Designer's note - Scenario Design Center
Designer's note - Scenario Design Center
Designer's note - Scenario Design Center
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<strong>Design</strong>er’s <strong>note</strong> – Modern Campaigns 2: Fulda Gap ‘85<br />
Jörg Lissa<br />
Note: an English translation of this section of the <strong>note</strong>s can be found below.<br />
I. Warum Fulda Gap ’85?<br />
Ia. Eine kurze geschichtliche Zusammenfassung des kalten Krieges in Deutschland<br />
Ib. Warum 1985?<br />
II. Die Karte<br />
III. Die Truppen<br />
IV. Die Szenarios<br />
IVa. Überraschungsvariante<br />
IVb. Klassische Variante<br />
V. Szenario Übersicht<br />
VI. Literatur<br />
I. Warum Fulda Gap ’85?<br />
Ia. Eine kurze geschichtliche Zusammenfassung des kalten Krieges in<br />
Deutschland<br />
Nachdem Ende des 2. Weltkrieges wurde Deutschland in vier Besatzungszonen unterteilt,<br />
die britische im Norden, die amerikanischen im Süden, die französische im Südwesten<br />
nahe der französischen Grenze und die sowjetische im Osten Deutschlands. Diese<br />
Besatzungszonen blieben offiziell bis zur Gründung der Bundesrepublik Deutschland<br />
1949 bestehen. Zur gleichen Zeit wie die Gründung der Bunderrepublik Deutschland,<br />
wurde die Deutsche Demokratische Republik nach dem Vorbild der Sowjetunion<br />
gebildet. Die ehemalige Reichshauptstadt Berlin wurde ebenfalls zwischen den<br />
Besatzungsmächten in vier Kontrollzonen aufgeteilt.<br />
Recht schnell nach dem Ende des 2. Weltkriegs konstatierten sich durch massive<br />
politische, weltanschauliche und militärische Unstimmigkeiten zwei Parteien heraus - die<br />
so genannten Westmächte( mit den Vereinigten Staaten, Großbritannien und Frankreich)<br />
und auf der östlichen Seite die Sowjetunion mit ihren Verbündeten. Der eiserne Vorhang<br />
war geschaffen.<br />
Der erste ernsthafte Konflikt zwischen den Westmächten und der Sowjetunion fand im<br />
Jahre<br />
1947/48 mit der sowjetischen Blockade Berlins statt. Nachdem die westdeutsche<br />
Währungsreform eingeleitet und auf die amerikanischen, britischen und französischen<br />
Sektoren in Berlin ausgedehnt wurd, blockierte die Sowjetführung kurzerhand den freien<br />
Zugang zur Stadt und forderte die Westmächte auf, die Stadt zu räumen. Doch die<br />
Westallierten ignorierten diese Drohung, allen voran die Vereinigten Staaten und<br />
richteten trotz massiver logistischer Probleme eine Luftbrücke für die eingeschlossene<br />
Stadt und ihre Bewohner ein. Am 12. Mai 1949 lenkte die Sowjetunion schließlich ein und<br />
beendete die Blockade.<br />
Page 1
Am 4. April 1949 wurde die NATO ( North Atlantic Treaty Organization ) gegründet und<br />
von Belgien, Dänemark, Frankreich, Großbritannien, Island, Italien, Kanada, Luxemburg,<br />
den Niederlanden, Norwegen, Portugal und den Vereinigten Staaten in Washington D.C.<br />
unterzeichnet. Das Bündnis trat am 24. August 1949 in Kraft. 1952 traten die Türkei und<br />
Griechenland dem Bündnis bei und schliesslich 1955 die Bundesrepublik Deustchland.<br />
Ebenfalls 1955, am 14. Mai wurde der Warschauer Pakt, das östliche Militärbündis unter<br />
sowjetischer Führung, mit den Mitgliedsstaaten Albanien, Bulgarien, der Deutschen<br />
Demokratischen Republik, Polen, Rumänien, der Tschechoslowakei, der Sowjetunion<br />
und Ungarn begründet.<br />
Nachdem die ostdeutsche Regierung den Mauerbau am 13. August 1961 eingeleitet und<br />
den Westmächten die Bewegungsfreiheit in Ost-Berlin eingeschränkt hatte, eskalierte die<br />
Lage zunehmend.<br />
Am 22. Oktober 1961 gab es einen Eklat um US-Diplomaten Lightner, welchem die<br />
Einreise nach Ost-Berlin zuerst verweigert und nur mit massiver Präsenz von US Panzer<br />
durchgesetzt werden konnte.<br />
Am 27. Oktober fuhren 10 sowjetische Panzer am Checkpoint Charlie in Berlin auf, eine<br />
Drohgebärde, welche die Amerikaner nicht so hätten stehen lassen können. Die<br />
Amerikaner schicken ihrerseits 10 Panzer und so standen sich 16 Stunden lang beide<br />
Atommächte mit scharfer Munition 200 Meter von einander entfernt gegenüber. Die Welt<br />
hielt den Atem an…<br />
Durch engagiertes Handeln des US Präsidenten John F. Kennedy auf diplomatischen<br />
Wegen zogen sich die Panzer beider Seiten am 28. Oktober zurück.<br />
Der schließliche Höhepunkt des kalten Krieges drückte sich in Form der Kubakrise 1962<br />
aus, bei dem die Welt haarscharf am Rande eines Nuklear-Krieges bewegte.<br />
13 Tage lange rangen die beiden Supermächte um die Errichtung ballistischer<br />
Nuklearwaffen vom Typ SS-4 Sandal auf Kuba, bis die Sowjetunion schließlich einlenkte<br />
und alle Raketen abzog.<br />
Mit dem Ende des Vietnamkrieges setze sich eine Phase der Entspannung und<br />
Abrüstung zwischen den beiden Blöcken ein. Erste Abrüstungsverträge wie SALT I ( S<br />
trategic Arms Limitation Treaty) und SALT II wurden beschlossen, sowie<br />
KSZE-Konferenzen ( Konferenz zur Sicherheit und Zusammenarbeit in Europa ) und<br />
andere Friedensverhandlung prägten diese Epoche.<br />
Ib. Warum 1985?<br />
Die meisten von Ihnen fragen sich sicherlich, warum wir gerade 1985 als Konfliktjahr<br />
ausgewählt haben. Nun, das hat folgende Gründe, wir wollten ein Jahr Mitte der 80iger<br />
Jahre wählen in dem eine möglichst breit gefächerte Zahl von unterschiedlichen<br />
Waffensystem innerhalb der NATO und des Warschauer Paktes bereitstanden. Anfang<br />
der 80iger Jahre führten beispielsweise die USA den M1 Abrams, die Deutschen den<br />
Leopard II und die Sowjetunion den T-80 Panzer ein. Es braucht natürlich eine gewisse<br />
Zeit um diese neuen Panzer an die Truppe auszuliefern und ältere Modelle zu ersetzen.<br />
Schnell stellten wir fest, das das Jahr 1985 ein guter Repräsentant ist. Die USA hatte<br />
beispielsweise bereits einen Grossteil der M60A3 Panzer in Deutschland mit den M1<br />
ersetzt und der Leopard II war ebenfalls in grösserer Stückzahl in deutschen Divisionen<br />
vertreten. Auf der sowjetischen Seite war der T-80 schon in annehmbarer Stückzahl<br />
vorhanden, obwohl nur ein sehr kleiner Teil der Panzerbatallione damit bestückt wurden.<br />
Mit den anderen Waffensystemen wie, Schützenpanzern des Typs M2 Bradley, Marder I<br />
A2 und BMP 2 sah es ähnlich aus. Auch diese waren Anfang der 80iger eingeführt und<br />
Page 2
schrittweise an die Truppe ausgeliefert worden.<br />
II. Die Karte<br />
Kurz zur Geschichte: Die NATO hatte seinerzeit Deutschland in zwei strategische<br />
Sektoren unterteilt, der nördliche Sektor umfasste Nord-Deutschland bis zum bergischen<br />
Land bei Bonn und der südliche Sektor beinhaltete Hessen, Baden Württemberg und<br />
Bayern. Jeder dieser beiden Sektoren war wiederum in Unter-Sektoren geteilt, welche<br />
die Verteidigungs-Zuständigkeiten der einzelnen NATO Korps regelte.<br />
Unsere Karte zeigt Mittel-Deutschland, mit der Achse Frankfurt-Fulda-Leipzig als<br />
Schwerpunkt, die so genannte „Fulda Gap", der kürzeste Weg von der<br />
Deutsch-Deutschen Grenz zum Rhein. In diesem Bereich waren das amerikanische V.<br />
Korps und das II. West-Deutsche Korps stationiert und hatten die primäre Aufgabe<br />
Frankfurt und das umliegende Rhein-Main Gebiet im Falle eines sowjetischen Angriffs zu<br />
verteidigen. Im Falle eines solchen Angriffes wäre die „Fulda Gap" wahrscheinlich der<br />
bedeutendste Sektoren überhaupt gewesen.<br />
Tatsächlich findet sich „Fulda Gap" in den meisten NATO-Szenarien, die sich mit einer<br />
Invasion des Warschauer Paktes in Westeuropa beschäftigen. Nach unbestätigten<br />
Quellen hatte die Sowjetunion eine Operation mit dem Namen „Rheintor" (<br />
engl.Rhinegate) geplant. Was bekannt ist, ist die Tatsache, dass diese Operation in<br />
gerade diesem Sektor stattgefunden hätte, Angriffsart, Truppenzusammensetzung und<br />
andere Details lassen sich nur erahnen.<br />
Die Karte in Fulda Gap’85 ist sehr akkurat, wie schon in Middle East ’67 beträgt die<br />
Hexfeldgrösse 1 Meile und eine Zug in Fulda Gap ’85 umfasste wie gehabt 3 Stunden.<br />
Nachdem ich die Karte von John Tiller bekommen hatte und ich mich zusammen mit ihm<br />
in die Thematik eingearbeitet hatte, stellten wir schnell fest, dass der nord-östliche<br />
Abschnitt eigentlich nicht zum eigentlichen Fulda Gap Sektor gehörte. Dieser Bereich war<br />
historisch gesehen der potentielle Aufmarschraum von Teilen der sowjetischen 3. Schock<br />
Armee mit dem Angriffsziel Hannover weiter im Norden. Nun standen wir vor einer<br />
Entscheidung, entweder die Karte so zu belassen wie sie ist und damit die 3. Schock<br />
