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188 JPS 17:1&2 imprint of the Singh Sabha movement clearly in the intellectual roots and concerns of contemporary Sikhism, including the fusion of religion and politics which coalesced into the Akali movement and the Sikh Gurdwara Act of 1925. Two themes stand out as major focuses in Sikh history after 1947: resurgence of Sikh migration, and the attempts of the Sikhs to protect and consolidate their traditions by settling upon specific rules and rituals viewed as orthodox. In his “Introduction” to Sikhism and History (2004), Barrier feels gratified that the scholarly and public understanding of Sikhism had changed dramatically in the last three decades. He suggests that the leadership in addressing unexplored issues and traditions had often come from a growing group of Sikh and Western scholars trained, and teaching, in North America and Europe. However, much of this work is controversial. IV On the whole, Professor Barrier’s work on sources is very useful for other scholars. He appears to sift through official records and vernacular sources easily to come up with generalizations. His “Introductions” provide a useful overview of the sources and the context in which these were generated. However, his assumption of the binary of ‘Sikh’ scholars located in Punjab and the Western academia is oversimplied. It ignores several major scholars located in the two hemispheres whose work does not quite fit into these two categories, apparently because of their critical use of the Sikh sources combined with respect for tradition, and their concern equally for continuity and change. Furthermore, Barrier’s generalizations, though attractive and appealing to the general reader, lack depth. This is evident especially with regard to his work on the Sikhs. Empirical evidence for the period 1870-1920 is mostly the basis of his generalizations, but for the later period as well as the period before annexation there is no such basis. Therefore, his views of the nature of Sikhism and Sikh identity have the weakest conceptual and empirical bases. His historiographic reviews tend to be influenced by his understanding of the Singh Sabha period. His confident style and the crispness of his generalizations conceal the elementary character of his basic position and lack of rigorous analysis. Finally, Barrier appears to be rather preoccupied with the growing communal competitiveness in the Punjab. He tends to minimize the direct and indirect contribution of the colonial state towards engendering communal outlook and attitudes. While cautioning his readers against taking the British records at face value, he himself gets carried away by explanations of their policies and actions. His preoccupation with divisions in the Indian and Punjabi society and their historical “roots” acquires a deterministic ring. He appears to think that partition of India and the Punjab was inevitable.
In Remembrance 189 *I am happy to acknowledge the help received from the library and documentation center of the Indian Council of Historical Research, and Manohar Publishers, New Delhi in locating Professor Barrier’s publications. Works Cited 1968. “The Punjab Government and Communal Politics, 1870-1908”, The Journal of Asian Studies, vol. XXVII, no. 3, pp. 523-39. 1970. “Hindi, Urdu and Panjabi Tracts on Nineteenth Century Panjab”, The Panjab Past and Present, vol. IV, pp. 1, pp. 156-87. 1970. The Sikhs and Their Literature (A Guide to Tracts, Books and Periodicals, 1849-1919), Delhi: Manohar Book Service. 1971. “Muslim Politics in the Punjab, 1870-1890”, The Panjab Past and Present, vol. V, pt. 1, pp. 84-127. 1974. “The British and Controversial Publications in Punjab”, The Panjab Past and Present, vol. VIII, pt. 1, pp. 32-60. 1974. “The Punjab Disturbances of 1907: The Response of British Government in India to Agrarian Unrest”, The Panjab Past and Present, vol. VIII, pt 2, pp. 444-76. 1975. “Mass Politics and the Punjab Congress in the Pre-Gandhian Era”, The Panjab Past and Present, vol. IX, pt 2, pp. 349-59. 1976. Roots of Communal Politics, New Delhi: Arnold-Heinamann Publishers (India), ‘Introduction’, pp. 7-27. 1979. “The Formation and Enactment of the Punjab Alienation of Land Bill”, The Panjab Past and Present, vol. XIII, pt 1, pp. 193-215. 1979. “The Role of Ideology and Institution, Building in Modern Sikhism”, in Sikh Studies: Comparative Perspectives on a Changing Tradition, ed., Mark Juergensmeyer and N. Gerald Barrier, Berkeley: Graduate Theological Union, pp. 41-51. 1981. The Census in British India: New Perspectives, New Delhi: Manohar, ‘Introduction’, pp. v-xiv.
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JOURNAL OF PUNJAB STUDIES Editors I
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Editorial 1 Editorial W. H. McLeod
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Page 151 and 152: Reviews 147 William J. Glover, Maki
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Page 161 and 162: Reviews 157 popularity of Punjabi a
Page 163 and 164: Reviews 159 since the late nineteen
Page 165 and 166: Reviews 161 Gobind Singh. Nicely tu
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