Untitled - CGIAR Impact

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EXPLORING GAP BETWEEN POTENTIAL AND ACTUAL YIELDS 23 4. A preliminary allocation among factors that constraint rice yields in the Philippines. ference between maximum possible and actual yields are combinations of factors, including year-to-year variability in weather and damage by pests and diseases (1.2 t/ha or 19%), and a residual including the nonavailability of inputs and nonadoption of new technology (22%). Part of these constraints could be overcome through the use of inputs that are economical, but to which farmers may not have access. Many of these constraints can be reduced by appropriate investment, research, or policy actions. Investments in the construction of irrigation and drainage systems, and modification of their management can alleviate the constraints imposed by poor water control. Policy measures to insure favorable prices and to make credit available may ease the economic constraints. Research to develop varieties with a higher degree of resistance to unfavorable environments will result in less year-to-year variability. Properly focused research may develop some rice genotypes resistant to drought, some that produce high yields under deep water, some that give higher yields under the lowradiation monsoon season, and even some that, with the aid of microbes, produce a greater proportion of the nitrogen they require for high yields. Extension of activities aimed at teaching farmers about available technology and steps to improve the distribution of inputs would make more inputs usable on farms. The ability to manipulate most of the constraints exists, provided that those responsible for policy, research, and extension seize the opportunity to use it.
24 ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF NEW RICE TECHNOLOGY REFERENCES CITED ABEL, M. A. 1969. Prospects for rice and corn production and trade in the 1970's. In Agricultural revolution in Southeast Asia, Rept. SEADAG [S.E. Asia Dev. Adv. Group], Rural Dev. Seminar, Honolulu, June 19-21, 1969. ATKINSON, L.J., and D. E. KUNKEL. HYV in the Philippines, progress of the seed-fertilizer revolution (U.S. Department of Agriculture, ERS, preliminary draft, December 11, 1973, processed). CASTILLO, G. T. 1972. The new rice technology and patterns of rural life in the Philippines. Pages 105-114 in International Rice Research Institute. Rice, science, and man. Los Baños, Philippines. DALRYMPLE, D. 1976. Development and spread of high-yielding varieties of wheat and rice in the less developed nations. U.S. Department of Agriculture. DE DATTA, S.K., and P.M. ZARATE. 1970. Biometeorological problems in developing countries. Biometeorology 4(1):187. INTERNATIONAL RICE RESEARCH INSTITUTE. 1967. Annual report 1966. Los Baños, Philippines. 302 p. INTERNATIONAL RICE RESEARCH INSTITUTE. 1970. Annual report 1969. Los Baños, Philippines. 266 p. INTERNATIONAL RICE RESEARCH INSTITUTE. 1974. Annual report for 1973. Los Baños, Philippines. 266 p. TABBAL, D. F. 1975. The distribution of water supply and water adequacy within a gravity irrigation system. MS. thesis, University of the Philippines at Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines. (unpubl.) WICKHAM, T. H. 1973. Predicting yield benefits in lowland rice through a waterbalance model. Pages 155-181 in International Rice Research Institute. Water management in Philippine irrigation systems: research & operations. Los Baños, Philippines. YUDELMAN, M. 1972. The green revolution. Pages 281-294 in Comparative experiences of agricultural developing countries. Indian Society of Agricultural Economics, Bombay.
Page 2 and 3: ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF THE NEW RI
Page 4 and 5: iii Contents Foreword Preface OUTPU
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COSTS AND RETURNS FOR RICE PRODUCTI
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COMMENTS ON COSTS AND RETURNS FOR R
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Shares of farm earnings from rice p
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SHARES OF FARM EARNINGS FROM RICE P
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SHARES OF FARMING FROM RICE PRODUCT
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COMMENTS ON SHARES OF FARM EARNINGS
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Labor utilization in rice productio
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LABOR UTILIZATION IN RICE PRODUCTIO
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Modern rice varieties and fertilize
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MODERN RICE VARIETIES AND FERTILIZE
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MODERN RICE VARIETIES FERTILIZER CO
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MODERN RICE VARIETIES AND FERTLIZER
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Social returns to rice research R.E
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Table 5. Estimates of annual yield
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MARKET PRICE EFFECTS OF NEW RICE TE
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COMMENTS ON MARKET PRICE EFFECTS OF
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New rice technology and national ir
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NEW RICE TECHNOLOGY AND NATIONAL IR
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COMMENTS ON NEW RICE TECHNOLOGY AND
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NEW RICE TECHNOLOGY AND POLICY ALTE
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