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102 HISTORIC BRASS SOCIETY JOURNAL certain constructional details. The ends of the Bavarian double-piston valves consist of simple, slightly overlapping caps, usually with a small cork-ring padding inside the cap to reduce noise at the return of the piston. Uhlmann’s piston ends, on the other hand, had a sophisticated system of interlocking cork buffers with tapering ends. Saurle copied only the latter feature, the tapering end, while keeping the principle of overlapping caps. Georg Saurle’s father Michael Saurle used exactly the same cap ends in connection with a clockspring action in his valve ophicleide from ca. 1840 (Leipzig, 1767). In fact, it was most likely he who introduced this new system to the Saurle workshops, not his son. 22 In a hand-written postscript to a price list by Michael Saurle Sr., dated by Tremmel between 1826 and 1840, one finds the following remark: Chromatische Instrumente mit Vendille, wo die Maschine anstatt der langen Höble, oder Klappen mit Federhäuschen versehen, und so die Vendille Dirigiert werden, welches bey dene vorne angezeigten Chromatischen Instrumenten bemerkt werden muß. Ob selbe auf die Art gemacht werden sollen, der Kosten ist nicht mehr. 23 Chromatic instruments with valves, wherein instead of long levers or keys the mechanism shall be equipped with a clock-spring, and the valves operated by them, should be stipulated [when ordering] the chromatic instruments mentioned above. When they are made in this manner, the cost is not higher. Thus at a certain point in time between 1826 and 1840—presumably closer to the latter date—the customer had the choice between the old method and the new method when ordering from the Saurle workshop. The change from the double-piston valve of the old form with long levers to the new clock-spring-operated mechanism was not just a change of construction; it was also of great significance to the way these instruments were played. The trumpet was held vertically with the loop above the bell as long as it had the long levers. With the clock-spring action it was suddenly held horizontally, like a rotary-valve instrument. This must have met with some resistance on the part of the musicians. It was therefore important to leave the choice of construction open to the customer, as Michael Saurle did. So far, no records of such a reluctance to introduce the clock-spring in Bavaria have been found. However, the continuous use of the long levers at least until after 1840, as documented for example on the trumpet by Dominicus Leicher in Bad Säckingen, might be a hint that a certain conservatism played a role in players’ late acceptance of the clockspring in Bavaria. Later other Bavarian makers, such as Dominicus Leicher and Alois Gentner, also built instruments with the clock-spring return, but kept the overlapping caps without taper at the piston ends (Figure 1b). This construction was used up to the 1860s. Only one doublepiston valve trumpet in 4-ft. C by Andreas Barth shows the real Uhlmann system of interlocking cork parts (Münchner Stadtmuseum, 79-38, Figure 22); this is a sign that it must have been built later in the 1840s—probably around 1845, before Barth changed to
UTLEY & KLAUS 103 Figure 22 Trumpet in C by Andreas Barth, Munich, ca. 1845 (M Stadtmuseum, 79-38); with piston ends after Leopold Uhlmann. rotary-valve trumpets. Instruments with clock-spring returns constitute the second largest group among the double-piston valves, reaching their peak in the 1840s. There is a third operating mechanism for double-piston valves—one which also uses levers, but shorter ones. Such instruments appeared as early as the 1820s, but were used principally in the 1840s and 1850s. These instruments are held vertically with the loop above the bell, like those with long levers. According to Heyde this model originated in Adorf in Saxony, where it is first recorded in a trumpet by Johann Gottlieb Roth. His pupil Carl August Müller (1804-70), who was born in Adorf, built instruments in the same style Figure 23 Unsigned trumpet in G with short levers and flat spring (GNM, MI 380).
Page 1 and 2: 73 The “Catholic” Fingering—F
Page 3 and 4: UTLEY & KLAUS 75 Figure 3a, b Trump
Page 5 and 6: UTLEY & KLAUS 77 Figure 5 Soprano s
Page 7 and 8: UTLEY & KLAUS 79 Figure 7a, b Trump
Page 9 and 10: UTLEY & KLAUS 81 Figure 9 Tower of
Page 11 and 12: UTLEY & KLAUS 83 50 45 40 number of
Page 13 and 14: UTLEY & KLAUS 85 Chart 2b Chronolog
Page 15 and 16: UTLEY & KLAUS 87 Types of instrumen
Page 17 and 18: UTLEY & KLAUS 89 Chart 4a Valve typ
Page 19 and 20: UTLEY & KLAUS 91 Figure 12 Horn wit
Page 21 and 22: UTLEY & KLAUS 93 floral embellishme
Page 23 and 24: UTLEY & KLAUS 95 Figure 15 Valves o
Page 25 and 26: UTLEY & KLAUS 97 1830s. Of twenty-n
Page 27 and 28: UTLEY & KLAUS 99 Among these double
Page 29: UTLEY & KLAUS 101 used the same con
Page 33 and 34: UTLEY & KLAUS 105 and return-spring
Page 35 and 36: UTLEY & KLAUS 107 Finally, there ar
Page 37 and 38: UTLEY & KLAUS 109 While Blühmel’
Page 39 and 40: UTLEY & KLAUS 111 Figure 31a, b Pos
Page 41 and 42: UTLEY & KLAUS 113 in the Stadtmuseu
Page 43 and 44: UTLEY & KLAUS 115 There is one rath
Page 45 and 46: UTLEY & KLAUS 117 Number of valves
Page 47 and 48: UTLEY & KLAUS 119 Chart 6 Chronolog
Page 49 and 50: UTLEY & KLAUS 121 The Barth fluegel
Page 51 and 52: UTLEY & KLAUS 123 handed people and
Page 53 and 54: UTLEY & KLAUS 125 Utley Collection
Page 55 and 56: UTLEY & KLAUS 127 Figure 41 Trumpet
Page 57 and 58: UTLEY & KLAUS 129 Chart 8 Fixed and
Page 59 and 60: UTLEY & KLAUS 131 The Johann Gottfr
Page 61 and 62: UTLEY & KLAUS 133 Figure 44 Bilingu
Page 63 and 64: UTLEY & KLAUS 135 This convolute in
Page 65 and 66: UTLEY & KLAUS 137 the reversed valv
Page 67 and 68: UTLEY & KLAUS 139 APPENDIX TABLE I
Page 69 and 70: UTLEY & KLAUS 141 year instrument t
Page 71 and 72: UTLEY & KLAUS 143 year instrument t
Page 73 and 74: . UTLEY & KLAUS 145 year 1855 ca. (
Page 75 and 76: UTLEY & KLAUS 147 instrument type m
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Page 79 and 80: UTLEY & KLAUS 151 Abbreviations A A
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UTLEY & KLAUS 153 Tomes Tübingen U
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UTLEY & KLAUS 155 Heyde 1987 Heyde
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UTLEY & KLAUS 157 iii: Trumpets and
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UTLEY & KLAUS 159 358-59. 7 In this
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UTLEY & KLAUS 161 surprising that i
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