Deutsch-Afghanische Freundschaft Gesellschaft eV - bei der ...

Deutsch-Afghanische Freundschaft Gesellschaft e.V. 

Afghanistan 2004 – 2014 - 2024 

Dr. Joachim Sproß 

Rechtsanwalt, Oberstleutnant d.R. 

30. August 2012


1. EinsKtgt. Camp in Kunduz 

Einsatz in Afghanistan 

Bundeswehr Aufenthalt 02.02.-14.08.2004 

Bundeswehr Aufenthalt 13.11.2009-13. März 2010 

BMZ/GIZ Aufenthalt 13.04. – 30.06.2011 

Bundeswehr Aufenthalt 06.03.-15.05.2012


Camp Marmal (Mazar-e Sharif 2011)


1. Einführung 

2. Politische Situation 

3. Wirtschaftliche Situation 

- Infrastruktur 

- Energiepolitik 

- Bodenschätze 

- Opium 

4. Situation der Frauen 

5. Governance (Rule of Law) 

6. Ausblick


Einführung

Deutsch-Afghanische Freundschaft Gesellschaft e.V.

Feldzug Alexander des Großen 300 v. Chr. 




Kennzahlen 2011 

Islamische Republik Afghanistan 

Bevölkerung in 1000 25.-32.000 

Fläche in km² 652.225 

Hauptstadt 

Kabul 

Einwohner in 1000 4.900 

Provinzen 35 

Alphabetisierung 15-35% 

BIP 

415 €/Einw. 

BIP 15,4 Mrd € 

Anteil Landwirtschaft 85% 

Fläche: 

3 Mio ha 

Währung: Afghani 

MEZ + 3 ½ Std. 

Bundesrepublik Deutschland 

Bevölkerung in 1000 82.537 

Fläche in km² 357.027 

Hauptstadt 

Berlin 

Einwohner in 1000 3.392 

Bundesländer 16 

Alphabetisierung 97% 

BIP 

31.436 €/Einw. 

BIP 2.563 Mrd € 

Anteil Landwirtschaft 2,8% 

Fläche 

11,5 Mio ha 

Währung: Euro


Pufferstaat zwischen dem 

Russischen Reich und dem 

Britischen Reich Indien 

Pamir-Grenze 1895 

Paschtunen-Gebiet 

sog. Durand-Linie 

engl. Außenminister 1893

Bevoelkerungsstruktur 


= 74% 

Quelle: European Union, National risk and Vulnerability 

Assessment 2007/08, Report 2009 

NSS/NRVA


1979 Einmarsch der UDSSR 

1979-2001/05 Bürgerkrieg 

26 Jahre Unruhe, Terror und Anschläge 

1992 Sturz kommunistisches Regime 

1992-1996 Bürgerkrieg der Mujaheddin 

1996-2001 Herrschaft der Taliban 

11.09.2001 Terroranschlag USA 

07.10.2001 Beginn Enduring Freedom 

05.12.2001 Petersberg-Konferenz 1 

20.12.2001 UN-Mandat ISAF 

02.12.2002 Petersberg-Konferenz 2 

24.10.2003 Beschluß Bundestag KUNDUZ 

31.03.2004 Afghanistan-Konferenz Berlin 

09.10.2004 Präsidentenwahlen 

Spätherbst 2005 Parlamentswahlen 

2005-2008 Destabilisierung 

2009 Wahlen Präsident 

2014 Wahlen Präsident 

Straße der Deutsch-Afghanischen Freundschaft


Der Feind 

meines 

Feindes 

ist mein 

Freund 

Mein 

Feind ist 

sein 

bester 

Freund 

Meines Feindes 

Freund hat 

einen Freund, 

der meines 

Freundes 

Feind ist 

Meines Freundes Feind 

ist der Feind vom 

befreundeten Feind meines 

Freundes 

Der Freund vom 

Freund meines 

Freundes ist der 

Feind vom 

früheren Freund 

seines befreundeten 

Feindes 

Sprichwort in Afghanistan: „Hinter jedem Berg sitzt ein König“


Mitteleuropa im 14. Jahrhundert


RETURNEES HOST COUNTRIES AND WHERE DO THEY GO TO 

Areas and No. of returnees 2008 

- 20.001- 33.000 

- 10.001- 20.000 

- 351- 10.000 

Living On The Edge 

> 5 million Afghans have returned to• 

their homeland since the fall of the 

Taliban regime in 2001. 

Refugees returned in high hopes, now• 

find themselves on the economic edge. 

Harsh realities of struggles for landsclaims• 

and waterrights 

So what: Growing insecurity threatens the gains 

the country has made since then.


