Scartella cristata - Amazon S3

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22 were used to estimate the age of every <strong>Scartella</strong> <strong>cristata</strong> captured from that site during the study. Overall mean age at each site was calculated and compared among locations using ANOVA with Tukey post-hoc tests. Genetic analysis: DNA sequences were visually aligned and edited using BioEdit Sequence Alignment Editor version 5.0.7 (Hall 1999). DNA polymorphisms in the aligned sequences and genetic variation within samples were assessed through calculations of nucleotide diversity (π) and haplotype diversity (h) using DnaSP version 3.51 (Rozas and Rozas 1999). Genetic distances were estimated using the Tamura- Nei model with pairwise deletion, and a neighbor-joining tree with 500 bootstrap replicates was constructed using MEGA version 2.1 (Kumar et al. 2001). TCS version 1.13 (Clement et al. 2000) was used to identify haplotypes and determine haplotype relationships. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) was performed using Arlequin version 2.000 (Schnieder et al. 2000) to determine the proportion of genetic diversity within and among sample sites (Φ ST ). AMOVA calculates the difference between mean heterozygosity among population subdivisions and potential frequency of heterozygotes using a modification of Wright’s F-statistic (Excoffier et al. 1992). It operates under the assumptions that: individuals in the sample are selected independently and at random; individuals within the population can interbreed randomly and non-assortatively; and there is no inbreeding within the population (Excoffier 1992). The number of migrants per generation (N m ) among samples sites also was estimated using Arlequin. Mismatch distributions of the frequency of a given number of pairwise differences were generated for each location with Arlequin. These distributions were compared to a Poisson distribution with the same mean as the using chi-square test. Distributions that differed significantly (α=0.05) from the Poisson distribution indicated samples were taken from a population of constant size, whereas failure to reject the null hypothesis suggested the population has been growing exponentially for an extended period of time (Slatkin and Hudson 1991). Mantel’s test with 1000 permutations was performed using TFPGA version 1.3 (Miller 1997) to determine if a significant relationship existed between genetic distances and geographical distances among locations.
23 RESULTS Habitat Characterization Water temperature at the three study sites was similar (Fig. 6). Temperatures peaked in late summer and early fall (Galveston: 32.0°C; Port Aransas: 31.0°C; South Padre Island: 31.7°C) and then declined to their minimum in December and January (Galveston: 13.0°C; Port Aransas: 14.0°C; South Padre Island: 14.0°C). Overall mean water temperature from spring 2000 to summer 2001 was 23.1±6.7, 25.0±6.1, and 24.1±4.9°C for Galveston, Port Aransas, and South Padre Island, respectively. Significant seasonal differences in temperature were observed at each study site (Galveston: p
Page 1 and 2: TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL VARIABILITY OF
Page 3 and 4: 3 ABSTRACT Temporal and Spatial Var
Page 5 and 6: 5 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS No journey of dis
Page 7 and 8: 7 and Moore (1998) indicate that Hy
Page 9 and 10: 9 and larvae of organisms that must
Page 11 and 12: 11 METHODS Study Areas Blenny assem
Page 13 and 14: 13 29° 18.8’ 29° 16.2’ Galves
Page 15 and 16: 15 each worked a different 15-m tra
Page 17 and 18: 17 for the same time period by the
Page 19 and 20: 19 μL of Proteinase K (10mg/ml) an
Page 21: 21 where n is the total number of b
Page 25 and 26: 25 the Galveston beachfront were la
Page 27 and 28: 27 Species Composition A total of 4
Page 29 and 30: 29 and declined quickly by mid wint
Page 31 and 32: 31 60 n=195 50 TL (mm) 40 30 n=1867
Page 33 and 34: 33 Hypsoblennius hentz and Hypsoble
Page 35 and 36: 35 0.8 0.7 H’ J’ H’ and J’
Page 37 and 38: 37 Mean age of individuals from the
Page 39 and 40: 39 2.5 2.0 1999 n=52 1.5 1.0 0.5 %
Page 41 and 42: 41 100 80 SLOPE INT ERCE PT R 2 Gal
Page 43 and 44: 43 elated haplotypes (B, D, E) acco
Page 45 and 46: 45 A H I H F D D C F Florida n=9 B
Page 47 and 48: 47 45 Florida n=9 45 Port Aransas n
Page 49 and 50: 49 during early life stages of thes
Page 51 and 52: 51 on these jetties exhibited a fai
Page 53 and 54: 53 Hypsoblennius ionthas=2.82 mm (C
Page 55 and 56: 55 Scartella cristata is a wide-ran
Page 57 and 58: 57 source for Port Aransas and Sout
Page 59 and 60: 59 The subpopulations Scartella cri
Page 61 and 62: 61 more robust population. The catc
Page 63 and 64: 63 The last comprehensive survey in
Page 65 and 66: 65 on why this species is so abunda
Page 67 and 68: 67 Crabtree RE, Middaugh DP (1982)
Page 69 and 70: 69 Hubbs CL (1939) The characters a
Page 71 and 72: 71 Santos RS, Nash RDM (1996) Seaso
Page 73 and 74:
APPENDIX A 73
Page 75 and 76:
75 100 100 75 NOVEMBER 2000 n=7 75
Page 77 and 78:
77 100 100 75 NOVEMBER 2000 n=3 75
Page 79 and 80:
79 100 100 75 MAY 2000 n=23 75 AUGU
Page 81 and 82:
81 100 JUNE 2001 n=525 100 AUGUST 2
Page 83 and 84:
83 100 100 75 FEBRUARY 2001 n=7 75
Page 85 and 86:
85 100 75 JULY 2000 n=81 100 75 OCT
Page 87 and 88:
87 100 100 75 MARCH 2001 n=1 75 JUN
Page 89 and 90:
89 100 100 75 JUNE 2001 n=7 75 AUGU
Page 91 and 92:
91 APPENDIX B. Sequences for each h
Page 93 and 94:
93 HAPLOTYPE K CTGAC_TTGAAAAGTTGGGA
Page 95 and 96:
95 HAPLOTYPE V CTGCC_TTTAAAAGTT_GGA
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