EXPLORING BIODIVERSITY: A Guide for Educators Around the World

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A Diverse Prescription Go to a pharmacy and you’ll likely see a number of products derived from wild plants and animals. In fact, more than 40 percent of the medicines we rely on contain compounds derived from or modelled on substances extracted from the natural world. About 120 useful prescription drugs are derived from 90 species of plants alone. Many of our best drugs for treating cancer are derived from plants. Microorganisms may well be the most well represented species in pharmacies around the world: More than 3,000 antibiotics, including penicillin and tetracycline, were originally derived from these tiny life forms. All A Sampling of Free Services from the Wild • Through photosynthesis, green plants remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and replenish the supply of oxygen. • A diverse group of bacteria convert nitrogen in the air into a form that plants can use. • Dead and decaying organisms are decomposed and recycled by fungi, bacteria, insects, and other scavengers and decomposers. • The flow and quality of water within watersheds are regulated by the biodiversity within the area’s soils, waterways, and wetlands. Adapted from Biodiversity, Science, and the Human Prospect by the Center for Biodiversity and Conservation at the American Museum of Natural History, 1997. species have the potential to provide us with useful or even life-saving products. Although the use of plants and animals for medicine is one of the strongest arguments for conserving biodiversity, over-harvesting of some species for traditional remedies is also a major threat driving many species to extinction. The demand for certain species, such as tigers and rhinos, used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), for example, is causing a threatened species crisis throughout Asia. Biodiversity and the Economy A huge number of products derived from wild species also help to boost all levels of our economy. In fact, many businesses and manufacturers have found that biodiversity can make a profit. Here are a few examples: • Each year, many tourists visit national parks and protected areas to see their unique biodiversity, spending money that strengthens local economies. • Certain types of bacteria make nitrogen available for use by crops, pastures, forests, and other vegetation. Economists estimate that the value of this activity is US $33 billion annually. • Bees, butterflies, birds, bats, and other animals pollinate 75 percent of the world’s staple crop species and 90 percent of all flowering plants. • The monetary value of services provided by ecosystems throughout the world is estimated to be US $33 trillion per year. (The value of all human-produced goods and services per year is about US $18 trillion.) 26
The Nature Connection The desire of many of us to connect to the natural world is very easy to see. Watch a small child’s fascination with animals or the details of a flower. Compare the environment of the countryside with the hectic pace of the city. Although social scientists are still in the early stages of learning about the links between nature and the human mind, we do know that wildlife and wildlands provide a sense of wonder, fascination, and rejuvenation for millions of people, old and young, around the world. All Species Count Many people believe that biodiversity should be preserved not just because it is valuable to us in some way, but simply because it exists. Some people who hold this opinion believe that each species should be respected and protected because it is the product of many thousands or millions of years of evolution, and we have no right to interrupt the evolutionary process. They also argue that we have no right to destroy something we did not create and that future generations deserve a natural world that is rich and varied. Because we have the power to destroy species and ecosystems, they say, humans have a moral obligation to be careful stewards of the Earth. Our children will inherit the planet with whatever biodiversity we pass on to them. The decisions we make as individuals and as a society today will determine the diversity of genes, species, and ecosystems that remain in the future. Many of these decisions are not easy, especially when they involve balancing the immediate needs, rights, and desires of individuals and communities with the measures necessary to protect nature for the long term. Because people have different values and desires, conflicts over the conservation of biodiversity often develop. Understanding what biodiversity is and how different people value it is an essential first step to designing strategies for long-term conservation. Some Reasons People Need Biodiversity • Food • Medicine • Economic opportunities (tourism and the use of forests, fish, and other natural resources) • Pollination • Clean air and water • Flood and erosion control • Natural rubbish removal (decomposition) • Spiritual, cultural, and aesthetic values Can you think of others with your students? 27
Page 1 and 2: EXPLORING BIODIVERSITY: A Guide for
Page 3 and 4: Exploring Biodiversity is a joint p
Page 5 and 6: TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION .
Page 7 and 8: Exploring Biodiversity is packed wi
Page 9 and 10: of selecting activities to do with
Page 11 and 12: p SECTION 1 WHAT IS BIODIVERSITY? 1
Page 13 and 14: p Where Is the Diversity? Some area
Page 15 and 16: Malaria once infected nine out of t
Page 17 and 18: p WHAT TO DO 1. As a group, create
Page 19 and 20: ACTIVITY 2: THE WEB OF LIFE BACKGRO
Page 21 and 22: Encourage students to think creativ
Page 23 and 24: ACTIVITY 3: BIOBLITZ OBJECTIVES: Na
Page 25 and 26: 6. Set the stage. Ask your students
Page 27 and 28: SECTION 2 BIODIVERSITY CONNECTIONS
Page 29: Intensive agricultural production o
Page 33 and 34: 3. Put up the statements and read e
Page 35 and 36: • Will photographs and films that
Page 37 and 38: ACTIVITY 5: BIODIVERSITY PERFORMS O
Page 39 and 40: Plants convert the sun’s energy i
Page 41 and 42: q SECTION 3 THE STATE OF BIODIVERSI
Page 43 and 44: q important differences, however, b
Page 45 and 46: chemical fertilisers to remain prod
Page 47 and 48: Ironically, this “greenhouse effe
Page 49 and 50: Aliens Are Among Us! Another contri
Page 51 and 52: q WHAT TO DO 1. Explain what “thr
Page 53 and 54: q teristics that might make species
Page 55 and 56: q clothing) to mark the boundaries.
Page 57 and 58: q Ask the students why animals need
Page 59 and 60: 7. Discuss protected area design: M
Page 61 and 62: SECTION 4 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION
Page 63 and 64: a creating conservation corridors,
Page 65 and 66: a often boosts local economies by c
Page 67 and 68: ACTIVITY 8: THINKING ABOUT TOMORROW
Page 69 and 70: a WHAT TO DO 1. Create student grou
Page 71 and 72: a next round, but this time introdu
Page 73 and 74: ACTIVITY 9: COMMUNITY CONNECTIONS O
Page 75 and 76: a Tips for Interviewing • Careful
Page 77 and 78: a WHAT TO DO 1. Explore project top
Page 79 and 80: a decision-making process as possib
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SECTION 5 APPENDICES Appendix A: Ex
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organic garden or compost pile; imp
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extinct: refers to a species that n
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pollination: the process by which p
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