Infrastruktur (Verkehr) als 

Voraussetzung für Handel


Bundesstraße


Politische Situation


Inoffizielles Endergebnis; Stand: 27.10.04 


KARZAI 

55,5 % 

KANUNI 

16,2 % 

MOHAQQEQ 

DOSTUM 

11,7 % 10,1 % 

JALAL 

1,1 %

Wahlsieger in den Provinzen 


DOSTUM 

KANUNI 

MOHAQQEQ 

KARZAI


19.12.2005 

Afghanistan hat wieder ein 

Parlament


Ex-König 

unterstützt 

Präsident 

im Ausland geschätzt, 

im Inland schwache Machtbasis 

Zahir Schah 

Hamid Karzai 

Ex-Präsident 

unterstützt 

sog. „Panschiris“ 

dominierten die 

Interimsregierung 

Rabbani 

Fahim 

QANOONI 

Abdullah


Kampfeinsatz 

Ergebnis 9/11 

Kampf gegen den internationalen Terrorismus 

International Security Army Forces 

Kein Kampfeinsatz 

Auftrag: 

Sicherheit und ruhiges Umfeld 

Für die zivilen Aufbauorganisationen schaffen

International Security Assistance 

Force 


International Security Assistance Force 


TKM 

Termez 

UZB 

Kunduz 

Fayzabad 

Mazar-e Sharif 

Herat 

Kabul 

IRN 

Kandahar 

PAK


Zivilisierung der Gewalt im militärischen Einsatz 


Politische 

Metapher 

Ethisches Prinzip 

Rechtsstatus und 

Rechtsquelle 

Operationstyp Ausstattung / 

Habitus 

Gewaltintensität 

„Krieg“ 

Bewaffneter 

Konflikt 

Konflikt 

Widerstand 

Sozialer 

Widerspruch 

„Frieden“ 

Kombattantenprivileg 

a) der Bekämpfung legitimer 

militärischer Ziele, 

b) der Abwägung zwischen 

legitimen militärischen Zielen und 

dem Schutz von Zivilpersonen. Als 

Kriegsverbrechen gilt der exzessive 

Kollateralschaden! 

Ungeteilter Menschenrechtsschutz 

(IHRL) 

a) kein Kampfführungsrecht, 

b) keine Abwägung von 

menschlichem Leben gegen 

menschliches Leben 

Internationaler 

oder nicht 

internationaler 

bewaffneter 

Konflikt 

IHL/LOAC + Genfer Abk. 

Interner 

bewaffneter 

Konflikt 

Nationales Strafrecht, 

Notstandsrecht, 

Menschenrechtspakte 

SOFA etc. 

Instabilität 

unterhalb der Schwelle 

eines bewaffneten 

Konflikts 

rechtlicher Rahmen jeweils 

einzigartig, häufig aus 

Mandat Kapitel VII 

Stabile 

Staatlichkeit, 

Nationales Strafrecht 

Distanzschläge 

(Luftherrschaft) 

2010 

Bodenoperation 

(Errichtung 

territorialer 

Herrschaft) 

Dynamischer u. 

komplexer 

Einsatzraum 

Full Spectrum 

Operations 

(Stabilisierung 

territorialer 

Herrschaft COIN) 

Gendarmerie / 

Polizei (Ausübung 

staatlicher Gewalt) 

Habituelle 

Eskalation 

(Kombattantenstatus) 

Bewaffneter Konflikt = KRIEG 

2001-2009 

Habituelle 

Deeskalation 

Verhältnismäßigkeit 

STABILISIERUNGSEINSATZ

Konferenzen zu Afghanistan (Auszug) 


Bonn• 

• Bonn 27.11.-05.12.2001 

•Tokio: 21.-22.01.2002 

•Bonn: 02.12.2002 

•Berlin: 31.03.-01.04.2004 

•London: 31.01.-01.02.2006 

•Rom: 02.-03.07.2007 

•Paris: 12.06.2008 

•Den Haag: 31.03.2009 

•London: 28.01.2010 

•Kabul: 20.07.2010 

•Berlin: 12.12.2011 

•Chicago: 09.-10.05. 2012 

• Tokio: 07.-08. Juli 2012

Afghan National Development Strategie 2007-2009 

Afghan National Development Plan ANDP 2010 – 2011 


Security 

Governance 

Rule of Law 

& 

Human Rights 

Economic & Social Development

GIRoA Cluster Structure 


Ministry of Finance 

Agriculture and Rural 

Development Cluster 

Coordinator 

Ministry 

Agriculture, 

Irrigation and 

Livestock 

Human Resource 

Development Cluster 

Ministry of 

Rehabilitation 

and Rural 

Development 

Ministry of 

Higher 

Education 

Ministry of 

Energy and 

Water 

Coordinator 

Ministry of 

Education 

Ministry of 

Labor, Social 

Affairs, 

Martyrs and 

Disabled 

Ministry of 

Counter- 

Narcotics 

Ministry of 

Women’s 

Affairs 

Ministry of Finance 

Infrastructure and 

Economic Development 

Cluster 

Ministry of 

Transportation 

and Civil 

Aviation 

Ministry of 

Public Works 

Coordinator 

Ministry of 

Mines 

Ministry of 

Energy and 

Water 

Ministry of 

Commerce and 

Industry

Assessment of Transition 

Readiness 


Security 

Ashraf Ghani Ahmadzai 

Jowzjan 

Balkh 

Kunduz 

Born 1949 

Faryab 

Takhar 

Badakhshan 

Sar-e Pul 

Samangan 

Baghlan 

Transition Readiness Status 

Governance 

Faryab 

Jowzjan 

Sar-e Pul 

Balkh 

Samangan 

Kunduz 

Baghlan 

Takhar 

Badakhshan 

Command Guidance 

and 

Analysis of Objective 

and Subjective Factors 

Development 

Faryab 

Jowzjan 

Balkh 

Kunduz 

Joint Afghan-NATO Inteqal Board (JANIB) 