Armee mit auf die Karte zu nehmen oder den Bereich unpassierbar zu machen. Wir<br />
entschieden uns für in gewisser Hinsicht für beides. Da das Gelände keine wesentliche<br />
Bedeutung hat gestalten wir es als unpassierbar und dennoch behielten wir die 3. Schock<br />
Armee in der OOB für eventuelle Szenario Variationen bei.<br />
Weiterhin ist auf der Karte die deutsch-deutsche Grenze zu sehen, welche aus<br />
Minenfeldern, Stacheldraht, Wachtürmen, Selbstschussanlagen und Zäunen bestand.<br />
Diese Grenze war in den 80iger Jahren eine der best bewachteste Grenze der Welt<br />
(Übertroffen wurde die Bewachung nur an der koreanischen Grenze).<br />
III. Die Truppen<br />
Die OOB für Fulda Gap’85 war eines der Hauptprobleme in der Entwicklung des Spiels.<br />
Über die NATO Truppen in Deutschland gibt es ausführliche Literatur, daher war die<br />
exakte Nachbildung kein grosses Problem. Doch woher die Schlachtenordnung des<br />
Warschauer Paktes nehmen? Die frei zugänglichen Informationen sind nicht gerade<br />
üppig, doch Greg „Sturm" Smith hatte zum Glück exzellente Informationen über die<br />
Streitkräfte des Warschauer Paktes in den 80iger Jahren.<br />
Page 3
Ursprünglich war die NATO OOB genau wie die des Warschauer Pakts auf Batallions<br />
Ebene gesetzt. Doch nach einiger Zeit diskutierten wir die Zusammensetzung der OOB<br />
und kamen zum Schluss, dass es besser wäre der NATO mehr Handlungsfreiheit zu<br />
geben und die Batallione auf Kompaniegrösse herunter zu brechen. Dies spiegelt auch<br />
die NATO Doktrin in exakterer Weise wieder, eine flexible Verteidigung.<br />
Wie Sie sehen können, gibt es auf der NATO Seite das US V. und VII. Korps und das<br />
deutsche III. und II. Korps. Wie schon erwähnt, waren das US V. Korps, und das deutsche<br />
III. Korps für die Verteidigung des „Fulda Gap" Sektors eingeteilt. Die beiden Korps im<br />
Fulda Sektor hatten zusammen insgesamt 5 Divisionen plus dem 11th Armored Cavalry<br />
Regiment und der kanadischen 4. Mechanized Brigade. Alles in allem waren das<br />
ungefähr 18.000 Mann und 4400 Fahrzeugen, die für die Verteidigung bereitstanden.<br />
Der Warschauer Pakt bot drei Armeen auf, der sowjetischen 1. Garde Panzer und 8.<br />
Garde Armee und der Ost-Deutschen 3. Armee mit insgesamt 12 Divisionen plus einer<br />
Luftlande Division. Zusammen waren es ungefähr 66550 Mann und 5000 Fahrzeugen.<br />
Hinzu kamen noch auf beiden Seiten eine Grosszahl von Artillerie und<br />
Kampfhubschraubern.<br />
Somit ergibt sich mehr als ein 3:1 Verhältniss bei der Infanterie und ein leichter<br />
zahlenmässiger Vorteil in Sachen Fahrzeugen zu Gunsten des Warschauer Paktes.<br />
Die Zahlen mögen ein bisschen überraschen, vor allem die Anzahl von Fahrzeugen.<br />
Wenn ich hier von „Fahrzeugen" rede, meine ich vor allem die Panzer und<br />
Schützenpanzer. Bevor ich mich mit der Ausrüstung der beiden Blöcke in den 80iger<br />
Jahren auseinandersetze, dachte ich immer, der Warschauer Pakt wäre zahlenmäßig in<br />
allen Waffengattungen haushoch überlegen war. Überraschenderweise stellte ich schnell<br />
fest, dass die NATO Staaten das Panzerdefizit der 60iger und 70iger Jahren mehr oder<br />
minder ausglichen hatten. Dies resultierte aus einer Umstrukturierung der Landstreitkräfte<br />
von einer „Infanterie-Armee" zu einer „Mechanisierten Armee".<br />
Die NATO Mitglieder entwickelten seit jeher mehr oder weniger unabhängig ihre<br />
Waffensysteme von einander, wobei anzumerken ist, das die Waffen auf einander<br />
abgestimmt waren und sind. Beispielsweise benutzen der amerikanische M1A1 Abrams<br />
Panzer und der deutsche Leopard II Panzer das gleiche Hauptgeschütz und können somit<br />
auch dieselbe Munition verschiessen. An dieser Stelle will ich anmerken, dass es sich in<br />
Fulda Gap ’85 um den ersten M1 Abrams mit der 105mm Kanonen handelt. Daraus<br />
resultiert auch die etwas schlechteren Angriffwerten das M1 gegenüber des Leopard II,<br />
der schon immer mit der 125mm Rheinmetall Kanone ausgestattet war.<br />
Auch einigte sich die NATO recht schnell auf einheitliche Munitionsgrößen verschiedener<br />
Infanterie und Artillerie Waffen. Damit war die Gefechtsfeldkompabiltät gegeben.<br />
Die sowjetische Militärmacht war und ist eine der hochgerüsteten und modernsten<br />
Armeen der Welt (zumindest auf dem Papier). Das Rückrad der sowjetischen<br />
Panzerstreitkräfte und anderer Warschauer Pakt Staaten bildete seit den frühen 70igern<br />
Jahren der T-72 Panzer von welchem rund 18.000 Stück die Fliessbänder für den<br />
Eigenbedarf sowohl als auch für den Export verliessen. Anfang der 80iger Jahren führte<br />
die Sowjetregierung den T-80 Panzer ein, der nach und nach den T-72 welcher wiederum<br />
den T-64 ersetzen sollte. Es begann also eine Ersetzungsspirale, welche bis heute anhält.<br />
Die meisten Warschauer Pakt Staaten bekamen erst gar keine T-80, da der sowjetische<br />
Eigenbedarf Priorität hatte. Sie mussten sich weiterhin mit dem T-72 und seinen<br />
modernisierten Varianten begnügen.<br />
Das sowjetische Landheer zählte gleich nach China als das grösste der Welt. Mit ihren<br />
Page 4
Unmengen an Reservisten war es das Schreckgespenst der NATO und (wie auch hier)<br />
auf dem Papier beeindruckend, doch mangelte es an Qualität. Die Soldaten waren<br />
schlecht ausgebildet, einige von ihnen hatten in ihrer gesamten Militärlaufbahn nur einige<br />
Schuss abgefeuert und zudem war die Moral der Truppe sehr niedrig.<br />
IV. Die Szenarios<br />
Fulda Gap ’85 beinhaltet zwei völlig verschieden Ansätze einen möglichen Konflikt<br />
zwischen Ost und West darzustellen. Der Erste, auf den auch der Schwerpunkt von Fulda<br />
Gap’85 gelegt ist, ist die Überraschungsvariante, das Zweite behandelt mehr die<br />
„klassische" Variante, bei dem beide Seiten auf den Konflikt vorbereitet sind. In beiden<br />
Szenarios nehmen wir an, dass natürlich auch in Nord - und Süddeutschland heftig<br />
gekämpft wird. Im Norden versuchen Briten, Deutsche, Dänen, Belgier und Holländer<br />
dem Ansturm des Warschauer Paktes, vorwiegen Russen, standzuhalten. Im Süden<br />
Amerikaner, Deutsche und Italiener gegen die Tschechen. Im weitern Verlauf des<br />
Konfliktes nehmen wir weiter an, das im Norden und vor allem im Süden die NATO die<br />
Oberhand gewinnt. Dadurch werden Teile des VII US Corps und II. Deutschen Korps frei<br />
für die Verstärkung des Fulda Sektors. Ich möchte kurz auf auf beide Szenarios<br />
eingehen:<br />
IVa. Überraschungsvariante<br />
Zu Beginn des Fulda Gap ’85 Projekts hatten wir Überlegungen angestellt, wie man ein<br />
neues Konzept des „Heissen Krieges" aufstellen könnte. Die zündende Idee kam uns, als<br />
wir die Garnisonskarte von Ost und West anschauten. Was wäre, wenn der Warschauer<br />
Pakt einen Überraschungsschlag durchführen würde? Wäre das überhaupt möglich<br />
gewesen, ohne dass die NATO irgendetwas von den Vorbereitungen mitbekommen<br />
hätte? Wieviel Zeit hätte es für den Warschauer Pakt in Anspruch genommen um die<br />
Divisionen bis zur deutsch-deutschen Grenze zu bewegen?<br />
Die letzte Frage lässt sich beantworten, es hätte zirka 6-9 Stunden gedauert um die erste<br />
Welle von Divisionen aus ihren Garnisions Stellungen bis zur Grenze in Marsch zu setzen,<br />
natürlich nur theoretisch.<br />
Nun, wir nehmen in diesem Szenario einmal an, die Überraschung des Warschauer<br />
Paktes wäre mehr oder minder perfekt gewesen. Was hätte der Warschauer Pakt in<br />
West-Deutschland vorgefunden? NATO Einheiten, die in ihren Kasernen waren, ein<br />
intaktes Strassensystem und - nicht zu unterschätzen - eine Bevölkerung, die ebenfalls<br />
völlig überrascht ist. Das alles zusammen hätte dem Warschauer Pakt einen ungeheuren<br />
Vorteil und ein schnelles Vorankommen ohne grösseren Widerstand auf der ersten<br />
Strecke Richtung Rhein gebracht.<br />
Warschauer Pakt Strategie<br />
Der Warschauer Pakt Spieler sollte versuchen, so schnell wie nur irgend möglich<br />
West-Deutschland zu durchqueren, und sich möglichst nicht auf grössere Gefechte nahe<br />
der deutsch-deutschen Grenze einlassen. Geschwindigkeit ist hier alles, bevor sich die<br />
NATO neu gruppieren und eine effektive Verteidigungslinie aufbauen. Mit etwas Glück<br />
und Geschick kann der Warschauer Pakt Spieler bis nahe Frankfurt vorstossen, ohne<br />
dabei auf eine zusammenhängende Frontlinie zu treffen. Der grosse Vorteil des<br />
Page 5
Warschauer Paktes ist seine enorme Anzahl von Soldaten und Fahrzeugen. Später<br />
