PPP Special 08 - Institut für Entwicklungs- und Agrarökonomik

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viii List of Abbreviations AP APAARI APMC Bt EU DBT FAO GDP GEAC ICAC ICAR INR IPCS IPM MAHYCO NBRI Non - Bt NGO ToF UAS Andhra Pradesh Asia-Pacific Association of Agricultural Research Institutions Agricultural Production and Market Committee Bacillus thuringensis European Union Department of Biotechnology Food and Agriculture Organization Gross Domestic Product Genetic Engineering Approval Committee International Cotton Advisory Committee Indian Committee for Agricultural Research Indian Rupee International Programme on Chemical Safety Integrated Pest Management Maharashtra Hybrid Seeds Company National Botanical Research Institute Non-Bt Cotton Non Governmental Organization Training of Facilitators University of Agricultural Science Dharwad Conversion Table 1 Hectare (ha) = 2.47 Acre 1 Quintal = 100 kg 1 Bale = 170 kg 1 US Dollar (US$) = 47 Rupees (INR)
ix Preface Biotechnology has rapidly and overwhelmingly entered agriculture in the USA and some other countries. Most biotechnology applications that are today in farmers’ fields are in the area of crop protection, expressing herbicide tolerance and insect resistance. In developing countries, Bt cotton was introduced in China in the mid nineties and since then the area planted with transgenic cotton has rapidly expanded. Initial economic analysis indicated considerable economic benefits from this technology. Studies that compared adopters of Bt cotton varieties with non-adopters found higher yields and lower pesticide use. The results have raised great expectations regarding the contribution of biotechnology to rural poverty reduction. In India, the government was initially reluctant to approve the commercial use of Bt varieties because civil society organisations raised concerns about possible negative environmental effects of Bt cotton. Nevertheless, commercial planting was approved in the 2002/2003 season. While the debate on the environmental risks of the Bt technology continues, the question of economic benefits has received less attention. No ex-ante economic analysis was conducted in India prior to the commercialisation of Bt varieties. In an article published in Science in 2003, Matin Qaim and David Zilberman presented an analysis that investigated yield and pesticide use effects of Bt cotton on the basis of experimental data. Their conclusions were highly optimistic. Economic calculations based on these data predicted a very rapid uptake of Bt cotton in India. It was expected that by 2005 already 70 % of the cotton area in India would be planted with Bt varieties. The rationale for this study was to assess the actual technology adoption process based on data from farmers´ fields. Input and output information was collected from farmers who had purchased the new cotton varieties and farmers who continued to use conventional ones. This study by Jana Orphal is thus most useful for providing researchers and regulators with valuable information about institutional conditions, the technology transfer process, the expectations and the actual performance of the new technology given farmers’ constraints in terms of physical, financial and human resources. The results ultimately tend to support the observation that whenever a new technology is introduced, not only is there a tendency to exaggerate its risks and therefore its external costs, but the same may also be true for its benefits. Therefore economists should continue to study and identify the conditions
Page 2 and 3: Comparative Analysis of the Economi
Page 5 and 6: Table of Contents List of Tables ..
Page 7 and 8: v List of Tables Table 1.1: Table 2
Page 9: vii Figure A-6: Annex A-7: Annex A-
Page 13 and 14: xi Acknowledgements I am very thank
Page 15: use by farmers depends on many othe
Page 18 and 19: 2 environmental effects (Corpwatch,
Page 20 and 21: 4 1.3 Bt cotton in India “Bacillu
Page 22 and 23: 6 Box 1.2: Chronology of Bt cotton
Page 24 and 25: 2 Study area The state of Karnataka
Page 26 and 27: 10 cotton/ha is low as compared to
Page 28 and 29: 12 The survey was mainly carried ou
Page 30 and 31: 14 Cotton yields were calculated by
Page 32 and 33: 16 Small farmers grew cotton on aro
Page 34 and 35: 18 Farmer’s ex-post evaluation af
Page 36 and 37: 4.4 Pesticide use According to Khad
Page 38 and 39: 22 Table 4.6 presents the quantity
Page 40 and 41: 24 Figure 4.4 presents the differen
Page 42 and 43: 26 4.5 Productivity of Non-Bt and B
Page 44 and 45: 28 The comparisons also show the in
Page 46 and 47: 30 4.6 Economics of Cotton Producti
Page 48 and 49: 32 irrigation was available. After
Page 50 and 51: 34 gross margin for Bt cotton was s
Page 52 and 53: 36 9. Bt cotton seems to be perform
Page 54 and 55: 38 India more location-specific inf
Page 56 and 57: 40 Hayat Dr. Y. (1993): Monitoring
Page 58 and 59: 42 Annex Annex A-1: Villages in stu
Page 60 and 61:
44 Annex A-4: Yield of Bt and non-B
Page 62 and 63:
46 Annex A-7: (continued) Sales rat
Page 64 and 65:
48 Annex A-13: Pesticide consumptio
Page 66 and 67:
50 Annex A-18: Estimates of area an
Page 68 and 69:
52 Annex A-21: Performance of diffe
Page 71 and 72:
University of Hannover PESTICIDE PO
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PPP Special 08 - Institut für Entwicklungs- und Agrarökonomik

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