Takhar 

Badakhshan 

Sar-e Pul 

Samangan 

Baghlan 

Colors are examples and do not 

reflect the current situation 

PoA

TRANSITION PROCESS 


SHAPE OPLAN Phase 3: 

Stabilization 

Provincial Afghan Security Lead 

SHAPE OPLAN Phase 4: 

Transition 

SHAPE OPLAN 

Phase 5: 

Redeployment 

Assessment Process 

Implementation Process 

Greater than 

24 months 

24-18 

months 

18-12 

months 

12-6 

months 

6-0 

months 

Stage 1 

Support 

Stage 2 

Mentor 

Stage 3 

Enable 

Stage 4 

Sustain 

Conditions to initiate transition process: 

1) ANSF are capable of shouldering additional 

security tasks with less assistance from ISAF. 

2) Security is at a level that allows the population 

to pursue routine daily activities. 

3) Local governance is sufficiently developed so 

that security will not be undermined as ISAF 

assistance is reduced. 

4) ISAF is postured properly to “thin out” as ANSF 

capabilities increase and threat levels remain 

constant or diminish. 

MO MOI 

change D of lead 

responsibility 

Conditions to complete transition process: 

1) Sustainable ANSF are responsible for population 

security and law enforcement, and they are 

accountable to and serving the people. 

2) Provincial Governance is sufficiently inclusive, 

accountable, and acceptable to the Afghan people 

3) Population has access to basic social services and 

adequate rule of law; establishing the foundation for 

sustainable licit economic growth. 

4) ISAF is postured to provide strategic overwatch and 

assistance needed for Afghan forces to achieve 

sustainable security.

STABILITY 


Transition 

Transformation 

Tranche Announcement (TA) TA TA TA 

~ 6 Months ~ 6 Months ~ 6 Months ~ 6 Months 

I 

N 

T 

H 

E 

A 

T 

R 

E 

IO 

ISAF 

GIROA 

ANSF 

D&G 

S 

D&G 

S 

D&G 

S 

D&G 

S 

D&G 

S 

D&G 

S 

D&G 

S 

D&G 

S 

D&G 

S 

D&G 

S 

SUPPORT MENTOR ENABLE SUSTAIN 

FOLLOW ON FORCES 

STAGE 1 STAGE 2 STAGE 3 STAGE 4 

= ISAF contribution 

D=Development G=Governance S=Security



Wirtschaftliche Situation


Gold 

Coal 

Cement 

Gravel 

Construction Material 

Gravel and Sand 

Gypsum 

Marble 

Salt 

Granite

Dahlberg analysis 


value agriculture chain 




Dahlberg analysis

The Deutsch-Afghanische “Value Freundschaft Added” Gesellschaft Model e.V. 

GAPS & Challenges 

analysis 

of agricultural local culture 

after 25 years of civil war 

know how&irrigation system/ 

water after 25 years of civil war 

infrastructure, (cold) storage house, 

processing capabilities 

know how and equipment 


infrastructure, roads and bridges/ 

culverts (connect to next market 


professional distribution 

contact to fairs, products 

confirm to int. rules & regulations 

(green trade fair Berlin) 

120507 LTC Dr. Spross



Date: 12/05/07


Natural Resources AFG 


Commodity 

Copper 

Iron ore 

Gold 

Barite 

Bauxite 

Rare-earth 

elements 

Oil and 

natural gas 

liquids 

Natural gas 

Resources 

57.8 mt 

2,438 mt 

2,698 kg 

151.5 mt 

4.5 mt 

4.88 mt 

1,596 

mmbbls 

15.7 Tof


Deposits complete or partially in Northern Afghanistan

Oil and Gas 


Oil and Gas 

Basins 

Oil 

Gas 

Amu Darya Basin 

Afghan-Tajik Basin

Oil Tender Amu Darya Basin 


• China National Petroleum 

Company (CNPC) 

Oil 

Gas 

Amu Darya Basin 

• WATAN Group (Popal) 

• Contract for 3 oil blocks 

• 15% royalty 

• Start in 2012 

• > 80 mil barrels crude oil 

• Improvements in roads 

and infrastructure

Tender Areas 


MASAR-E 

SHARIF 

Block 

SANDUQLI Block 

AHMADABAD Block 

BALKH Block


Infrastructure 


AQUINEH, HAIRATAN & SHIR KHAN BANDAR BCP 

Railway link UZBEKISTAN – MES 

MES Intern. Airport 

NEPS (North East Power System) 

Existing & Planned - - - 

HIGHWAY No. 1 

Natural RESOURCES

HIGHWAY No.1 – Section 6 QAISAR - 

GHORMACH 


HIGHWAY No. 1 

Background Information: 

• “The Ring-Road” of AFG, 

• National and transnational vital lifeline for economy 

and trade, 

• missing link from West to North approx. 235 km 

(approx. 40 km AOO RC N; Section 5+6), 

• budget $477 Mio USD donated by ADB 

(road construction& community development), 

• Contract for project EMJV/ MoPW signed on Dec 31, 2011, 

• due to contract: security has to be provided by GIRoA 

(MOPW/ MOI) 

