Principles for Review of the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement

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5.15 Conclusions 127 5.16 Recommendations 128 5.17 Appendix – Emerging Contaminants of Concern 129 5.17.1 Brominated Flame Retardants 129 5.17.2 Perfluorinated Acids, Alcohols, and Salts 130 5.17.3 Phthalates 131 5.17.4 Pharmaceuticals, Personal Care, and Household Products 132 5.17.5 Estrogenic, Androgenic, and Other Hormonally Active Compounds 133 5.17.6 Alkylphenols 134 5.17.7 Atrazine 135 5.18 References 136 List of Tables 1. Concentrations of Persistent Toxic Substances in Great Lakes Sport Fish, 1999-2000 114 2. Concentrations of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers, Perfluorooctane Sulfonate, Nonylphenol, and Nonylphenol Ethoxylate in the Great Lakes 116 3. Limitations of Current Risk Paradigm for Chemical Regulation 125 4. Twelve Lessons to Guide Sound and Effective Policies to Minimize Future “Surprises” 126 102
REPORT OF THE GREAT LAKES SCIENCE ADVISORY BOARD HUMAN HEALTH Waterborne Microbial Pathogens in the Great Lakes 5.1 Summary Waterborne diseases still pose a threat to human health in the Great Lakes basin. Infection outbreaks and deaths in Milwaukee, Wisconsin in 1993 and Walkerton, Ontario in 2000 illustrate the threat from contaminated drinking water. Microbial pathogens can adversely impact contact recreation, such as swimming, and represent a continuing human health and economic threat. Untreated or partially treated sewage discharged to waterways is the most obvious route of potential exposure, but nonpoint source pollution is also a vehicle for microbial contamination. Pathogens from livestock, wildlife, and humans can be carried by agricultural and urban runoff. A comprehensive management approach is needed to address and minimize the risks from waterborne pathogens. The Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) system is widely used as a food and water safety management tool. An Environmental Pathogens Strategy modeled on the Binational Toxics Strategy is proposed for adoption in the Great Lakes basin. 5.2 Introduction The Work Group on Ecosystem Health reviewed scientific knowledge on waterborne microbial pathogens in the Great Lakes region. The Work Group prepared background reports and invited expert papers that discussed societal influences on microbial pathogens, monitoring of pathogens, and management tools. Diseases such as typhoid and cholera are no longer major problems in the Great Lakes basin. However, outbreaks and deaths in Milwaukee, Wisconsin in 1993 and Walkerton, Ontario in 2000 illustrate that waterborne microbial pathogens still pose a threat to human health. These pathogens are generally transmitted by the fecal-to-oral route in which people are exposed when they ingest or come into contact with water contaminated with human or animal feces. Although attention and management efforts have focused on treating water and wastewater to prevent microbial contamination, human activities continue to contribute directly and indirectly to contamination of surface and groundwater. For example, contaminated water used for irrigating crops can contribute to human illness following ingestion of raw unwashed foodstuffs such as lettuce and other vegetables. Irrigation increases agricultural production, but the water returned to aquatic systems is often contaminated with nutrients and pathogens. To manage microbial contamination, pathogens must be monitored in the environment and their transport and fate understood. In the early 1900s, the Commission undertook a bacteriological monitoring study that examined cross-boundary pollution. That study was revolutionary in its day, and remains relevant to current monitoring programs. New technologies and approaches can determine the presence of pathogens and provide information on their fate in the environment. The Global Ocean Observation System (GOOS), which tracks harmful algal blooms, can be used as a model for tracking waterborne pathogens in the Great Lakes. It could provide managers with accurate, real-time information on microbial contamination and help to determine if beach advisories should be issued. HACCP planning could provide a framework for a comprehensive plan to manage microbial contamination in the Great Lakes basin. Despite the increase in the number of disease outbreaks due to waterborne pathogens since the late 1990s, many people drink and recreate in Great Lakes basin water without any thought of microbial pathogens. In the U.S., the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that waterborne pathogens cause 300,000 infections per year. The largest event in U.S. history occurred in Milwaukee, Wisconsin in 1993, when 400,000 people became ill and 100 died due to Cryptosporidium contamination of the drinking water supply. Outbreaks have also occurred in Canada, most notably in Walkerton, Ontario in 2000 when seven people died as a result of drinking water supply contamination. Microbial pathogens also pose a risk for contact recreation. In 1996, beaches in Great Lakes states were closed 3,700 times. Globally, the cost of human disease caused by sewage pollution of coastal waters is estimated at four million lost “man-years” annually, which is roughly equivalent to an annual economic loss of approximately $16 billion U.S. For one Lake Michigan 103
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PRIORITIES 2003-2005 Priorities and
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Table of Contents Introduction Summ
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The Board’s membership includes 2
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as a principal outcome of the propo
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REVIEW OF THE GREAT LAKES WATER QUA
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Table of Contents REPORT OF THE GRE
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REPORT OF THE GREAT LAKES WATER QUA
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History of the Great Lakes Water Qu
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1.12 Bibliography 1.12.1 Documents
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Donahue, M. (ed.) 1991. Inter-Unive
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Great Lakes United. 2003. A Citizen
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Chemical Integrity: The dynamic int
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Watershed-based planning approaches
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REPORT OF THE GREAT LAKES SCIENCE A
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1.21.2 Remediation and Restoration
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Principle 4. A binational scientifi
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Annexes 4-6 and 8-10 - A combined a
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(1) Analysis and development of exp
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would stimulate policy integration
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REPORT OF THE COUNCIL OF GREAT LAKE
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plan for the Great Lakes Observing
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Table of Contents REPORT OF THE INT
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REPORT OF THE INTERNATIONAL AIR QUA
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particulate matter. These three for
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Figure 4. Schematic of HYSPLIT Mode
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Figure 6 presents the largest sourc
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Figure 13. Model Estimates of Mercu
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Figure 18. Conceptual Diagram of En
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Page 129 and 130: 5.11 Effects In the 1960s and 1970s
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Page 151 and 152: Hayes, T.B. 2004. There is no denyi
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6.3.4 Science and the Great Lakes W
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6.5 Activities and Meetings of the
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6.6 Science Advisory Board and Work
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COUNCIL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH MAN
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document the proceedings of worksho
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• Installations to capture three-
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3. Control pollution from diffuse s
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Policy’s recent report. Navigatio
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7.5 Council Membership for 2003-200
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GREAT LAKES WATER QUALITY BOARD Tab
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8.2 Great Lakes Water Quality Board
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APPENDIX LIST OF ACRONYMS ADCP - Ac
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SHEDS-4M - Stochastic Human Exposur
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Principles for Review of the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement

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