eintreffende Divisionen sollten dazu benutzt werden kleinere NATO Widerstandsherde<br />
auszuschalten und sich anschliessend mit den Front-Divisionen auf den Sturm auf<br />
Frankfurt und Rhein vorzubereiten.<br />
Allerdings muss der Spieler auch aufpassen das nicht gleich ganze Divisionen<br />
aufgerieben werden, da die Qualität der Truppe doch erheblich schlechter als die der<br />
NATO ist. Daher ist anzuraten, Front Divisionen von Zeit zu Zeit eine kleinere Pause zu<br />
gönnen.<br />
NATO Strategie<br />
Generell sollte der NATO Spieler auf Zeit spielen .Der Spieler hat zwei Optionen, erstens<br />
dem Warschauer Pakt sofort lokalen Widerstand zu bieten, oder, sich umgehend zurück<br />
zu ziehen um sich auf einer adäquaten Verteidigungsline zu formieren und auf<br />
Verstärkungen aus dem Süden zu warten. Die zweite Option ist zu empfehlen, da die<br />
„Dampfwalze" des Warschauer Paktes in den ersten Tagen des Konflikts nicht zu<br />
unterschätzen ist. Dennoch, falls der Spieler die Chance hat mit grösseren Truppenteilen<br />
Widerstand zu leisten, sollte er es tun, doch bei einer abzuzeichnenden Niederlage sich<br />
wieder zurückzuziehen.<br />
Wenn die Verstärkungen eingetroffen sind,, sollte der Spieler in der Lage sein, eine<br />
erfolgreiche Gegenoffensive zu starten und unter Umständen bis auf ostdeutsches Gebiet<br />
vorzudringen,<br />
IVb. Klassische Variante<br />
Dieses Szenario behandelt das mehr oder minder „klassische" Konzept eines Ost-West<br />
Konfliktes. Es gibt unzählige Literatur und Spiele das diesen Konflikt schon behandelt<br />
haben.<br />
Beide Seiten sind auf den bevorstehenden Krieg vorbereitet und der Warschauer Pakt<br />
überschreitet die Grenze.<br />
Warschauer Pakt Strategie<br />
Der Spieler sollte von anfang an versuchen Lücken in der NATO Verteidigung zu finden<br />
und dort durchzubrechen. Die vorhandene Anzahl von eigenen Divisionen ist immens, da<br />
sich die 3te Schock Armee auch auf der Karte befindet. Daher sollte sich der Spieler<br />
nicht zu sehr durch Anfangsverluste verunsichern lassen sondern den Druck auf die NATO<br />
aufrecht zu erhalten. Wenn erst die NATO Linie durchbrochen ist und angefangen hat<br />
sich aufzulösen, bleibt der NATO nichts anderes übrig als sich weiter zurückzuziehen.<br />
Allerdings ist zu beachten, das auch die NATO mindestens drei Divisionen und eine<br />
Mechanisierte Brigade als Reserve zu Verfügung hat. Wenn diese Reserve nicht gleich<br />
zu Beginn des Konflikts eingesetzt wurde, sollte sich der Warschauer Pakt Spieler auf<br />
massiven Widerstand im rückwärtigen Raum einstellen.<br />
NATO Strategie<br />
Die NATO ist sehr gut auf den Konflikt vorbereitet. Eine durchgehende Verteidigungslinie<br />
mit starken Befestigungen ist schon errichtet und sollte auch genutzt werden. Zudem steht<br />
auch eine grosse Reserve zu Verfügung, die bei Bedarf an der Front, oder zur<br />
Page 6
Befestigung des rückwärtigen Raums benutzt werden kann.<br />
Der Spieler sollte tunlichst darauf achten, das keine grösseren Lücken in der Verteigung<br />
entstehen durch die die Warschauer Pakt Truppen durchstossen könnten. Falls nicht<br />
anders möglich, sollte die NATO auf eine dynamische Verteidigung übergehen und den<br />
Warschauer Pakt bei Frankfurt zum Stoppen bringen.<br />
English Translation<br />
by James Cobb and John Tiller<br />
I. Why Fulda Gap '85?<br />
Ia. A Short Historical Summary of the Cold War in Germany<br />
Ib. Why in 1985?<br />
II. The Map<br />
III. The Troops<br />
IIIa. Helicopters<br />
IV. The <strong>Scenario</strong>s<br />
IVa. Surprise Variant<br />
IVb. Classic Variant<br />
V. Literature<br />
VI. <strong>Scenario</strong> Overview<br />
I. Why Fulda Gap '85?<br />
Ia. A Short Historical Summary of the Cold War in Germany<br />
After the end of World War II. Germany was subdivided into four occupation zones, the<br />
British in the North, the Americans in the South, the French in the Southwest close to the<br />
French border, and the Soviets in the East. These occupation zones remained official<br />
until the foundation of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949. At the same time as the<br />
foundation of the Bundesrepublik , the German Democratic Republic was formed after the<br />
model of the Soviet Union. The former Federal capital Berlin was also apportioned in four<br />
control zones between the occupying powers.<br />
Quite soon after the end of the war, massive political, ideological and military<br />
incongruities created two opposing blocks: the so called Western Powers (with the<br />
United States, Great Britain and France) and the Eastern side with the Soviet Union and<br />
its countries. The Iron Curtain was created.<br />
The first serious conflict between the West and the Soviet Union occurred in<br />
1947/48 with the Soviet blockade of Berlin. After the West German currency reform was<br />
introduced and was supported by the American, British and French, the Soviet leadership<br />
blocked the free access to the city abruptly and asked the Western powers to evacuate<br />
the city. However the West ignored this threat fronted by the United States and the<br />
Western allies undertook an airlift, despite massive logistical problems, for the besieged<br />
Page 7
city and its inhabitants. On 12th May 1949, the Soviet Union finally backed down and<br />
lifted the blockade.<br />
On 4 April 1949, NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) was established with<br />
Belgium, Denmark, France, Great Britain, Iceland, Italy, Canada, Luxembourg, the<br />
Netherlands, Norway, Portugal and the United States as original members. The alliance<br />
grew in strength as Turkey and Greece joined the alliance with the Federal Republic of<br />
Germany joining in 1955.<br />
Also in 1955, the Warsaw Pact, the eastern military alliance, was formed under Soviet<br />
leadership and with the member states Albania, Bulgaria, the German Democratic<br />
Republic, Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary.<br />
When the East German government built the Berlin Wall on 13.August 1961 in order to<br />
restrict the Western Powers’ freedom of movement in East Berlin, the situation escalated<br />
dramatically<br />
.<br />
On 22 October 1961, the American diplomat Lightner was initially refused entry to East<br />
Berlin and was granted passage only after massive US pressure. On 27 October, ten<br />
Soviet tanks blocked the American entry point to East Berlin, Checkpoint Charlie. The<br />
US responded with ten of their own tanks. The world held its breath during this<br />
super-power confrontation. After 16 hours under the shadow of nuclear war, President<br />
John F. Kennedy arranged a diplomatic solution and both sides stood down.<br />
The ultimate crisis of the Cold War occurred in October 1962 when the US blockaded<br />
Cuba to prevent the stationing of Soviet missiles there. After thirteen breathless days, the<br />
Russians withdrew their SS-4 missiles.<br />
With the end of the Vietnam War, a phase of relaxation of tension occurred and<br />
disarmament negotiations began between the two Blocks. First disarmament contracts<br />
like SALT I (Strategic arm's Limitation Treaty) and SALT II were concluded, followed by<br />
the conference on security and cooperation in Europe. Peace negotiation shaped this<br />
epoch.<br />
Ib. Why in 1985?<br />
Most of you surely wonder why we selected 1985 as a year of conflict. We chose this year<br />
because it marked the introduction of different weapon systems within the NATO and the<br />
Warsaw Pact. Beginning in the 80’s the USA fielded the M1 Abrams, for example, the<br />
Germans their Leopard II, and the Soviet Union the T-80 tank. A certain time is required to<br />
deliver new equipment to the troops and to replace older models. Also the team and I had<br />
very good book sources about this time period, so why not use it. One funny thing by the<br />
way, as I walked through the local library back in November, I stumbled across a book<br />
which looked promising at first look, so I took it back home. After reading the introduction I<br />
discovered it was written by an East German author and printed by the East German<br />
government. Everything was there, NATO structure, Division/Brigade structure, equipment<br />
from tanks, aircraft, ships to light weapons, very detailed battlefield tactics and so on.<br />
Checking back with army members of the Fulda Gap team, we found out the information<br />