1 

3 

2 

4 

5 

6 

Qaysar 

Armalek 

Date: 12/04/15

R&D Air Traffic & Transportation 


International Airport Mazar-e Sharif – Greater National Airport Feyzabad 

MeS Civil Airport today 

New runway at MeS 

InternationalAirport 

Soviet relicts at 

MeS Airfield 

MeS Mil Airport 

Feyzabad Airfileld today



Railway link – 

UZBEKISTAN - MAZAR-E SHARIF 


Length 73.47 km 

Start Friendship Bridge, Hairaton 

(east of Termez, Uzbekistan) 

End Gur-e-Mar (18 km east of 

Mazar-eSharif) 

Gauge 1520 mm 

Cost US$175m 

HWY 5 

Trans-loading 

station south 

NAIBABAD 

HWY 1 

in use 

not used 

US LogBase 

DEHADI II 

Camp Marmal 

Date: 12/04/18

Mazar-e Sharif – International Airport 


MES Intern. Airport 

Background Information: 

• Rehabilitation of the Airport 

• Trilateral Cooperation between AFG, DEU, 

• Financing by DEU (48 Mil Euro) 

• Impact on MES Railway system 

• Impact on BXP HAIRATAN, improving midscale 

industry and commerce 

Date: 12/04/18

Roads in Mazar-E Sharif 


Basic Health Care and Water 


HEALTH SNAPSHOT 

7.4 million people have improved access to basic health services 

539 health clinics constructed and 128 under completion 

328 health facilities strengthened 

7,575 health workers including doctors, midwives and nurses trained 

13,150 people receive health care services daily through clinics and direct 

outreach workers 

4 million children vaccinated against polio (WHO) 

Infant mortality rate has dropped by 22 percent. 

Over 85 percent of the population now has access to some form of health care 

Source: USAID

R&D Education 


School & Education- 

System 

Geschlossene Aqtasch High School: 

"Wenn wir nun Schulmädchen töten, 

dürft ihr euch nicht wundern", drohen 

die Taliban. 

Leerer Klassenraum in der Aqtasch 

High School: Eltern trauen sich nicht 

mehr, ihre Mädchen in die Schule zu 

schicken. 

Schulbeauftragter Halimi: "Was soll 

ich als Zivilist gegen die Taliban 

machen?" 

Bedrohliche "Night 

Letters": Nächtliche 

Botschaften des 

"Islamischen 

Emirats von 

Afghanistan" 

schüchtern die 

Bevölkerung ein. 

$ 83Mio investment program 

North Afghanistan above 

average 

Boy and Girlschool above 

average 

School security above 

average 

Tendency since 2008 

Growing influence of 

Mullahs in Pashtun Regions 

10 Girlschools closed in 

Kunduz province in 2009 

due too detoriorating 

security situation 

Source: Spiegel Online

Increase of energy consume and import 


01.05.12

Increase of energy consume and import 


250 

Kabul Peak Power Output (MW) 

April 6th (2006-2011)) 

200 

MW 

150 

100 

2010 

2009 

2008 

2007 

2006 

2011 

50 

0 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 

Hour

NEPS (North East Power System) 


Shortfalls: 

• Lack of cross-border communication 

Future 500 kV or 765 kV 

• Denial of Afghan personnel is in contradiction to capacity building 

Tajik to Pakistan 

• NEPS pylons partly to close to the railway. Railway will be blocked Transmission if pylons System are 

demolished 

(under study) 

• UTY’s call for additional security installations supplementary to the approved security plan 

hold up the start of the mobilization phase 

Actions to be taken: 

• Cargo trans-loading has to be contracted and funded. 

• MoI has to provide the demanded installations and to harmonise this with the approved 

Tashkil. 

Date: 12/04/18

NEPS – Total Objective 



NEPS = North East Power System 

Afghanistan 

Power Sector Needs 

Uzbekistan Imports 

100MW to 470MW 

$20M ($.06/KwH) 

SEPS = South East Power System 

Uzbekistan 

Turkmenistan 

Sheberghan 

Qal'a-i Mamay 

445 

Tajikistan Imports 

300MW 

April- October 

ADB - Construction Underway 

($0.035 KwH) 

200 

48 

400 

54 

Kelegai 

Iran 

Shiberghan Gas Field 

Thermal Power Plants Power and 

Gas Lines 

200MW + 48MW 

$440M ($.06/KwH) 

