Educational Psychology Third Edition Kelvin Seifert and Rosemary ...

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effective.
0 The student has NO UNDERSTANDING of the question or problem. The response is completely
incorrect or irrelevant.
Performance assessments
Typically in performance assessments students complete a specific task while teachers observe the process or
procedure (e.g. data collection in an experiment) as well as the product (e.g. completed report) (Popham, 2005;
Stiggens, 2005). The tasks that students complete in performance assessments are not simple—in contrast to
selected response items—and include the following:
• playing a musical instrument
• athletic skills
• artistic creation
• conversing in a foreign language
• engaging in a debate about political issues
• conducting an experiment in science
• repairing a machine
• writing a term paper
• using interaction skills to play together
These examples all involve complex skills but illustrate that the term performance assessment is used in a
variety of ways. For example, the teacher may not observe all of the process (e.g. she sees a draft paper but the final
product is written during out-of-school hours) and essay tests are typically classified as performance assessments
(Airasian, 2000). In addition, in some performance assessments there may be no clear product (e.g. the
performance may be group interaction skills).
Two related terms, alternative assessment and authentic assessment are sometimes used instead of
performance assessment but they have different meanings (Linn & Miller, 2005). Alternative assessment refers to
tasks that are not pencil-and-paper and while many performance assessments are not pencil-and paper tasks some
are (e.g. writing a term paper, essay tests). Authentic assessment is used to describe tasks that students do that are
similar to those in the “real world”. Classroom tasks vary in level of authenticity (Popham, 2005). For example, a
Japanese language class taught in a high school in Chicago conversing in Japanese in Tokyo is highly authentic—
but only possible in a study abroad program or trip to Japan. Conversing in Japanese with native Japanese speakers
in Chicago is also highly authentic, and conversing with the teacher in Japanese during class is moderately
authentic. Much less authentic is a matching test on English and Japanese words. In a language arts class, writing a
letter (to an editor) or a memo to the principal is highly authentic as letters and memos are common work products.
However, writing a five-paragraph paper is not as authentic as such papers are not used in the world of work.
However, a five paragraph paper is a complex task and would typically be classified as a performance assessment.
Advantages and disadvantages
There are several advantages of performance assessments (Linn & Miller 2005). First, the focus is on complex
learning outcomes that often cannot be measured by other methods. Second, performance assessments typically
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