within the book was very accurate. Scary when you imagine this book was made for the<br />
public and what secret information the Warsaw Pact knew!<br />
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Thus, we determined 1985 a good representative year for the weapon systems of the late<br />
Cold War. The Leopard II had replaced older models in the Bundeswehr and the US Army<br />
in Germany had replaced the bulk of its M60A3s with the M1. On the Soviet side, the T-80<br />
existed already in acceptable numbers although only a very small part of the armoured<br />
battalions were equipped with it.<br />
With other weapon systems like M2 Bradley and the similar Martens I A2 and BMP-2,<br />
each side had reached the apex of its technological development.<br />
.<br />
II. The Map<br />
NATO subdivided Germany into two strategic sectors: the northern sector including North<br />
Germany as far as the near-vicinity of Bonn and the southern sector containing Hessen,<br />
Baden Würtemberg and Bavaria. Each of these two sectors was divided into sub sectors,<br />
the defences of which were the responsibilities of individual NATO regulated corps.<br />
Our map shows Central Germany, with the axis Frankfurt-Fulda-Leipzig as the main focus.<br />
The so-called "Fulda Gap "is the shortest way from the East German border to the Rhine.<br />
In this area, the American V and West German III corps had the primary responsibility to<br />
defend Frankfurt and the surrounding Rhine-Main area in the case of a Soviet attack. The<br />
"Fulda Gap" would be, in the case of such an attack, probably the most important sector.<br />
"Fulda Gap" actually is featured in most NATO scenarios that deal with an invasion of the<br />
Warsaw Pact in Western Europe. The Soviet Union had an operation with the name<br />
"Rhinegate", planned. Little is known of this operation including information on troop<br />
strength, deployment and many other details.<br />
The map in Fulda Gap'85 is very accurate, as the hex scale in Fulda Gap '85 is 1 mile as<br />
in Middle East ‘67 with 3 hours per turn.<br />
After I had gotten the map from John Tiller and I had become familiar with the topic<br />
together with him, we quickly decided that the north-eastern section actually didn't belong<br />
to the actual Fulda Gap sector. This area was historically the potential deployment area of<br />
the Soviet Third Shock Army with the objective Hanover further in the North. Now, we were<br />
faced with a decision, either leave the map as it was and include the Third Shock Army or<br />
to make the North impassable. We decided to compromise, since the terrain doesn't<br />
have any essential meaning, we made the North impassable but kept the Third Shock<br />
Army variations in the OOB for possible scenarios.<br />
The German-German border is clearly seen on the map, with minefields, barbed wire,<br />
watchtowers, machinegun installations and fences. This border was in the 80’s the<br />
second most-guarded area in the world surpassed only by the Korean border.<br />
III. The Troops<br />
The OOB for Fulda Gap'85 was one of the main problems in the development of the<br />
game. NATO dispositions were well-documented, therefore an exact copy was no big<br />
problem. However, where could we get the order of battle of the Warsaw Pact? Easily<br />
accessible information is not exactly luxuriant, however Greg "Sturm "Smith had excellent<br />
information about the armed forces of the Warsaw Pact in the 80’s.<br />
Page 9
Originally, the NATO OOB would be left on the battalion level exactly like the Warsaw Pact<br />
forces. However, we discussed the composition of the OOB for some time and finally<br />
decided it would be better to be given more freedom of action to the NATO and to break<br />
the battalions down to companies. Also this level mirrors NATO’s doctrine of flexible<br />
defence.<br />
As you can see, the US V and VII and German III and II Corps are the dominate NATO<br />
forces defending the "Fulda Gap". The two corps in the Fulda sector had five divisions<br />
plus the 11th Armoured Cavalry regiment and the Canadian 4th Mechanized Brigade.<br />
Approximately 18.000 men and 4400 vehicles were ready for the defence.<br />
The Warsaw Pact fielded three armies: the Soviet 1st Guard tanks and 8th Guard Army<br />
and the East German 3rd Army. These armies accounted for altogether 12 divisions plus<br />
an airmobile division or approximately 66,550 infantry and 5000 vehicles. In addition, a<br />
large number of artillery pieces and attack helicopters were available to both sides.<br />
The Warsaw Pact enjoyed a 3:1 superiority in men and a similar superiority in vehicles.<br />
The numbers like this are no surprise, above all the number of vehicles. When speaking<br />
of "vehicles", I mean tanks and armoured personnel carriers. Before I researched the<br />
equipment of the two sides, I always thought the Warsaw Pact to be vastly numerically<br />
superior in all weapon types. Surprisingly, I determined quickly that matters had evened<br />
out over the years and that NATO had more or less erased the tank deficit of the 60’s and<br />
70’s. This resulted from a restructuring of the land forces of an "infantry army "to a<br />
"mechanized army ".<br />
The NATO members always developed their weapon systems independent of each other,<br />
although striving for a measure of compatibility. For example, the American M1A1<br />
Abrams tank and the German Leopard II use the same main gun and can consequently<br />
fire the same ammunition. At this point, I want to mention that in Fulda Gap '85 the first M1<br />
Abrams variant with the 105mm cannon is used. Therefore, the M1 compares<br />
unfavourably with the Leopard II and its 125mm cannon. NATO developed the same<br />
calibre ammunition for different infantry and artillery weapons, thus enhancing logistic<br />
capability.<br />
The Soviet military power was one of the most highly sophisticated and modern armies of<br />
the world (at least on the paper). The backbone of the Soviet tank armed forces and other<br />
Warsaw Pact countries since the early 70’s was the T-72 tank of which approximately<br />
18.000 were built for Pact requirements as well as for export. Beginning in the 80’s, the<br />
Soviet government introduced the T-80 tank that would replace little by little, the T-72<br />
which would take on the back-up role of the T-64. A replacement spiral began, which has<br />
only stopped recently. Most Warsaw treaty states didn’t get any T-80s since the Soviet’s<br />
own requirements had priority. They still had to be content with the T-72 and its<br />
modernized variations.<br />
The Soviet Army came after China as the biggest in the world. With masses of reservists,<br />
it was the spectre of NATO. However impressive it seemed on paper, it had critical<br />
quality problems. The soldiers were badly trained, some of them had shot only a few<br />
times in their entire military career and had, moreover, very low morale.<br />
IIIa. Helicopters ( by Glenn Saunders )<br />
Page 10
Helicopter rule changes was a given when the Modern Campaign Series was extended<br />
for Fulda Gap as helicopters by the mid 80’s were a key part of both sides. Here in the<br />
<strong>note</strong>s we will not repeat what is documented in the User Manual, but I think it appropriate<br />
to share our views one how these rules have been designed. In creating rules that fit with<br />
the game we had to balance the overall effect of the presence of the chopper on the<br />
battlefield with how players would and could use them in game terms. The unit had to be<br />
effective, offer unique capabilities that they possessed but yet be not too dominating in<br />
their effect either. The most central concept was that a flying helicopter was essentially a<br />
Air Unit and as such Air Units cannot hold ground unless they disembark men to fight in<br />
the hex.<br />
To accomplish this we needed to introduce two main types of choppers in Game terms;<br />
1) Gunship and Scout helicopters which are measured in Vehicle and 2) Transport type<br />
Helicopters that carry soldier that disembark and fight like ground troops. This second<br />
type are measured in Men. Men type helicopters while on the ground, function like any<br />
normal ground unit, so they are most often the exception to the general rule and<br />
discussion below. In this case the men and the helicopters are inseparable just like a<br />
mechanized Infantry unit cannot be split into its men and vehicle parts.<br />