24 Months 

Sheberghan Gas 

Field 

NEPS 2 

NEPS 2 Expansion 

600MW 600MW Capacity 

$400-600M Capacity 

48 Months $400M 

48 Months 

Fertilizer Plant 

Aynak Coal 

Tarakhil 

Pul-e-Khumri Substation 

105 

250 

66 

100 

400 

Baghdara 

Naghlu 

Northern Run-of-River 

Hydropower Untapped 

600- 1,200MW 

$2.5 to $3B 

48 Months 

Gamberi 

Shal 

800 

36 

Proposed 500kV Line 

Existing 220kV 2 Circuit 

Proposed 22okV 2 Circuit 

Existing 110kV Line 

Proposed 110kV Line 

Kajaki Power and 

Irrigation Expansion 

60-100MW 

$400 to $500M 

60-84 Months 

NEPS 

Hajigak Iron 

22 

Aynak Copper 

Sarubi 

180 

Sarubi 2 

11 

Darunta 

Existing 20kV Import Line 

Proposed 500/220kV Substation 

Existing/Proposed 220kV Substation 

Existing/Proposed 110kV Substation 

Existing Natural Gas Pipeline 

27 

SEPS 

52 

34 

Kajaki 

Transmission and Distribution to 

Eastern Populations 400MW Capacity 

$280M 

24-30 Months 

Proposed Natural Gas Pipeline 

TPP 

Thermal Power Plant 

Hydropower Plant (proposed) 

Natural Gas Field 

SEPS Expansion 

Kajaki Unit 2 

from 34 to 52MW 

Kandahar Upgrades 

Plus Transmission and 

Distribution 

$442M 

32-38 Months 

Dala 

NEPS-Kandahar Tactical 

Tie-in 

30MW-150MW 

$480M 

36 Months 

Pakistan

Near- Medium Term Power Sector Needs 


Energy Project Projected Cost Timeframe 

Near Term (0-5 years) 

Component Total 

• DABS Commercialization: Kabul, Kandahar $59,000,000 2009-2012 

• Kandahar-Helmand Power Initiative $512,000,000 2010-2013 

• Kandahar SIP/Silo + Fuel $410,000,000 2010-2013 

• NEPS to SEPS Engineering Design $70,000,000 2009-2011 

• NEPS to SEPS Transmission Backbone $380,000,000 2010-2013 

• NE Transmission and Distribution (Kabul to Khost) $376,800,000 2011-2013 

• Kabul Distribution Connections $60,000,000 2011 

• Sheberghan Gas and Thermal Power $499,000,000 2011-2012 

• NEPS Expansion (Hairatan, Salang by pass, Turkmen) $905,000,000 2011-2014 

• Transmission Improvement/Efficency (NLCC/SCADA) $102,000,000 2009-2012 

• Hydropower Studies/Design (Surobi, Baghdara, Kajaki 2) $80,000,000 2011 

• Darunta (11MW) Cascade Hydropower Rehabilitation $11,000,000 2009-2011 

• Surobi (180MW) Cascade Hydropower Plant $445,000,000 2012-2015 

• 100 MW Expansion at Kajaki HPP $500,000,000 2012-2016/8 

• Baghdara (200+100+100 MW) Cascade Hydropower System $900,000,000 2014-2019 

• Power and Gas Sector Capacity Building $163,000,000 2011-2015 

• Clean Energy Initiatives $83,000,000 2010-2014 

• Multi-purpose Dams $322,000,000 2011-2012 

• Construction Oversight and Engineering $250,000,000 2011-2015 

• Nationwide Distribution Connections $500,000,000 2014-2019 

• Near and Medium Term Costs $6,627,800,000 2009 - 2019 

68

Projects/Programs 


• RCDF (Regional Capacity Development Fund) GIZ 

– Up to 56 Mio. € until 2013 

– Allocation to provinces according to number of 

population and number of districts 

– Projects from 0 – 500.000 €, average 100.000 € 

• RIDF (Regional Infrastructure Development Fund) KFW 

– Up to 81 Mio. until 2013 

– Allocation to provinces according to number of 

population 

– Projects from 500.000 – 1.5 Mio € 

Date: 12/04/24

Projects/Programs RCDF/RIDF 


Received Project Proposals 

Prioritized Project Proposals 

Infrastructure 

Agriculture & 

Rural 

Development 

Education Others Sectors 

Date: 12/04/25




Opium

Opium 


Opium 



Situation der Frauen

Afghan Women 1880 - 1929 


• King Abdur Rahman Khan (1880 - 1901) 

– Forbade practices that bound widows to remarry next of kin 

– Girls promised in marriage before puberty were given the right to refuse 

– Laws permitted women to sue for alimony and request divorce 

• Amir Amanullah and Queen Soraya (1919 - 1929) 

– 1923 Constitution 

• Education compulsory for all Afghans 

• Women granted the right to vote 

• Allowed women to enter politics 

– First women’s hospital established; 

– First girl’s school was opened by 1928, 800 girls enrolled 

– Women were not required, by law, to wear the veil 

HTAT Fact: In the early 1920’s King Amanullah's sister, Kobra, created Anjuman- 

E-Himayat-E-Niswan (Organization for Women's Protection)



• King Mohammad Zahir Shah (1933-1973) 

• 1958 - Afghanistan sends first female delegate to U.N. 

• 1959 - Kabul University becomes coeducational 

• 1964 - Constitution confirms women’s right to vote, allowance 

of political activity, and equal rights 

• 1965 - Women participate in elections 

- Formation of Democratic Organization of Afghan Women 

(DOAW) 

• Voluntary observation of purdah (seclusion) introduced 

HTAT Fact: Kubra Nurzai, appointed as Minister of Health in 1965, was the first 

female minister to serve in Afghanistan. She was reappointed in 1967.


