26: A steady fall of snowflakes or rain
Page 27 and 28: During cold weather, snow may be us
Page 29 and 30: 5. Nutrition. reservoir to collect
Page 31 and 32: During ascent to high altitudes, yo
Page 33 and 34: A unit should rest after each 1,000
Page 35 and 36: field. Pace counts should be used i
Page 37 and 38: Many other factors, in various comb
Page 39 and 40: distinguish between them, open the
Page 41 and 42: Not changing socks often. Improper
Page 43 and 44: If frostbite is not recognized befo
Page 45 and 46: Sunburn. This is the burning of exp
Page 47 and 48: Acute mountain sickness (AMS) is a
Page 49 and 50: death. Cases that are recognized ea
Page 51 and 52: a. typical mountainous weather in h
Page 53 and 54: 3. c. the life cycle of a local sto
Page 55 and 56: PART A - CLIMBING ROPES AND TYPES O
Page 57 and 58: You should inspect these ropes for
Page 59 and 60: direction as the standing part. In
Page 61 and 62: itself to lock it in place. Six to
Page 63 and 64: When handling ropes, you should obs
Page 65 and 66: Class I - Joining knots Class II -
Page 67 and 68: STEP 3 - Reach through the loop and
Page 69 and 70: Checkpoints: Two wraps with the wo
Page 71 and 72: Checkpoints: The loop is locked in
Page 73 and 74:
STEP 2 - Tie a figure eight knot in
Page 75 and 76:
STEP 2 - Form a loop away from and
Page 77 and 78:
STEP 5 - Secure the heel wrap and p
Page 79 and 80:
The bight in the knot faces back to
Page 81 and 82:
STEP 3 - With the working end, form
Page 83 and 84:
Checkpoints: The loop is the desir
Page 85 and 86:
STEP 4 - Hold the newly formed loop
Page 87 and 88:
STEP 1 - Lay the rope across the th
Page 89 and 90:
STEP 7 - Finish the knot with a bow
Page 91 and 92:
STEP 1 - To tie a bowline on a coil
Page 93 and 94:
Checkpoints are the same as for a r
Page 95 and 96:
The process of tying the knot invol
Page 97 and 98:
The process of tying the knot invol
Page 99 and 100:
The following information applies t
Page 101 and 102:
D-Shaped snaplinks are stronger tha
Page 103 and 104:
Mountain packing list. The mountain
Page 105 and 106:
the balls of his feet The length an
Page 107 and 108:
Proper wear of cold-weather clothin
Page 109 and 110:
In cold weather, the best issue soc
Page 111 and 112:
General equipment includes items us
Page 113 and 114:
There are four configurations used
Page 115 and 116:
Angle pitons. These are used in wid
Page 117 and 118:
lades are straight and edges tapere
Page 119 and 120:
3. As a member of your unit, you ha
Page 121 and 122:
When tying any class of knots, it i
Page 123 and 124:
mountain climbing equipment and tec
Page 125 and 126:
Walking on Hard Ground. Hard ground
Page 127 and 128:
3. Balance Climbing. Balance climbi
Page 129 and 130:
Down climbing. During descents, you
Page 131 and 132:
Feet kept below the body and should
Page 133 and 134:
Jam Holds. Jamming involves wedging
Page 135 and 136:
Footholds. On steep slopes, the bod
Page 138 and 139:
Inverted pull hold (see Figure 3-11
Page 140 and 141:
As the body is raised to chest leve
Page 142 and 143:
the lower man is anchored to the ro
Page 144 and 145:
Keep the soles of boots clean and d
Page 146 and 147:
Rope's point of attachment to the l
Page 148 and 149:
Static belay. This belay does not a
Page 150 and 151:
If the anchor is further than an ar
Page 152 and 153:
Brace properly for the expected dir
Page 154 and 155:
ake position is to the belay's oppo
Page 156 and 157:
The rope leading from the climber i
Page 158 and 159:
10. Mechanical Belay. These belays
Page 160 and 161:
1. General. PART C - RAPPELLING Rap
Page 162 and 163:
In an emergency, double the rope an
Page 164 and 165:
Adjust the joining knot so that it
Page 166 and 167:
to face up toward the anchor point.
Page 168 and 169:
Seat-Shoulder Rappel. To hook up fo
Page 170 and 171:
Munter Hitch. Attach a large radius
Page 172 and 173:
If you are the first rappeller down
Page 174 and 175:
LESSON 3 PRACTICAL EXERCISE Instruc
Page 176 and 177:
tight. c. ensure that the rope runn
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US Army mountaineering techniques (basic)

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