Helicopters move in Travel mode and are then said to be flying and as such do not pay<br />
terrain cost. While flying they can move through enemy Zones-of-Control (ZOC) without<br />
stopping and can even fly through an enemy occupied hex. On the flip side, Helicopters<br />
exert no ZOC. If assaulted, the Helicopter unit will retreat. Keep in mind the guiding<br />
principle that considers them to be aircraft and so the machines themselves cannot hold<br />
ground. If they can’t hold ground, than they cannot capture ground and thus is the<br />
justification for the rule that says they cannot assault enemy hexes themselves.<br />
One could argue that the only way a helicopter can attack is by assaulting, but you have to<br />
keep in mind the scale of the game here – 1 mile per hex, 3 hour turns – so essentially<br />
part of the direct fire helicopters perform in a turn would really be a series of rushes and<br />
small scale assaults along the edge of the hex designed to inflict casualties on the enemy<br />
and not an attack to take the ground away from the defender like a game assault. So in<br />
game terms we feel the net effect is a helicopter model that works quite well.<br />
IV. The scenarios<br />
Fulda Gap ‘85 has two completely differently bases representing a possible conflict<br />
between East and West. The first focuses on a "surprise" attack while the second<br />
assumes both sides are prepared for the conflict. In both scenarios we assume that there<br />
are heavy battles in Northern and Southern Germany of course. In the north, British,<br />
Germans, Danes, Belgians and Dutch are trying to hold against the assault of the Warsaw<br />
Pact, mainly Russian soldiers. In the south Americans, Germans and Italians are fighting<br />
against the Czechs. In the later conflict, we assume that NATO gains the upper hand in the<br />
north and especially in the south. So, parts of the VII U.S. Corps and II. German Korps<br />
become free as reinforcements for the Fulda Sector. I would like to comment briefly on<br />
both scenarios:<br />
IVa. Surprise Variant<br />
Page 11
At beginning of the Fulda Gap ‘85 project, we considered how a "hot war "could be<br />
portrayed. The seminal idea came to us as we looked at the garrison map of East and<br />
West. What would happen if the Warsaw Pact executed a surprise attack? Would that<br />
have been at all possible without the NATO having been aware of preparations? How<br />
much time would it have taken for the Warsaw Pact to move divisions to the<br />
German-German border?<br />
The last question can be answered: it would have taken 6-9 hours to march the first wave<br />
of divisions from their garrison positions to the border, at least in theory.<br />
We assume in this scenario that the surprise would be more or been less perfect. What<br />
would the Warsaw Pact have found in West Germany? NATO units that were in their<br />
barracks, an intact road system and, importantly, a population who is also surprised<br />
completely. This all together would have brought the Warsaw Pact an immense<br />
advantage and fast progress in the direction of the Rhine without major resistance in the<br />
first days.<br />
Warsaw Pact strategy<br />
The Warsaw Pact Player should try to possibly cross West-Germany as fast as possible,<br />
avoiding major skirmishes close to the German-German border. Speed is all important<br />
here so as to succeed before NATO re-groups and builds an effective defence line. With<br />
some luck and skill, the Warsaw Pact can push forward units until near Frankfurt without<br />
meeting with an interrelated front line. The big advantage of the Warsaw Pact is its<br />
enormous number of soldiers and vehicles. Later arriving divisions should be used to<br />
mop up smaller NATO forces while preparing to storm Frankfurt with the initial divisions.<br />
However, the player also must be careful not to exhaust entire divisions, since the quality<br />
of the troops is considerably worse then NATO’s. Therefore, front divisions should be<br />
rested from time to time.<br />
NATO strategy<br />
Generally, the player should play the NATO side. The player has two options: to<br />
immediately offer the Warsaw Pact local resistance or, to immediately fall back, form an<br />
adequate defensive line and to wait for reinforcements from the south. The second option<br />
is recommended, since the Warsaw Pact's "steam roller" is not to be underestimated in<br />
the first days of the conflict. Nevertheless, if the player has the chance to resist with bigger<br />
units, he should, while avoiding a major defeat. When the reinforcements arrive, the<br />
player should be capable of starting a successful counteroffensive and to advance as far<br />
as possible towards the East German area conceivably.<br />
IVb. Classic Variant<br />
This scenario treats the more or less "classic" concept of an East-West conflict. There is<br />
already innumerable literature and games dealing with this conflict.<br />
Both sides are prepared for the forthcoming war and the Warsaw Pact crosses the<br />
border.<br />
Warsaw Pact strategy<br />
The player should from the start to try to find gaps in the NATO defence and to break<br />
Page 12
through there. Given the immense amount of manpower available, the player should not<br />
be shy about taking initial losses but keep pressure on NATO. If the NATO first line is<br />
broken and starts to dissolve, NATO must retreat. Be aware that NATO has at least three<br />
divisions and a mechanized brigade in reserves. If this reserve was not put in<br />
immediately, the Warsaw Pact should expect massive resistance towards the west.<br />
NATO strategy<br />
NATO is very well prepared for the conflict. A continuous defensive line with strong<br />
fortifications is already established and should be used. Moreover, a big reserve stands<br />
ready to go to the front, or to fortify rear areas.<br />
The player should not allow large gaps in the line. If not this is not possible, then NATO<br />
should undertake a dynamic defence and should bring the Warsaw Pact to a stop at<br />
Frankfurt.<br />
VI. <strong>Scenario</strong> Overview<br />
Fulda Gap ‘85 <strong>Scenario</strong> List and Overviews<br />
* Note, <strong>Scenario</strong> numbers are in a format with the first two digits representing the start<br />
date of the scenario and the second two digits the scenario number.<br />
Legend:<br />
"s" Explicit Supply possible<br />
"h" Hypothetical<br />
"W" Winter scenario based on the Prepared Campaign<br />
"S" Summer scenario based on the Prepared Campaign<br />
1) #10_00: Getting Started - The Battle at Fulda<br />
2) #10_01s: Plan Rhinegate<br />
3) #10_02s: Plan Rhinegate - Initial Warsaw Pact Attack<br />
4) #10_03: First encounter<br />
5) #10_04: Mission Impossible<br />
6) #10_05s: Air Assault!<br />
7) #10_06s: Encounter at Kassel<br />
8) #13_01: Clash of Brothers<br />
9) #15_01s: The Northern Flank<br />
10) #15_02s: Next stop Aschaffenburg<br />
11) #18_01s: Showdown on the Main<br />
12) #18_02hs: A Bridge too far?<br />
13) #19_01hs: Over the Rhine!<br />
14) #21_01h: Frankfurt City - House to House Fighting<br />
15) #22_01s: Operation Hot Forge<br />
16) #23_01: Return to Fulda<br />
Page 13
17) #25_01s: Mountain battles<br />
18) #29_01: Blitz at Erfurt<br />
19) #30_01s: The Last Battle<br />
20) #S10_01s: Clash of Titans<br />
21) #S10_02s: Clash of Titans – Maximum Warsaw Pact Effort<br />
22) #S11_01s: Schweinfurt - Night fighting 101<br />
23) #S15_01: The Canadian Connection<br />
24) #S18_01s: Chariots of Iron<br />
25) #S25_01s: Forge the Thunderbolt<br />
26) #W08_01s: Clash of Titans<br />
#10_00s: Getting Started - The Battle at Fulda<br />
Town of Fulda, 60 miles east of Frankfurt, June 10th 1985: After crossing the East<br />
German border in an early morning surprise attack, the Warsaw Pact’s 8th Guards Army<br />
is advancing quickly towards Fulda, the home of the American 1st Squadron, 11th<br />
Armored Cavalry Regiment (ACR) and HQ. The battle plans are well rehearsed and the<br />
troopers from 11th ACR scramble to their posts. The task is simple, the 11th ACR must<br />
delay the Warsaw Pact long enough for NATO reinforcements to arrive, this will be at<br />
least 24 hours and maybe longer depending on the success of the NATO air campaign.<br />
The next day will be grim for NATO… [Size: small] <strong>Design</strong>er’s <strong>note</strong>s: Tutorial <strong>Scenario</strong>,<br />
best played as NATO.<br />
#10_01s: Plan Rhinegate<br />