Afghan Women - Communist Era 

• 1977 - Meena Keshwar Kamal founds RAWA (Revolutionary Association of 

Women of Afghanistan 

• Decree No 7 of 17 October 1978 - supports equal rights in civil law 

• 1978 - 1979 - Decrees issued: 

– Compulsory education for girls 

– Bride price abolished 

– Minimum marriage age for girls set at 16 

– Women encouraged to remove their veils 

• 1979 - 1989 Soviet Invasion 

– Numerous women and children killed by Soviet troops 

• 1980 - Nahid Sahid killed by Russians during a demonstration 

• 1987 - Meena Keshwar Kamal is assassinated 

HTAT Fact: In 1984, Khatol Mohammadzai became Afghanistan's first woman 

paratrooper; she currently serves as a General in the Afghan National Army



• The Civil War – April 1992, end of communist rule, return of 

Mujahideen 

– Women become targets of sexual violence linked to factional fighting 

– 1995 Afghanistan has highest infant mortality rate 

– Female life expectancy is 43 

– 3% of girls receive primary education 

• Taliban – 1996, Kabul falls, implementation of Shari‘a Law 

– Women isolated from the rest of the society 

• Women banned from schools, hospitals and offices 

• Women must wear burqah and be escorted by husband or muharam 

– 40,000 widows survive on aid in Kabul 

• Many women become beggars and prostitutes to feed their families

Afghan Women 2001 - Present 


• Established: 

– Ministry of Women’s Affairs (MOWA) 

• First Afghan Women’s National Council held in 2008 

– Women’s Affairs Parliamentary Commission 

– Commission for the Elimination of Violence Against 

Women 

• Approved: 

– National Action Plan For Women In Afghanistan 

– Elimination of Violence Against Women Law 

– Convention Elimination of all Discrimination Against 

Women 

• Way Ahead: 

– Support Afghan women with small projects/micro loans 

– Help Afghan women connect with GIRoA 

Currently, women 

comprise: 

21% of Government employees 

37% Enrollment in school (girls) 

28% of Teachers – 

18% of University students – 

5% of the Police force – 

24% of Health staff – 

10% of Judicial staff – 

– 

– 

Participation by women: 

12% in Emergency Loya Jirga 

20% in Constitutional Loya Jirga 

40% in both the Presidential and 

National Assembly elections 

– 

– 

– 

* Information provided by the 

Ministry of Women’s Affairs


Governance (RoL)


Challenge of a solution to formal and informal legal system 

„State and Non-state justice Systems in Afghanistan“, Ali Wardak 17.10.2011 

Overall situation (afgh. brocken Justice): 

1. Existence of state institutions prior to former USSR invasion 

2. Extensive destruction of Afghanistan’s state justice institutions after 

invasion in 1979 

3. death and migration of qualified judges, prosecutors etc. 

Taliban justice system 

4. Authorization of formation of the Afghanistan Judical Commission 

(Bonn Agreement 12/2001) 

5. lack of vision and competence last 10 years 

6. rebuilding justice system slow and patchy (2001-2010) 

7. post Taliban state justice system is far from delivering justice to Afghan 

citizen 

8. heavily overshadowed with endemic corruption, high levels of 

professional incompetence, inadequacy of physical infrastructure 

(2011) 

9. Justice institutions theoret. closely interconnected, in reality only little 

organic chain-like interaction (hardly operate system)

TRAINING FOR JUDGES -- Subjects and Sponsors 

SUBJECTS 

Implementers 

USAID RLS- 

Adam 

GENERAL JUDICIAL TRAINING NIJAT Formal JSSP EUPOL GIZ ILF-A Smith Max Planck IDLO Canada UNDP Netherlands 

"Stage" Deutsch-Afghanische x Freundschaft Gesellschaft x e.V. 

Continuing Legal Education /In- 

Service Education x x 

Constitutional Law x x x 

Judicial Code of Ethics x x x 

CRIMINAL LAW 

Criminal Procedure Code x x x x x 

Gender Rights/ Eliminating Violence 

Against Women x x x 

Juvenile Justice 

x 

Counter-Narcotics 

x 

Criminal Defense x x x 

Corruption x x 

Investigative Methods and Evidence x x x 

CIVIL LAW 

Commerical Law x x x x 

Land Law x x 

Personal Status Law x x 

Family Law x x x 

Inheritance Law 

x 

Human Rights x x 

PRACTICAL APPLICATION 

Mock Trials x x 

Critical Thinking x 

Court Organization x x 

Study Abroad 

Judicial Mentoring - 

Provincial/Districts x x x 

Conferences & Seminars x x x 

Fair Trial Standards 

x 

Train-the-trainer x x x 

Court Administration 

Case Management 

x 

Human Resources x x 

Administration x x x 

Working Conditions 

Budgeting


Focus areas: 

(GIZ) GERMAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION IN AFGHANISTAN 

Rule of Law Project 2007-2013 

Samangan, Balkh, Baghlan, Kunduz, Takhar, Badakhshan 

1. Advise MoJ in budgeting 

2. Legal Aid services, (private and public) national, provincial, district 

level 

3. capacity building of all legal actors in districts 

4. Huquuq and elders, provincial and district level 

5. Community Policing and GPPT support at district level 

6. Police-Prosecutor-judges cooperation on district level 

7. Legal and gender advise for ANP 

8. Small construction works and equipment provincial and district 

level 

9. Legal Awareness (radio shows, billboards) 

10. Universities support for women (study places),

International focus on Capacity 

Building 

2009 - 2013 


UNDP: 