Central Germany, June 10th 1985: The plan by the Group of Soviet Forced Germany<br />
(GSFG), labeled the "the berserker strategy", was brutally simple. Surprise NATO by an<br />
unexpected assault and head westward towards the Rhine and crush NATO resistance<br />
along the way. The entire campaign depended on absolute surprise. All along the border<br />
of East and West Germany, Warsaw Pact divisions moved out of their garrison positions<br />
undetected and into staging positions for their attack on West Germany. The northern<br />
sector’s main goal is Hannover, Hamburg and the Ruhr Valley, the industrial heart of<br />
Germany. The central sector, also called the "Fulda Gap", has the overall objective of<br />
capturing Frankfurt and Mainz and establishing a bridgehead across the Rhine. If<br />
Frankfurt could be captured then Bonn might even be seized as well. The southern sector’<br />
s main objectives are to support the central sector’s advance and cover its flank, at the<br />
same time capturing the strategic cities of Stuttgart, Nurnburg, Munich and crossing the<br />
Rhine to capture the city of Strasbourg in France. As the ground war starts the Red<br />
Banner Fleet will leaves its ports heading into the North Atlantic to prevent NATO supply<br />
convoys from reaching Europe. American, West German and Canadian forces are now<br />
scrambling to man their equipment and move to stop the onslaught while aircraft take to<br />
the air to battle for control of the skies over Europe. Both sides have been planning and<br />
preparing for this day. [Size: very large] <strong>Design</strong>er’s <strong>note</strong>s: Best played as NATO, or<br />
Human vs. Human. Explicit Supply is possible. Full Standard Campaign.<br />
#10_02s: Plan Rhinegate - Initial Warsaw Pact Attack<br />
Page 14
Central Germany, June 10th 1985: The plan by the Group of Soviet Forced Germany<br />
(GSFG), labeled "the berserker strategy", was brutally simple. Surprise NATO by an<br />
unexpected assault and head westward towards the Rhine and crush NATO resistance<br />
along the way. The entire campaign depended on absolute surprise. All along the border<br />
of East and West Germany, Warsaw Pact divisions moved out of their garrison positions<br />
undetected and into staging positions for their attack on West Germany. The northern<br />
sector’s main goal is Hannover, Hamburg and the Ruhr Valley, the industrial heart of<br />
Germany. The central sector, also called the "Fulda Gap", has the overall objective of<br />
capturing Frankfurt and Mainz and establishing a bridgehead across the Rhine. If<br />
Frankfurt could be captured then Bonn might even be seized as well. The southern sector’<br />
s main objectives are to support the central sector’s advance and cover its flank, at the<br />
same time capturing the strategic cities of Stuttgart, Nürnberg, München and crossing the<br />
Rhine to capture the city of Strasbourg in France. As the ground war starts the Red<br />
Banner Fleet will leaves its ports heading into the North Atlantic to prevent NATO supply<br />
convoys from reaching Europe. American, West German and Canadian forces are now<br />
scrambling to man their equipment and move to stop the onslaught while aircraft take to<br />
the air to battle for control of the skies over Europe. Both sides have been planning and<br />
preparing for this day. [Size: very large] <strong>Design</strong>er’s <strong>note</strong>s: Best played as NATO, or<br />
Human vs. Human. Explicit Supply is possible. Only the initial attack of Warsaw Pact is<br />
covered of the Full Standard Campaign.<br />
#10_03: First encounter<br />
Bad Hersfeld, West Germany, June 10th 1985: The troopers of the 3rd Squadron, 11th<br />
Armoured Cavalry Regiment, were woken by the sound of artillery fire to the East. The<br />
WP forces are now sweeping past the border defences with little difficulty and the next<br />
day will be a brutal test of the NATO resolve. The squadron commander knows full well<br />
that there is no chance to stop the advancing forces but his job is to slow them down to a<br />
crawl and make them pay for every square foot of West Germany that they occupy. As the<br />
troops race to their vehicles, the operations officer is desperately attempting to break<br />
through the radio jamming and call for air support and attack helicopters as the first Soviet<br />
MIGs fly overhead. Buckle up – the cavalry rides again! [Size: small] <strong>Design</strong>er’s <strong>note</strong>s:<br />
Best played as NATO or Human vs. Human.<br />
#10_04: Mission Impossible<br />
Bamberg, West Germany, June 10th 1985: The city of Bamberg is an important strategic<br />
city in the Warsaw Pact plans. The capture of this city will give the Warsaw Pact a solid<br />
left shoulder to hinge upon in this region and also secure the crossings of the Southern<br />
branch of the Main river. Capture of Bamberg will also secure access to the excellent<br />
autobahns to Schweirfut and Würzburg. This is the main focus of the 3rd East German.<br />
The 11th Motorised Division’s task is to perform a reconnaissance of the city and<br />
determine if is still garrisoned. The task of the US 2nd Armoured Cavalry Regiment<br />
defending Bamberg is brutally simple: to harass the enemy’s advance, maintain and<br />
report contact of the enemy’s location and to trade blood for time so that the line units can<br />
assemble. [Size: small] <strong>Design</strong>er’s <strong>note</strong>s: Best played as NATO or Human vs. Human.<br />
Page 15
#10_05s: Air Assault!<br />
Gelnhausen, West Germany, June 10th 1985: Geography shapes many battlefields and<br />
the campaign to capture West Germany is no exception. Central Germany is divided by a<br />
series of very significant and difficult wooded ridgelines with few East-West roads or<br />
clear access through them. One of these gaps – the Fulda Gap, is a high-speed access<br />
route between the cities of Fulda and Gelnhausen. Once through this gap the attacker has<br />
a clear path to the city of Frankfurt, the main objective of the Warsaw Pact. With control of<br />
this gap in mind, the 79th Guards Air Assault Division has been tasked with securing the<br />
Western end of the gap at Gelnhausen. The attack must be swift and decisive because<br />
NATO will counter attack in an attempt to dislodge any foothold obtained by the Warsaw<br />
Pact. [Size: small] <strong>Design</strong>er’s <strong>note</strong>s: Best played as Warsaw Pact or Human vs. Human.<br />
Explicit supply is possible.<br />
#10_06s: Encounter at Kassel<br />
Kassel, West Germany, June 10th 1985: The city of Kassel is the key to securing the<br />
northern flank of the Warsaw Pact’s advance in this region and is one of the main<br />
objectives for the Soviet’s 8th Guards Army. The city of Kassel is also the garrison of the<br />
2nd Panzergrenadier Division whose task is to ensure that Warsaw Pact forces do not<br />
seize or bypass this important hub. [Size: medium] <strong>Design</strong>er’s <strong>note</strong>s: Best played as<br />
Warsaw Pact or Human vs. Human. For a HvsH game, NATO has an escape hex, only<br />
use it when there is no other option available than to retreat as some victory points could<br />
be salvaged in this manner. Explicit Supply is possible.<br />
#13_01: Clash of Brothers<br />
Würzburg, West Germany, June 13th 1985: Three days after the initial attack and NATO<br />
defence is beginning to solidify. The key communications hub of Würzburg is now<br />
squarely in the path of the East German 3rd Army. NATO must hold this city in order to<br />
block the Southern access into Frankfurt and to secure a spring board for the eventual<br />
counter attack. The task now falls to the West German 12th Panzer Division who will have<br />
to defend against their East German brethren. This is the first time in the war that West<br />
and East Germans meet on the battlefield. It is a confrontation that had been hoped<br />
would never take place. [Size: medium] <strong>Design</strong>er’s <strong>note</strong>s: Best played as NATO or<br />
Human vs. Human.<br />
#15_01s: The Northern Flank<br />
Wetzlar, West Germany, June 15th 1985: The first five days of the campaign have been<br />
deadly for both sides. On the Northern flank, the 2nd Panzergrenadier Division was forced<br />
out of Kassel and is now resting and refitting in Frankfurt. Only the 5th Panzergrenadier<br />
Brigade is combat capable and has taken up position with the 5th Panzer Division and<br />
the remaining elements of the US 11th Armoured Cavalry Regiment. Their task is to<br />
establish a new defence line near the cities of Wetzlar and Giessen in an attempt to slow<br />
down the Warsaw Pact advance. This area is a vital link in NATO’s logistical efforts and<br />
allows re-supply on the North-South Axis into Frankfurt. On the Warsaw Pact side, the<br />
Page 16
second echelon 1st Guards Tank Army has relieved the 8th Guards Army for the final<br />
push into Frankfurt from the north. The next several days will be difficult for the battle weary<br />
NATO troops as they take up yet another defensive position to slow down the<br />
unstoppable Warsaw Pact juggernaut. [Size: medium] <strong>Design</strong>er’s <strong>note</strong>s: Best played as<br />
NATO or Human vs. Human. Explicit Supply is possible.<br />
#15_02s: Next stop Aschaffenburg<br />
Aschaffenburg, West Germany, June 15th 1985: After sustaining heavy loses in the battle<br />
of Würzburg, NATO has decided to withdraw to its last line of defence before Frankfurt.<br />
German and American engineers have spent the past two days converting Aschaffenburg<br />
into a fortress and the US 3rd Armored Division and the remains of the German 12th<br />
Panzer Division have been ordered to conduct a delaying battle through the Spessart.<br />
The Warsaw Pact juggernaut must be halted at all costs! [Size: medium] <strong>Design</strong>er’s<br />
<strong>note</strong>s: Best played as NATO or Human vs. Human. Explicit supply is possible.<br />
#18_01s: Showdown on the Main<br />
Frankfurt, West Germany, June 18th 1985: The battle for central Germany has been<br />
raging for a full week with heavy losses sustained on both sides. The city of Frankfurt is<br />
the immediate objective of the Warsaw Pact in this region and this objective is just within<br />
its grasp. NATO is predicting that there will be a major push for the capture of this key<br />
political and strategic base of operations. The Soviet 8th Guards Army has resumed the<br />
advance and has mobilised it's last strategic reserves for the this upcoming battle. The<br />
beleaguered East German 3rd Army is also in position to support the attack. The Soviet<br />
7th Guards Tank Division of the 1st Guards Army is refitting after its attack on Wetzlar and<br />
should be available in the next 36 hours to join in the attack. NATO has also been<br />
preparing; a large North Atlantic convoy arrived in Amsterdam on the 16th with<br />
replacement weapons and equipment for the depleted US formations. Additionally, the<br />
German 5th Panzer Division was pulled out of the front lines yesterday for refitting; that<br />
formation should arrive in the Frankfurt area every soon. The Soviets know that this is their<br />
chance to end this war quickly. The capture of Frankfurt opens the gates for a race<br />
towards the Rhine, France and the Atlantic coast, but time is playing against them and<br />
NATO gets stronger with each passing hour. [Size: large] <strong>Design</strong>er’s <strong>note</strong>s: Best played<br />
as Warsaw Pact or Human vs. Human.<br />
#18_02hs: A Bridge too far?<br />
Frankfurt, West Germany, June 18th 1985: The battle for central Germany has been<br />
raging for a full week with heavy losses sustained on both sides. The city of Frankfurt is<br />
the immediate objective of the Warsaw Pact in this region and this objective is just within<br />
its grasp. NATO is predicting that there will be a major push for the capture of this key<br />
political and strategic base of operations. The Soviet 8th Guards Army has resumed the<br />
advance and has mobilised it's last strategic reserves for the this upcoming battle. The<br />
beleaguered East German 3rd Army is also in position to support the attack. The Soviet<br />
7th Guards Tank Division of the 1st Guards Army is refitting after its attack on Wetzlar and<br />
should be available in the next 36 hours to join in the attack. NATO has also been<br />
preparing; a large North Atlantic convoy arrived in Amsterdam on the 16th with<br />
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eplacement weapons and equipment for the depleted US formations. Additionally, the<br />
German 5th Panzer Division was pulled out of the front lines yesterday for refitting; that<br />
formation should arrive in the Frankfurt area every soon. The Soviets know that this is their<br />
chance to end this war quickly. The capture of Frankfurt opens the gates for a race<br />
towards the Rhine, France and the Atlantic coast, but time is playing against them and<br />
NATO gets stronger with each passing hour. To ensure victory the Group of Soviet<br />
Forced Germany HQ commits the 79th Guards Air Assault Division to a very risky airdrop<br />
near Mainz to secure the Rhine Bridges and block any NATO reinforcements. [Size: large]<br />
<strong>Design</strong>er’s <strong>note</strong>s: Best played as Warsaw Pact or Human vs. Human.<br />
#19_01hs: Over the Rhine!<br />
Mannheim, West Germany, June 18th 1985: The titanic struggle for Frankfurt continues<br />
and the situation is beginning to look bleak for Warsaw Pact forces. Soviet High<br />
Command decides on an alternate strategy and opts to head Southwest in the direction<br />
of Mannheim, an important strategic city on the Rhine. The Group of Soviet Forces<br />
Germany has committed the relatively fresh 6th Guards Tank Division and 27th Guards<br />
Mot Rifle Division, one battered Division from the 8th Gds Army and one battered<br />
Division from the 3rd East German Army for this operation. NATO, however, has other<br />
plans. In an effort to relieve the Frankfurt Front, the Commander of Central Command has<br />
decided to stop and crush this rash maneuver with everything he can muster. The US 8th<br />
Infantry Division and the German 4th Panzergrenadier Division is standing by to react.<br />
This is the chance for NATO to gain the initiative from the Warsaw Pact and a victory here<br />
lays the seeds for a major NATO counter offensive. [Size: large] <strong>Design</strong>er’s <strong>note</strong>s: Best<br />
played as Warsaw Pact or Human vs. Human. Explicit Supply is possible.<br />
#21_01h: Frankfurt City - House to House Fighting<br />
Frankfurt, West Germany, June 21st 1985: The battle for Frankfurt has now raged for<br />
three days and the Soviet’s second echelon 7th Guards Tank Division has been released<br />
to thrust into and capture the city. The remnants of the US 3rd Armoured Division and the<br />
battered 35th PzG Battalion of the 12th Panzer Division are in position to ensure that<br />
Frankfurt remains in allied hands even if it resorts to house to house fighting. [Size: small]<br />
<strong>Design</strong>er’s <strong>note</strong>s: Best played as Warsaw Pact or Human vs. Human.<br />
#22_01s: Operation Hot Forge<br />
Fulda Gap, West Germany, 22nd June: The red tide was finally halted around the<br />
Frankfurt area by the tenacity of the American and West German soldiers. Warsaw Pact<br />
forces suffered such heavy losses in their offensive that they were simply unable to<br />
maintain the initiative. With the arrival of the US VII and West German II corps from the<br />
south, NATO HQ feels that now is the time for a quick counter offensive all along the front<br />
to throw back the off balanced Warsaw Pact forces. NATO’s immediate goals are to<br />
relieve the besieged 2nd Armoured Cavalry Regiment around the city of Wuerzburg and<br />
continue the advance east if possible. [Size: very large] <strong><strong>Design</strong>er's</strong> <strong>note</strong>s: Best played as<br />
NATO or Human vs. Human. Explicit supply is possible.<br />
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#23_01: Return to Fulda<br />
Town of Fulda, 60 miles east of Frankfurt, June 23rd 1985: After the failure of the Soviets<br />
to capture Frankfurt, the war now enters a new stage. With a massive build-up of NATO<br />
supplies arriving from across the North Atlantic in the ports of Antwerp and Hamburg,<br />
NATO forces are now gaining the logistical support needed to strike back. The Soviets<br />
withdraw to the Fulda area to establish a deliberate defensive position to thwart NATO’s<br />
counter offensive. Just a few weeks ago the Soviets drove the US 11th Armoured Cavalry<br />
Regiment out of Fulda, but now the 11th ACR will spearhead the advance back to<br />
Fulda… and they are searching for vengeance. [Size: small] <strong><strong>Design</strong>er's</strong> <strong>note</strong>s: Best<br />