Capacity 

building in 

provinces, 

districts, 

municipalities 

and provincial 

councils 

$180 Mio 2010- 

2014 

(AFG wide) 

UNDP: Gender 

empowerment 

$10 Mio 

(AFG wide) 

SIDA NSP Support for 

Community 

Development Councils 

$10 Mio 2010-2013 

(earmarked RC N) 

USAID/ACSS 

$250 Mio Training 

3,000 civil servants 

(AFG wide) 

CSSP (Correction 

system support 

program) 

JSSP(Justice sector 

support program) 

gender program 

JLTP (Young Lawyers 

train program) 

FLC (Family Law Clinic) 

(AFG wide) 

UNDP: 

Capacity for 

Afghan Public 

Services- 

Program 

Since 2009 

DEU Stability Fund 

North-AFG 

15 Mio Euro p.a. 

(several provinces) 

USAID/RAMP UP: 

municipality services 

program 

$150 Mio 2011-2012/13 

EC/IOM: 

Provincial 

Governance 

Support-Program 

Afghanistan 

Stability Program: 

Building GIRoAinfrastructure 

AOO wide 

UNDP: 

Accountability and 

Transparency- 

Project 

(AFG wide) 

Poss. District 

Delivery 

Program 

DEU Regional 

Capacity- 

Development Fund 

North-AFG 

24 Mio Euro 2010- 

13 


Ongoing 

Planned 

Finished 

SIDA Training for 

Journalists, 2011- 

2013 

600.000 USD 

IDLG Performance 

Based Governor’s 

Fund (USAID 

funded) 

(AFG wide) 

DEU Educational 

Programs (EQUIP and 

basic teacher education) 

10 Mio Euro 


Civil Service 

Commission/PAR 

(Public Administration 

Reform) 

USAID/EC/World Bank 

etc. 

AFG wide 

DEU Regional 

Infrastructure- 

Development Fund 

North-AFG 


(several provinces)

Rule of Law programs 

2009 – 2013 


Law and Order Trust 

Fund, salary payment 

for ANP, 

DEU 24 Mio p.a. 

(AFG-wide) 

Regionwide 

vocational 

training for 

prisoners (first 

project in Faryab) 

ANP-Mentoring: 

NTM-A 1/10 

Mountain 

(region wide) 

German Police 

Training Center, 

Training PIC, 

ANPA/PTC, IA MeS 

Airport K-9 


DEU-program 

Ongoing 

“Promotion of Rule of 

Law” 

Planned 

25 Mio Euro 2009-2013 

(six provinces: FAY, 

Finished 

KDZ, THAKAR, 

BAGHLAN, BALKH, 

SAMAGAN) 

NDL-program 

“Promotion of Rule of 

Law” 

6,2 Mio Euro 2011-2014 

(only Kunduz) 

Fair trial Program 

Training of judges 

and prosecutors 

(DEU-MPI) 

Justice Sector 

and Corrections 

System programs 

(US DoS) 

Regionwide 

shaping justice 

attitudes radio 

programs (Balkh 

pilot project) 

SIDA/Int. Legal 

Foundation Training 

of Lawyers 400.000 

USD 2011/12 

Region-wide 

criminal law 

practitioner 

training project 

(Kunduz pilot) 

GPPT Police 

Training and 

Mentoring (GER) 

Human right 

EUPOL Police 

Training and 

Mentoring (DEU, 

SWE and others) 

FDD 

(GPPT-MP) 

2008-2011


U.S. Civilian Funding and overview bribes (A. Wardak 2011): 

Funding 

450 

400 

350 

300 

250 

200 

150 

100 

50 

0 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 

year 

2002 

2003 

2004 

2005 

2006 

2007 

2008 

2009 

2010 

2011 

U.S. Civilian Funding 2002-2011 

Series2 

sources: Wyler&Katzman, Cong. Research Serv., R41484 Afghanistan: US Rule of Law and Justice 2010

Challenge of a solution to formal and informal legal 

system 

„State and Non-state justice Systems in 

Afghanistan“, Ali Wardak 17.10.2011 


60 

50 

40 

30 

20 

10 

0 

bribes (A. Wardak 2011): 

Prosecutors 

Judges 

Customs officer 

Police officer 

Cadraste officer 

Municipal 

Members Government 

Tax/Rewenues officer 

NGO's 

Member Parliament 

Doctors 

Nurses 

Teachers 

ANA 

Urban areas 

Series1 

sources: United Nations Office on Drug and Crime, Corruption in Afghanistan 2010


bribes (A. Wardak 2011): 

70 

60 

50 

40 

30 

20 

10 

0 

rural areas 

Series1 

Prosecutors 

Customs officer 

Cadrastre Officer 

Tax Officer 

Member Parliament 

Nurses 

ANA 

sources: United Nations Office on Drug and Crime, Corruption in Afghanistan 2010


Gehälter BT-DRS 17/5665 (2011)