played as NATO or Human vs. Human.<br />
#25_01s: Mountain battles<br />
East Germany, 105 miles east of Frankfurt, June 10th 1985: With the major defeat of the<br />
Warsaw Pact forces in the vicinity of Fulda, as well as other key areas along the front, the<br />
remaining Warsaw Pact forces reconsolidate behind the border of East Germany. NATO<br />
commanders, inspired by their recent victories, press the counter attack deep into enemy<br />
held territory. NATO has one major obstacle to negotiate: the Thuringian Forests.<br />
Warsaw Pact forces located in this area have received orders to hold the Thuringian<br />
Forests to the last man. [Size: large] <strong><strong>Design</strong>er's</strong> <strong>note</strong>s: Best played as NATO or Human<br />
vs. Human.<br />
#29_01: Blitz at Erfurt<br />
East Germany, 140 miles east of Frankfurt, June 29th 1985: The battle for Eisenach has<br />
been an abysmal failure for the Warsaw Pact. Their battered divisions withdraw toward<br />
the city of Erfurt to reform a new line of defence, however, NATO forces pursue them and<br />
launch a counter offensive. [Size: medium] <strong><strong>Design</strong>er's</strong> <strong>note</strong>s: Best played as NATO or<br />
Human vs. Human.<br />
#30_01s: The Last Battle<br />
East Germany, 210 miles east of Frankfurt, June 30th 1985: After the collapse of the WP<br />
forces at Eisennach and Erfurt, the remaining Warsaw Pact divisions withdrew in disarray<br />
to the cities of Halle and Leipzig. Only local resistance at key points could be formed.<br />
Rumours of riots and civil unrest as well as the slaughter of civilians to quell this problem<br />
by Russian KGB and East German STASI units reach NATO frontline troops. West<br />
German troops are inspired to put an end the madness and free their brothers and<br />
sisters in the East. However, Soviet HQ has other plans. They will hold the cities at all<br />
costs and await possible reinforcements from Poland. [Size: medium] <strong><strong>Design</strong>er's</strong> <strong>note</strong>s:<br />
Best played as NATO or Human vs. Human. Explicit Supply is possible.<br />
#S10_01s: Clash of Titans<br />
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Fulda Gap region, West Germany, June 10th 1985: Tensions around the world between<br />
Warsaw Pact and NATO have escalated to the point where full-scale war is imminent.<br />
Both sides have mobilised and have been preparing for a conflict. In the morning hours of<br />
June 10th, the wait came to an end as Warsaw Pact forces surged across the border and<br />
World War III began. [Size: very large] <strong><strong>Design</strong>er's</strong> <strong>note</strong>s: Best played as NATO. Explicit<br />
supply is possible.<br />
#S10_02s: Clash of Titans – Maximum Warsaw Pact Effort<br />
Fulda Gap region, West Germany, June 10th 1985: Tensions around the world between<br />
Warsaw Pact and NATO have escalated to the point where full-scale war is imminent.<br />
Both sides have mobilised and have been preparing for a conflict. In the morning hours of<br />
June 10th, the wait came to an end as Warsaw Pact forces surged across the border and<br />
World War III began. [Size: very large] <strong><strong>Design</strong>er's</strong> <strong>note</strong>s: Best played as NATO. In this<br />
variant, the Polish 3rd Army arrives on the map. Explicit supply is possible.<br />
#S11_01s: Night fighting 101<br />
Schweinfurt area, West Germany, June 13th 1985: The Thermal Imaging System, or TIS,<br />
was thought to be a luxury and a non-essential item by many countries around the world.<br />
On June 13th the East Germans successfully bypassed and surrounded American and<br />
West German forces in and around the area of Schweinfurt. The US VII Corps quickly<br />
diverted two brigades of the 1st Armoured Division to this area to relieve the determined<br />
defenders. A majority of the East German units begin initiating sleep plans for the night<br />
and eagerly await dawn to resume their assault on Schweinfurt. They are actually about to<br />
receive a valuable lesson in night fighting and witness first hand why the US Army owns<br />
the night... [Size: medium] <strong><strong>Design</strong>er's</strong> <strong>note</strong>s: Thinking a counter attack by the Americans<br />
was unlikely, a majority of the East German forces are resting for the night for the final<br />
assault on Schweinfurt. The commanders of these units will release them for offensive<br />
operations at dawn. Explicit supply is recommended. When explicit supply is selected<br />
US and West German transport aircraft will drop supplies for the defenders of<br />
Schweinfurt.<br />
S15_01: The Canadian Connection<br />
Würzburg area, 65 miles southeast of Frankfurt, June 15th 1985: The 4th Canadian<br />
Mechanised Brigade Group acting as corps reserve for the IV US Corps has been tasked<br />
with blocking the lead elements of the 3rd East German Army. The intent is for the<br />
Canadian Brigade to act as the anvil and hold the lead division while the remainder of the<br />
Corps attacks from the South to relieve Würzburg. Approaching is the 11th Motorised<br />
Rifle Division, a fresh formation with four days of easy travel behind them. The next day<br />
and a half will prove to be a very long time for the beleaguered Canadians. [Size: small]<br />
#S18_01s: Chariots of Iron<br />
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Heilbron area, 27 miles southeast of Frankfurt, June 18th 1985: After the relief of the<br />
defenders at Schweinfurt, the US 1st Armoured Division began fighting a delaying action<br />
towards the west under the weight of heavy Warsaw Pact attacks. The division<br />
established a deliberate defensive position 17 miles east of the Neckar River in the<br />
Odenwald forest. After brief rain showers during the night, Warsaw Pact forces resumed<br />
the offensive. At dawn, as the mist began clearing in the rain drenched valleys of the<br />
Odenwald forest, East German and Soviet troops advanced forward hoping to surprise<br />
the Americans. "Old Ironsides" stood ready in their chariots of iron. [Size medium]<br />
<strong><strong>Design</strong>er's</strong> <strong>note</strong>s: Explicit supply is possible.<br />
#S25_01s: Forge the Thunderbolt<br />
Thüringer Wald, 126 miles east of Frankfurt, June 25th 1985: After securing the southern<br />
approaches to Frankfurt in the Heilbron area, the US 1st Armored Division briefly began<br />
refitting for its next task. In the Thüringer Wald area south of Erfurt the West German 12th<br />
Panzer Division found a weak spot between two Soviet armies. This weak spot was<br />
exploited and the soviets hastily rushed two Polish motorized rifle divisions into the area<br />
to drive back the salient. However, the Polish are completely unaware that the US 1st<br />
Brigade of the 1st Armored Division has been deployed to the center of this salient in<br />
order to breakthrough and exploit a drive on Erfurt. 1st Battalion of the 37th Armored<br />
Regiment now has the unenviable task of forging the thunderbolt. [Size: medium]<br />
<strong><strong>Design</strong>er's</strong> <strong>note</strong>s: Explicit supply is possible.<br />
#W08_01s: Clash of Titans<br />
Fulda Gap, West Germany, January 8th 1985: Tensions around the world between<br />
Warsaw Pact and NATO have escalated to the point where full-scale war is imminent.<br />
Both sides have mobilised and have been preparing for a conflict. In the frigid morning<br />
hours of January 8th, the wait came to an end as Warsaw Pact forces surged across the<br />
border and World War III began. [Size: very large] <strong><strong>Design</strong>er's</strong> <strong>note</strong>s: Winter Variant of the<br />
standard Prepared Campaign.Best played as NATO. Explicit supply is possible.<br />
VI. Literature<br />
Cockburn, Andrew, Die sowjetische Herausforderung (English original Title: The Threat ),<br />
Scherz Verlag, 1983<br />
Dr. sc. Weber, Wolfgang, Die Streitkräfte der NATO auf dem Territorium der BRD,<br />
Militärverlag der DDR, 1985<br />
Clancy, Tom, Red Storm Rising, G.P. Putnam’s Sons, New York, 1986<br />
Isby, David , Weapons and Tactics of the Soviet Army , Jane’s Publishing, 1988<br />
Isby and Kamps , Armies of NATO's Central Front, Jane's Publishing, 1985<br />
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Coyle, Harold , Team Yankee, Berkley Books, 1987<br />
US Army, FM 100-2-2 & FM 100-2-3<br />
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