Challenge: linkage of formal and informal justice 

LOO 2.3.4: Re-emerge of traditional dispute resolution mechanism supported and linkage 

between the traditional and formal justice established and sustained 

UNAMA Report April 10th, 2011: 

“Analysis: 

The linkages between formal and informal justice systems in Afghanistan are 

overwhelmingly influenced by Muslim clerics in NER (North East Region). In most of 

districts there is too much religious influence on the application of the formal legal 

system. In particular in Kunduz, Takharestan Islamic seminary is among the most 

influential seminaries of the region and many judicial and non judicial actors are 

graduated form here. Elders and clerics intervene in civil cases which are often dealt 

with along traditional and conservative understandings of Sharia. In criminal cases, 

the situation is better but the Sharia criminal law, especially in form of mediation, 

payment of blood money and reconciliation out of court still has its impact on 

criminal justice.” 

So what: 

Implementation of formal and informal legal system in one system: 

Legalize informal decision into formal legal system in Huquuq = Title of execution !!


„State and Deutsch-Afghanische Non-state justice Systems Freundschaft in Afghanistan“, Gesellschaft Ali Wardak 17.10.2011 e.V. 

perceptions State-Non State Justice (A. Wardak 2011) 

Strongly agree State Courts Jirgas/Shuras 

% % 

Are accessible to me 73 86 

Are fair and trusted 53 73 

Follow the local norms/values 51 70 

Are feective at delivering justice 54 69 

Resolve cases timely and promptly 42 66 

sources: ASIA Foundation, 2010


„State and Deutsch-Afghanische Non-state justice Systems Freundschaft in Afghanistan“, Gesellschaft Ali Wardak 17.10.2011 e.V. 

Shura/Jirga (A. Wardak 2011): 

Frequency of community groups ar village- or 

neighbourhood-based Jirga or Shura 

Always sometimes rarely never 

Don't 

know 

refused 

Elders 65 25 7 3 1 

Mullahs 36 43 15 6 1 

Local leaders 

(Khan or Malik) 31 36 22 9 2 

Commanders 12 25 34 26 3 1 

Women 2 6 21 67 3 1 

Other 2 3 5 9 81 1 

values in percentages; sample of 2.339 individuals in 32 provinces)


Ausblick


Ausblick 2014 - 2024 

Berliner Tagesspiegel v. 15.08.2012 Syrische Rebellen



Tokio 7/2012 


Die Teilnehmer der Afghanistan-Konferenz haben 

Hilfszusagen in Höhe von rund 15 Milliarden Dollar (12,1 

Milliarden Euro) zugesagt. Nach Angaben aus 

Delegationskreisen werden internationale Zusagen für einen 

Zeitraum von vier bis fünf Jahren ab 2013 erwartet. Die Hilfe 

werde aber an Bedingungen geknüpft sein. 

So werden Afghanistan und die Geberländer den Angaben 

zufolge in einer neuen Rahmenvereinbarung gegenseitige 

Verpflichtungen eingehen. Während Afghanistan auch 

während der Transformationsphase bis 2024 Unterstützung 

zugesichert werde, verpflichte sich das Land im Gegenzug 

zu Reformen, hieß es. Die Geldgeber verlangen vor allem 

eine bessere Verwaltung öffentlicher Gelder, eine Stärkung 

der Steuereintreibung, Garantien auf dem Gebiet der 

Menschen- und vor allem der Frauenrechte, Justizreformen 

sowie "glaubhafte" Wahlen im Jahr 2014.


Situation 2012: 

• Deckungslücke ANSF noch 30% nach aktuellen Zusagen 

Geberländer (Abbau ca. 125.000 ausgebildete 

Sicherheitskräfte) 

• Bodenschätze: Bis heute keine belastbare zufriedenstellende 

Exploration/Bergbau benötigt langfristige Perspektive 

Ziel 2025: 

• Infrastruktur, Stromversorgung, Straßenbau u. 

Schienenverkehr für Wirtschaftsentwicklung ungenügend 

Afghanistan wird ein normales Entwicklungsland 

• Bildung und Ausbildung unbefriedigend 

• Korruption auf hohem Niveau 

• Sicherheitslage landesweit unbefriedigend 

• Arbeitslosigkeit weiterhin auf hohem Niveau 

• Reformwille der Regierung weitgehend “Fehlanzeige” 

• Governance, institution building/Verwaltung unzureichend


سوالات ؟ 

F R A G E N ?


Deutsch-Afghanische Freundschaft 

Gesellschaft e.V. 

Anekdoten aus Afghanistan 

Buchautor Dr. Joachim Sproß 

Markstraße 35 - 37, 13409 Berlin 

Präsident Dr. Joachim Sproß 

Eingetragen im Vereinsregister Berlin 

VR 95 VR 27703 

FA f. Körperschaften I, Berlin 

St.-Nr.: 27/663/60371 

Spendenkonto 

Anderkonto Rechtsanwalt Dr. Sproß 

(Hamburger Sparkasse) HASPA 

Konto: 1241467248 

BLZ 200 505 50

Deutsch-Afghanische Freundschaft Gesellschaft eV - bei der ...

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